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Hermetism

Hermes Trismegistus

Hermetic Religion
Hermetism · Hermeticism

Mythology
Hermes Trismegistus · Thoth · Poimandres

Hermetica
Corpus Hermeticum · Kybalion

Three Parts of the Wisdom of the Whole Universe
Alchemy · Astrology · Theurgy

Influence and Influences

Hermetic Movements
Rosicrucianism · Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn

Topics in Hermetism
Qabalah

Hermetists and Hermeticists
Aleister Crowley · Israel Regardie
Thābit ibn Qurra · Paracelsus
Giordano Bruno · Manly P. Hall

Hermetism Portal
Hand-coloured version of the anonymous Flammarion woodcut (1888).
Hand-coloured version of the anonymous Flammarion woodcut (1888). Hermetism was a religion of Late Antiquity attested in a loose corpus of Hermetica (including the Corpus Hermeticum, Asclepius Hermetism was a religion of Late Antiquity attested in a loose corpus of Hermetica (including the Corpus Hermeticum, Asclepius Hermeticism is a set of philosophical and religious beliefs based primarily upon the writings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus, who is put forth as a Hermes Trismegistus ( Greek:, "thrice-great Hermes" Latin: Mercurius ter Maximus) is the Syncretism of the Greek god For other meanings of "Thoth" or of "Djehuti" and similar see Thoth (disambiguation. Poimandres ( Poemandres, also known as Poemander or Pimander) is a chapter in the Corpus Hermeticum. Hermetica is a category of popular Late Antique literature purporting to contain secret wisdom and generally attributed to Hermes Trismegistus, "thrice-great Hermetica is a category of popular Late Antique literature purporting to contain secret wisdom and generally attributed to Hermes Trismegistus, "thrice-great The Kybalion Hermetic Philosophy is a 1908 book claiming to be the essence of the teachings of Hermes Trismegistus, published anonymously by a group or person under the pseudonym Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of Theurgy (from Greek θεουργία) describes the practice of Rituals sometimes seen as magical in nature performed with the intention of This is a Comparative religion article which outlines both similarities between Hermetism, Hermeticism, and other thought systems as well as their interactions The term Rosicrucian (symbol the Rose Cross) describes a secret society of mystics allegedly formed in late mediaeval Germany, holding a doctrine "built on The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (or more commonly the Golden Dawn) was a magical order of the late 19th and early 20th centuries practicing a form of Hermetic Qabalah (from the Hebrew קַבָּלָה "reception" is a Western esoteric and mystical tradition Aleister Crowley, born Edward Alexander Crowley (ˈkroʊli (12 October 1875 – 1 December 1947 was a British Occultist Writer, mountaineer Israel Regardie (Francis Israel Regudy (born on November 17, 1907 in London, England, died March 10 1985 in Sedona (836 in Harran, Mesopotamia &ndash February 18, 901 in Baghdad) was an Arab astronomer, mathematician Paracelsus (11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria) was an alchemist, Giordano Bruno (1548 – February 17, 1600) was an Italian Philosopher best-known as an early proponent of Heliocentrism and Manly Palmer Hall ( March 18, 1901 - August 29, 1990) was a Canadian -born Author and mystic. Hand-colouring refers to any of a number of methods of manually adding colour to a Black-and-white Photograph or other image to heighten its realism The Flammarion woodcut is an anonymous Wood engraving (once thought to be a Woodcut) so named because its first documented appearance is in Camille Flammarion

Astrology (from Greek: ἄστρον, ἄστρου{ástron, ástrou}, "star"; and λόγος, λόγου{lógos, lógou}, "word" or "speech") is a group of systems, traditions, and beliefs in which knowledge of the apparent relative positions of celestial bodies and related details is held to be useful in understanding, interpreting, and organizing information about personality, human affairs, and other terrestrial matters. System (from Latin systēma, in turn from Greek systēma is a set of interacting or interdependent Entities, real or abstract The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem acc of traditio which means "a giving up delivering up surrendering" and is used in a number of Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a Proposition or Premise to be true s are significant physical entities, associations or structures which current Science has confirmed to exist in Space. A practitioner of astrology is called an astrologer, or, rarely, an astrologist. An astrologer practices one or more forms of Astrology. Typically an astrologer draws a Horoscope for the time of an event such as a person's birth and interprets Numerous traditions and applications employing astrological concepts have arisen since its earliest recorded beginnings in the 3rd millennium BC. The 3rd millennium BC spans the Early to Middle Bronze Age. It represents a period of time in which Imperialism, or the desire to conquer grew to prominence [1][2] It has played a role in the shaping of culture, early astronomy, and other disciplines throughout history.

Astrology and astronomy were often indistinguishable before the modern era, with the desire for predictive and divinatory knowledge one of the primary motivating factors for astronomical observation. Astrology and astronomy are historically one and the same discipline ( Latin: astrologia) and were only gradually recognized as separate in western The term modern period or modern era (sometimes also modern times) is the period of history that followed the Middle Ages between c Astronomy began to diverge from astrology after a period of gradual separation from the Renaissance up until the 18th century. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Eventually, astronomy distinguished itself as the scientific study of astronomical objects and phenomena without regard to the astrological speculation of these phenomena. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding

Astrology can be defined as the study of the positions of celestial bodies in the belief that their movements either directly influence life on Earth or correspond somehow to events experienced on a human scale. [3] Modern astrologers define astrology as a symbolic language,[4][5][6] an art form,[7] and a form of divination. An astrologer practices one or more forms of Astrology. Typically an astrologer draws a Horoscope for the time of an event such as a person's birth and interprets "Symbolic" redirects here For other uses see Symbolism (disambiguation and Symbolic (disambiguation. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Divination (from Latin divinare "to be inspired by a god" related to Divine, Diva and Deus) is the attempt of ascertaining [8][9] Despite differences of definitions, a common assumption of astrology is the use of celestial placements in order to explain past and present events and predict the future. A prediction is a statement or claim that a particular Event will occur in the Future in more certain terms than a forecast. Generally, the scientific community considers astrology a pseudoscience or superstition. Pseudoscience is defined as a body of knowledge methodology belief or practice that is claimed to be Scientific or made to appear scientific but does not adhere to the Superstition ( Latin superstitio, literally "standing over" derived perhaps from standing in awe used in Latin as a unreasonable or excessive belief [10][11][12] Despite its rejection by scientists, 31% of Americans polled expressed a belief in astrology and 39% considered it scientific according to another study. [13][14][15][16]

Astrology
Background
History of astrology
History of astronomy
Astrology and astronomy
Traditions
Babylonian astrology
Arab and Persian astrology
Chinese astrology
Hellenistic astrology
Indian astrology
Sidereal astrology
Western astrology
More...
Branches of
horoscopic astrology
Natal astrology
Electional astrology
Horary astrology
Mundane astrology
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Categories
Astrologers
Astrological texts
Astrological writers
Astrology Portal
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Core beliefs

The core beliefs of astrology were prevalent in most of the ancient world and are epitomized in the Hermetic maxim "as above, so below". The history of Astrology encompasses a great span of human history and many cultures Astronomy is the oldest of the Natural sciences dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, Mythological, and Astrological Astrology and astronomy are historically one and the same discipline ( Latin: astrologia) and were only gradually recognized as separate in western In Babylonia as well as in Assyria as a direct offshoot of Babylonian culture (or as we might also term it "Euphratean" culture Astrology takes its Persian Astrology has its roots in the Zend-Avesta parts of which are very similar to the Rig Veda The Chinese Zodiac is a 12 year cycle Each year of the 12 year cycle is named after one of the original 12 animals Hellenistic astrology is a tradition of Horoscopic astrology that was developed and practiced in Hellenistic Egypt and the Mediterranean, whose Jyotiṣa ( Sanskrit jyotiṣa, from jyótis- "light heavenly body" also spelled Jyotish and Jyotisha in English Sidereal astrology is the system of Astrology used by some Western and all Jyotish astrologers who base their interpretation around the use of the Western astrology is the system of Astrology most popular in Western countries This is an incomplete list of the different traditions types systems methods applications and branches of Astrology. Horoscopic astrology is a form of Astrology which uses a Horoscope, a visual representation of the heavens for a specific moment in time in order to interpret the Natal astrology, also known as genethliacal astrology, is the system of Astrology based upon the concept that each individual's personality or path in life can Electional astrology is a branch found in most systems of astrology Horary astrology is an ancient branch of Horoscopic astrology by which an astrologer attempts to answer a question by constructing a Horoscope for the exact time Mundane astrology is the application of Astrology to world affairs and world events taking its name from the Latin word Mundus, meaning "the This is an incomplete list of the different traditions types systems methods applications and branches of Astrology. Hermeticism is a set of philosophical and religious beliefs based primarily upon the writings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus, who is put forth as a Tycho Brahe used a similar phrase to summarize his studies in astrology: suspiciendo despicio, "by looking up I see downward". Tycho Brahe, born Tyge Ottesen Brahe ( December 14 1546 &ndash October 24 1601) was a Danish nobleman [17] Although the principle that events in the heavens are mirrored by those on Earth was once generally held in most traditions of astrology around the world, in the West there has historically been a debate among astrologers over the nature of the mechanism behind astrology. The debate also covers whether or not celestial bodies are only signs or portents of events, or if they are actual causes of events through some sort of force or mechanism.

Although the connection between celestial mechanics and terrestrial dynamics was explored first by Isaac Newton with his development of a universal theory of gravitation, claims that the gravitational effects of the celestial bodies are what accounts for astrological generalizations are not substantiated by scientific research, nor are they advocated by most astrologers. Celestial mechanics is the branch of Astrophysics that deals with the motions of Celestial objects The field applies principles of Physics, historically In physics the term dynamics customarily refers to the time evolution of physical processes Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another

Most astrological traditions are based on the relative positions and movements of various real or construed celestial bodies and on the construction of implied or calculated celestial patterns as seen at the time and place of the event being studied. These are chiefly the astrological planets, dwarf planets, the asteroids, the stars, the lunar nodes, Arabic parts and hypothetical planets. Planets in astrology have a meaning different from the modern astronomical understanding of what a planet is. A dwarf planet, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU is a Celestial body Orbiting the Sun that is massive enough to be rounded Asteroids, sometimes called Minor planets or planetoids', are bodies—primarily of the inner Solar System —that are smaller than planets but A star is a massive luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the Energy on Earth The lunar nodes are the Orbital nodes of the Moon, that is the points where the orbit of the Moon crosses the Ecliptic (which is the apparent In Astrology, the Arabian/Arabic parts or lots are constructed points based on mathematical calculations of three horoscopic entities such as The frame of reference for such apparent positions is defined by the tropical or sidereal zodiac of twelve signs on one hand, and by the local horizon (ascendant-descendant axis) and midheaven-imum coeli axis on the other. Tropical astrology is a type of Astrology based on a Zodiac whose points of reference are the Tropics. Sidereal astrology is the system of Astrology used by some Western and all Jyotish astrologers who base their interpretation around the use of the Zodiac denotes an annual cycle of twelve stations along the Ecliptic, the apparent path of the sun across the heavens through the Constellations that divide the ecliptic Astrological signs represent twelve equal segments or divisions of the Zodiac. The horizon ( Ancient Greek ὁ ὁρίζων, /ho horídzôn/ from ὁρίζειν, "to limit" is the apparent line that separates The ascendant ( or As) or rising sign, is the zodiacal sign and degree that was ascending on the eastern horizon at the specific time and location of an In Astrology, the descendant is the point directly opposite or 180 degrees away from the Ascendant. According to modern astrologers the Midheaven ( or Medium Coeli is the zenith of a path in the sky traced by the point of intersection between the In Astrology, the Imum Coeli (Latin for "bottom of the sky" IC, is the point in space where the Ecliptic crosses the meridian in the north This latter (local) frame is typically further divided into the twelve astrological houses. Most horoscopic traditions of astrology systems divide the Horoscope into a number (usually twelve of houses whose positions depend on time and location rather Furthermore, the astrological aspects are used to determine the geometric/angular relationship(s) between the various celestial bodies and angles in the horoscope. In Astrology, an aspect is an Angle the planets make to each other in the horoscope and also to the ascendant midheaven descendant and nadir

The claim of astrology to predict future trends and developments, or predictive astrology, is based on two main methods: astrological transits and astrological progressions. Astrological transits are one of the main means used in Horoscopic astrology to forecast future trends and developments (the other means used is Astrological progression Astrological progressions are one of the main means used in Horoscopic astrology to forecast future trends and developments (the other means is transits, which are In astrological transits the ongoing movements of the planets are interpreted for their significance as they transit through space and the horoscope. In astrological progressions the horoscope is progressed forward in time according to set methods. Most modern astrologers no longer try to forecast actual events, but focus instead on general trends and developments. Skeptics respond that this allows astrologers to avoid making verifiable predictions, and gives them the ability to attach significance to arbitrary and unrelated events, in a way that suits their purpose. [18]

In the past, astrologers often relied on close observation of celestial objects and the charting of their movements. Modern astrologers use data provided by astronomers which are transformed to a set of astrological tables called ephemerides, showing the changing zodiacal positions of the heavenly bodies through time. Historically Astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky while Astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena An ephemeris (plural ephemerides; from the Greek word ἐφήμερος ephemeros "daily" is a table of values that gives the positions of

Traditions

Zodiac signs, 16th century European woodcut
Zodiac signs, 16th century European woodcut

There are many traditions of astrology, some of which share similar features due to the transmission of astrological doctrines between cultures. Zodiac denotes an annual cycle of twelve stations along the Ecliptic, the apparent path of the sun across the heavens through the Constellations that divide the ecliptic Other traditions developed in isolation and hold different doctrines, though they too share some features due to drawing on similar astronomical sources.

Current traditions

The main traditions used by modern astrologers are:

Vedic and Western astrology share a common ancestry as horoscopic systems of astrology, in that both traditions focus on the casting of an astrological chart or horoscope, a representation of celestial entities, for an event based on the position of the Sun, Moon, and planets at the moment of the event. Jyotiṣa ( Sanskrit jyotiṣa, from jyótis- "light heavenly body" also spelled Jyotish and Jyotisha in English Western astrology is the system of Astrology most popular in Western countries The Chinese Zodiac is a 12 year cycle Each year of the 12 year cycle is named after one of the original 12 animals Horoscopic astrology is a form of Astrology which uses a Horoscope, a visual representation of the heavens for a specific moment in time in order to interpret the In Astrology, a horoscope is a chart or diagram representing the positions of the Sun Moon planets the Astrological aspects, and sensitive angles However, Vedic astrology uses the sidereal zodiac, linking the signs of the zodiac to their original constellations, while Western astrology uses the tropical zodiac. Sidereal astrology is the system of Astrology used by some Western and all Jyotish astrologers who base their interpretation around the use of the In common usage a constellation is a group of celestial bodies that are connected together in some arrangement typically stars to form a visible figure or picture Zodiac denotes an annual cycle of twelve stations along the Ecliptic, the apparent path of the sun across the heavens through the Constellations that divide the ecliptic Because of the precession of the equinoxes, over the centuries the twelve zodiacal signs in Western astrology no longer correspond to the same part of the sky as their original constellations. In Astronomy, Precession refers to the movement of the rotational axis of a body such as a planet with respect to Inertial space. In effect, in Western astrology the link between sign and constellation has been broken, whereas in Vedic astrology it remains of paramount importance. Other differences between the two traditions include the use of 27 (or 28) nakshatras or lunar mansions, which have been used in India since Vedic times, and the system of planetary periods known as dashas. A nakshatra ( Devanagari: नक्षत्र or lunar mansion is one of the 27 or 28 divisions of the sky identified by the prominent star(s in them that the "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. A Dasha ( Sanskrit दशा daśā) is a planetary period in Jyotisha, the classical system of Astrology in India

In Chinese astrology a quite different tradition has evolved. By contrast to Western and Indian astrology, the twelve signs of the zodiac do not divide the sky, but rather the celestial equator. The Chinese evolved a system where each sign corresponds to one of twelve 'double-hours' that govern the day, and to one of the twelve months. Each sign of the zodiac governs a different year, and combines with a system based on the five elements of Chinese cosmology to give a 60 (12 x 5) year cycle. The term Chinese astrology is used here for convenience, but it must be recognised that versions of the same tradition exist in Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Thailand and other Asian countries. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj

In modern times, these traditions have come into greater contact with each other, notably with Indian and Chinese astrology having spread to the West, while awareness of Western astrology is still fairly limited in Asia. Astrology in the Western world has diversified greatly in modern times. New movements have appeared, which have jettisoned much of traditional astrology to concentrate on different approaches, such as a greater emphasis on midpoints, or a more psychological approach. Some recent Western developments include:

Historical traditions

Throughout its long history, astrology has come to prominence in many regions and undergone developments and change. Historically the term 'Kosmobiologie' was used by the German medical astrologer Dr Friedrich Feerhow and Swiss statistician Karl Krafft in a more general sense "to Psychological Astrology, Astrological Psychology or Astropsychology is a recent product of the cross-fertilisation of the fields of Astrology with Sun-sign astrology (also known as newspaper astrology) is the form of astrology most commonly found in many Newspaper and magazine columns The Hamburg School of Astrology originated in Hamburg Germany, and revolved around the research and teachings of surveyor/ Astrologer /amateur Astronomer Uranian astrology is a relatively recent methodological approach to Astrology based on teachings of German surveyor / Astrologer Alfred There are many astrological traditions that are historically important, but which have largely fallen out of use today. Astrologers still retain an interest in them and regard them as an important resource. Historically significant traditions of astrology include:

The history of Western, Chinese, and Indian astrology is discussed in the main article history of astrology. Persian Astrology has its roots in the Zend-Avesta parts of which are very similar to the Rig Veda In Babylonia as well as in Assyria as a direct offshoot of Babylonian culture (or as we might also term it "Euphratean" culture Astrology takes its Classical astrology in Egypt only developed after it was conquered by Alexander the Great. Hellenistic astrology is a tradition of Horoscopic astrology that was developed and practiced in Hellenistic Egypt and the Mediterranean, whose Maya calendrical divination is a subset of traditional beliefs rituals and divinatory practices that are held or performed among various Maya communities in The history of Astrology encompasses a great span of human history and many cultures

Esoteric traditions

Extract and symbol key from 17th century alchemy text.
Extract and symbol key from 17th century alchemy text.

Many mystic or esoteric traditions have links to astrology. In some cases, like Kabbalah, this involves participants incorporating elements of astrology into their own traditions. Kabbalah (קַבָּלָה lit "receiving" is a discipline and school of thought discussing the mystical aspect of Judaism. In other cases, like divinatory tarot, many astrologers themselves have incorporated the tradition into their own practice of astrology. Esoteric traditions include, but are not limited to:

Historically, alchemy in the Western World was particularly allied and intertwined with traditional Babylonian-Greek style astrology; in numerous ways they were built to complement each other in the search for occult or hidden knowledge. Alchemy in the Western World and other locations where it was widely practiced was (and in many cases still is allied and intertwined with traditional Babylonian-Greek Chiromancy or cheiromancy, (Greek cheir (χειρ “hand” manteia (μαντεία “ Divination ” is the art of characterization See also Jewish views of astrology Note This article does not describe normative Judaism as practiced by the majority of Jewish Medical astrology (traditionally known as Iatromathematics) is an ancient medical system that associates various parts of the body diseases and drugs as under the influence Some Astrologers believe that each Number from 0 to 9 is ruled by a Celestial body in our Solar system -- the layout below is the most widely The term Rosicrucian (symbol the Rose Cross) describes a secret society of mystics allegedly formed in late mediaeval Germany, holding a doctrine "built on The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings The word occult comes from the Latin word occultus (clandestine hidden secret referring to "knowledge of the hidden" [19] Astrology has used the concept of the four classical elements of alchemy from antiquity up until the present day. Astrology has used the concept of Classical elements from antiquity up until the present Traditionally, each of the seven planets in the solar system known to the ancients was associated with, held dominion over, and "ruled" a certain metal. [20]

The zodiac

Zodiac in a 6th century synagogue at Beit Alpha, Israel.
Zodiac in a 6th century synagogue at Beit Alpha, Israel. Zodiac denotes an annual cycle of twelve stations along the Ecliptic, the apparent path of the sun across the heavens through the Constellations that divide the ecliptic A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.
Main article: Zodiac

The zodiac is the belt or band of constellations through which the Sun, Moon, and planets transit across the sky. Zodiac denotes an annual cycle of twelve stations along the Ecliptic, the apparent path of the sun across the heavens through the Constellations that divide the ecliptic Astrologers noted these constellations and so attached a particular significance to them. Over time they developed the system of twelve signs of the zodiac (Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces), based on twelve of the constellations they considered to be particularly important. Astrological signs represent twelve equal segments or divisions of the Zodiac. Aries, the ram, is the first Astrological sign in the Zodiac. Taurus is the second Astrological sign in the Zodiac, originating from the constellation of Taurus. Gemini is the third Astrological sign in the Zodiac, originating from the constellation of Gemini. Cancer is the fourth Astrological sign in the Zodiac, originating from the constellation of Cancer. Leo is the fifth Astrological sign of the Zodiac, originating from the constellation of Leo. Virgo is the sixth Astrological sign in the Zodiac, originating from the constellation of Virgo. Libra is the seventh Astrological sign in the Zodiac, originating from the constellation of Libra. Scorpio is the eighth Astrological sign in the Zodiac, originating from the constellation of Scorpius. Sagittarius is the ninth Astrological sign in the Zodiac, originating from the constellation of Sagittarius. Capricorn is the tenth Astrological sign in the Zodiac, originating from the constellation of Capricornus. Aquarius is the eleventh Astrological sign in the Zodiac, originating from the constellation Aquarius. Pisces is the twelfth Astrological sign in the Zodiac, which originates from the Pisces constellation. The Western and Vedic zodiac signs have a common origin in the tradition of horoscopic astrology, and so are very similar in meaning. In China on the other hand, the development of the zodiac was different. Although the Chinese too have a system of twelve signs (named after animals), the Chinese zodiac refers to a pure calendrical cycle, as there are no equivalent constellations linked to it like the Western or Indian zodiacs. The common choice of twelve zodiac signs is understandable considering the interaction of the Sun and Moon was central to all forms of astrology.

The majority of Western astrologers base their work on the tropical zodiac which divides the sky into twelve equal segments of 30 degrees each, beginning with the first point of Aries, the point where the line of the earth's celestial equator and the ecliptic (the Sun's path through the sky) meet at the northern hemisphere spring equinox. The celestial equator is a Great circle on the imaginary Celestial sphere, in the same plane as the Earth 's Equator. The ecliptic is the apparent path that the Sun traces out in the sky during the year An equinox is the event of the Sun passing over the Earth's equator in its annual cycle Due to the precession of the equinoxes, the slow changing of the way Earth rotates in space, the zodiacal signs in this system bear no relation to the constellations of the same name but stay aligned to the months and seasons. In Astronomy, Precession refers to the movement of the rotational axis of a body such as a planet with respect to Inertial space. In common usage a constellation is a group of celestial bodies that are connected together in some arrangement typically stars to form a visible figure or picture

Practitioners of the Vedic astrological tradition and a minority of Western astrologers use the sidereal zodiac. This zodiac uses the same evenly divided ecliptic but approximately stays aligned to the positions of the observable constellations with the same name as the zodiacal signs. The sidereal zodiac differs from the tropical zodiac by an offset called the ayanamsa, which steadily increases as the equinoxes drift further. Ayanamsa is the Sanskrit term for the longitudinal difference between the tropical or Sayana and sidereal or Nirayana zodiacs Furthermore, some siderealists (i. e. astrologers employing sidereal techniques) use the actual, unequal constellations of the zodiac in their work.

Horoscopic astrology

18th century Icelandic manuscript showing astrological houses and glyphs for planets and signs.
18th century Icelandic manuscript showing astrological houses and glyphs for planets and signs. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland (
Main article: Horoscopic astrology

Horoscopic astrology is a system that was developed in the Mediterranean region and specifically Hellenistic Egypt around the late 2nd or early 1st century BCE. Horoscopic astrology is a form of Astrology which uses a Horoscope, a visual representation of the heavens for a specific moment in time in order to interpret the Horoscopic astrology is a form of Astrology which uses a Horoscope, a visual representation of the heavens for a specific moment in time in order to interpret the The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. Ptolemaic Egypt began when Ptolemy I Soter declared himself Pharaoh of Egypt in 305 BC and ended with the death of queen Cleopatra [21] The tradition deals with two-dimensional diagrams of the heavens, or horoscopes, created for specific moments in time. The diagram is then used to interpret the inherent meaning underlying the alignment of celestial bodies at that moment based on a specific set of rules and guidelines. A horoscope was calculated normally for the moment of an individual's birth, or at the beginning of an enterprise or event, because the alignments of the heavens at that moment were thought to determine the nature of the subject in question. One of the defining characteristics of this form of astrology that makes it distinct from other traditions is the computation of the degree of the Eastern horizon rising against the backdrop of the ecliptic at the specific moment under examination, otherwise known as the ascendant. The ecliptic is the apparent path that the Sun traces out in the sky during the year Horoscopic astrology has been the most influential and widespread form of astrology across the world, especially in Africa, India, Europe, and the Middle East, and there are several major traditions of horoscopic astrology whose origins are Hellenistic, including Indian, Medieval, and most other modern Western traditions of astrology. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Jyotiṣa ( Sanskrit jyotiṣa, from jyótis- "light heavenly body" also spelled Jyotish and Jyotisha in English

The horoscope

A hand-drawn horoscope.
A hand-drawn horoscope. In Astrology, a horoscope is a chart or diagram representing the positions of the Sun Moon planets the Astrological aspects, and sensitive angles

Central to horoscopic astrology and its branches is the calculation of the horoscope or astrological chart. This two-dimensional diagrammatic representation shows the celestial bodies' apparent positions in the heavens from the vantage of a location on Earth at a given time and place. The horoscope is also divided into twelve different celestial houses which govern different areas of life. Most horoscopic traditions of astrology systems divide the Horoscope into a number (usually twelve of houses whose positions depend on time and location rather Calculations performed in casting a horoscope involve arithmetic and simple geometry which serve to locate the apparent position of heavenly bodies on desired dates and times based on astronomical tables. Arithmetic or arithmetics (from the Greek word αριθμός = number is the oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics used by almost everyone Geometry ( Greek γεωμετρία; geo = earth metria = measure is a part of Mathematics concerned with questions of size shape and relative position In ancient Hellenistic astrology the ascendant demarcated the first celestial house of a horoscope. The word for the ascendant in Greek was horoskopos from which horoscope derives. In modern times, the word has come to refer to the astrological chart as a whole.

Branches of horoscopic astrology

Traditions of horoscopic astrology can be divided into four branches which are directed towards specific subjects or purposes. Often these branches use a unique set of techniques or a different application of the core principles of the system to a different area. Many other subsets and applications of astrology are derived from these four fundamental branches.

History of astrology

Main article: History of astrology
15th century image from the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry showing believed relations between areas of the body and the zodiacal signs.
15th century image from the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry showing believed relations between areas of the body and the zodiacal signs. The history of Astrology encompasses a great span of human history and many cultures The Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry or simply the Très Riches Heures ( The Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry) is a very richly decorated

Origins

The origins of much of the astrological doctrine and method that would later develop in Asia, Europe, and the Middle East are found among the ancient Babylonians and their system of celestial omens that began to be compiled around the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital This system of celestial omens later spread either directly or indirectly through the Babylonians and Assyrians to other areas such as India, Middle East, and Greece where it merged with pre-existing indigenous forms of astrology. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία . This Babylonian astrology came to Greece initially as early as the middle of the 4th century BCE, and then around the late 2nd or early 1st century BCE after the Alexandrian conquests, this Babylonian astrology was mixed with the Egyptian tradition of decanic astrology to create horoscopic astrology. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Horoscopic astrology is a form of Astrology which uses a Horoscope, a visual representation of the heavens for a specific moment in time in order to interpret the This new form of astrology, which appears to have originated in Alexandrian Egypt, quickly spread across the ancient world into Europe, the Middle East and India. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια

Before the scientific revolution

From the classical period through the scientific revolution, astrological training played a critical role in advancing astronomical, mathematical, medical and psychological knowledge. The period which many historians of science call the Scientific Revolution can be roughly dated as having begun in 1543 the year in which Nicolaus Copernicus published Astrological influences included the observation and long-term tracking of celestial objects. It was astrologers who provided the first systematic documentation of the movements of the Sun, the Moon, the planets, and the stars. The differentiation between astronomy and astrology varied from place to place; they were indistinguishable in ancient Babylonia and for most of the Middle Ages, but separated to a greater degree in ancient Greece (see astrology and astronomy). Astrology and astronomy are historically one and the same discipline ( Latin: astrologia) and were only gradually recognized as separate in western Astrology was not always uncritically accepted before the modern era; it was often challenged by Hellenistic skeptics, church authorities, and medieval Muslim astronomers.

The pattern of astronomical knowledge gained from astrological endeavours has been historically repeated across numerous cultures, from ancient India through the classical Maya civilization to medieval Europe. This article is about the history of South Asia prior to the Partition of British India in 1947 The Maya civilization is a Mesoamerican Civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the Pre-Columbian Americas Given this historical contribution, astrology has been called a protoscience along with pseudosciences such as alchemy (see "Western astrology and alchemy" below). Protoscience refers to historical philosophical disciplines which existed prior to the development of Scientific method, which allowed them to develop into Science Pseudoscience is defined as a body of knowledge methodology belief or practice that is claimed to be Scientific or made to appear scientific but does not adhere to the Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of

Many prominent thinkers, philosophers and scientists, such as Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle, Galen, Paracelsus, Girolamo Cardan, Nicholas Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Carl Jung and others, practiced or significantly contributed to astrology. "Pythagoras of Samos" redirects here For the Samian statuary of the same name see Pythagoras (sculptor. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Galen ( Greek: Γαληνός Galēnos; Latin: Claudius Galenus, Aelius Galenus, Claudius Aelius Galenus, or Paracelsus (11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria) was an alchemist, Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 &ndash 8 January 1642 was a Tuscan ( Italian) Physicist, Mathematician, Astronomer, and Philosopher Tycho Brahe, born Tyge Ottesen Brahe ( December 14 1546 &ndash October 24 1601) was a Danish nobleman Johannes Kepler (ˈkɛplɚ ( December 27 1571 &ndash November 15 1630) was a German Mathematician, Astronomer [22][2]

Effects on world culture

Main article: Cultural influence of astrology

Astrology has had a profound influence over the past few thousand years on Western and Eastern cultures. During its long history Astrology has had a profound impact on cultures throughout the world especially in art literature and popular customs In the Middle Ages, when the educated of the time believed in astrology, the system of heavenly spheres and bodies was believed to reflect on the system of knowledge and the world itself below.

Astrology has had an influence on both language and literature. For example, influenza, from medieval Latin influentia meaning influence, was so named because doctors once believed epidemics to be caused by unfavorable planetary and stellar influences[23]. The word "disaster" comes from the Italian disastro, derived from the negative prefix dis- and from Latin aster "star", thus meaning "ill-starred"[24]. Adjectives "lunatic" (Luna/Moon), "mercurial" (Mercury), "venereal" (Venus), "martial" (Mars), "jovial" (Jupiter/Jove), and "saturnine" (Saturn) are all old words used to describe personal qualities said to resemble or be highly influenced by the astrological characteristics of the planet, some of which are derived from the attributes of the ancient Roman gods they are named after. The VENUS ( V ictoria E xperimental N etwork U nder the S ea project is a cabled sea floor observatory operated by the University In literature, many writers, notably Geoffrey Chaucer[25][26][27] and William Shakespeare,[28][29] used astrological symbolism to add subtlety and nuance to the description of their characters' motivation(s). Geoffrey Chaucer (c 1343 – 25 October 1400? was an English author poet Philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and Diplomat. William Shakespeare ( baptised More recently, Michael Ward has proposed that C.S. Lewis imbued his Chronicles of Narnia with the characteristics and symbols of the seven heavens. Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963 Often, an understanding of astrological symbolism is needed to fully appreciate such literature.

Some modern thinkers, notably Carl Jung,[30] believe in astrology's descriptive powers regarding the mind without necessarily subscribing to its predictive claims. In education astrology is reflected in the university education of medieval Europe, which was divided into seven distinct areas, each represented by a particular planet and known as the seven liberal arts. Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges The term liberal arts refers to a particular type of educational Curriculum broadly defined as a Classical education. Dante Alighieri speculated that these arts, which grew into the sciences we know today, fitted the same structure as the planets. In music the best known example of astrology's influence is in the orchestral suite called "The Planets" by the British composer Gustav Holst, the framework of which is based upon the astrological symbolism of the planets. The Planets Op 32 is a seven- movement Orchestral suite by the British composer Gustav Holst, written between 1914 Gustav Theodore Holst (21 September 1874 – 25 May 1934was an English Composer and was a music teacher for nearly 20 years

Astrology and science

Pseudoscientific Concepts
Claims:

Position of the planets determines personality and human events. Pseudoscience is defined as a body of knowledge methodology belief or practice that is claimed to be Scientific or made to appear scientific but does not adhere to the

Related scientific disciplines:

Astronomy, Psychology
Year proposed: antiquity

Original proponents:

ancient priests and astrologers

Current proponents:

Philip Berg, Rob Brezsny, Michel Gauquelin, Linda Goodman, Sydney Omarr, Joan Quigley, Jackie Stallone, Athena Starwoman, Shelley von Strunckel, Richard Tarnas
The Ptolemaic system depicted by Andreas Cellarius, 1660/61
The Ptolemaic system depicted by Andreas Cellarius, 1660/61

By the time of Francis Bacon and the scientific revolution, newly emerging scientific disciplines acquired a method of systematic empirical induction validated by experimental observations, which led to the scientific revolution. Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Philip S Berg (original name Feivel Gruberger) is the Rabbi and current Dean of the worldwide Kabbalah Centre organization as well as its main figurehead Rob Brezsny (aka Ray Foreplay, aka Pope Artaud) is an American Astrologer, writer poet and musician Michel Gauquelin ( November 13, 1928 – May 20, 1991) was a French Psychologist and Statistician who attempted Linda Goodman ( April 10, 1925 - October 21, 1995) was a New York Times bestselling American Astrologer and Poet Sydney Omarr (5 August 1926 – 2 January 2003 was an Astrologer and counsellor to the rich and famous Joan Quigley (born April 10, 1927) of San Francisco, is an Astrologer best known for her astrological advice to the Reagan White House Jackie Stallone ( née Labofish; born November 29, 1921) is an American astrologer and celebrity who is the mother of the Hollywood Athena Starwoman (July 17 1945 - December 16 2004 was a well-known Australian astrologer, Columnist and television commentator Shelley von Strunckel is a California -born sun sign astrologer with newspaper columns widely published in Europe the Middle East Australia and Asia Richard Tarnas (born February 21 1950) author of The Passion of the Western Mind (1991 and Cosmos and Psyche (2006 is a cultural historian In Astronomy, the geocentric model of the Universe is the superseded theory that the Earth is the center of the universe and other Andreas Cellarius (c 1596 Neuhausen, &ndash 1665 Hoorn) was a Dutch - German Cartographer, best known for his Harmonia Francis Bacon 1st Viscount St Alban KC QC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626 was an English Philosopher, Statesman, and author [31] At this point, astrology and astronomy began to diverge; astronomy became one of the central sciences while astrology was increasingly viewed as an occult science or superstition by natural scientists. This separation accelerated through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. [32]

Astrology is now regarded as unscientific both by scientific bodies and by individual scientists[33][34] and has been labeled as a pseudoscience. Pseudoscience is defined as a body of knowledge methodology belief or practice that is claimed to be Scientific or made to appear scientific but does not adhere to the [35] In 1975, the American Humanist Association published one of the most widely known modern criticisms of astrology, characterizing those who continue to have faith in the subject as doing so "in spite of the fact that there is no verified scientific basis for their beliefs, and indeed that there is strong evidence to the contrary". The American Humanist Association (AHA is an educational organization in the United States that advances Humanism. [12] Astronomer Carl Sagan found himself unable to sign the statement, not because he felt astrology had any validity at all, but because he found the statement's tone authoritarian. Carl Edward Sagan ( November 9 1934 &ndash December 20 1996) was an American Astronomer, astrochemist, author Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union [36][37] Sagan stated that he would instead have been willing to sign a statement describing and refuting the principal tenets of astrological belief, which he believed would have been far more persuasive and would have produced much less controversy than the circulated statement. [38]

Although astrology has had no scientific standing for some time, it has been the subject of much research among astrologers since the beginning of the twentieth century. In their landmark study of twentieth-century research into natal astrology, astrology critics Geoffrey Dean and coauthors documented this burgeoning research activity, primarily within the astrological community. [39]

Claims about obstacles to research

Astrologers have argued that there are significant obstacles in carrying out scientific research into astrology today, including lack of funding,[40][41] lack of background in science and statistics by astrologers,[42] and insufficient expertise in astrology by research scientists and skeptics. [43][40][41] There are only a handful of journals dealing with scientific research into astrology (i. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena e. astrological journals directed towards scientific research or scientific journals publishing astrological research). For a broader class of publications which include scientific journals see Academic journal. Some astrologers have argued that few practitioners today pursue scientific testing of astrology because they feel that working with clients on a daily basis provides a personal validation for them. [41][44]

Another argument made by astrologers is that most studies of astrology do not reflect the nature of astrological practice and that the scientific method does not apply to astrology. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena [45][46] Some astrology proponents claim that the prevailing attitudes and motives of many opponents of astrology introduce conscious or unconscious bias in the formulation of hypotheses to be tested, the conduct of the tests, and the reporting of results. [43][11][12][47][2]

Early science, particularly geometry and astronomy/astrology, was connected to the divine for most medieval scholars. The compass in this 13th century manuscript is a symbol of God's act of Creation, as many believed that there was something intrinsically divine or perfect that could be found in circles.
Early science, particularly geometry and astronomy/astrology, was connected to the divine for most medieval scholars. In the Middle Ages, Science progressed dramatically from the time of antiquity in areas as diverse as Astronomy, Medicine, and Mathematics The compass in this 13th century manuscript is a symbol of God's act of Creation, as many believed that there was something intrinsically divine or perfect that could be found in circles. A compass, magnetic compass or mariner's compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the earth's Magnetic poles It consists Circles are simple Shapes of Euclidean geometry consisting of those points in a plane which are at a constant Distance, called the

Mechanism

As astrologers have been consistently unable to present physical mechanisms for astrology,[48][49] few modern astrologers believe in a direct causal relationship between heavenly bodies and earthly events. [41] An editorial published by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific reports that they can find no evidence for a scientifically defined mechanism by which celestial objects can influence terrestrial affairs. The Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP is a scientific and educational organization founded in San Francisco in 1889. [11] Some researchers have posited acausal, purely correlative, relationships between astrological observations and events, such as the theory of synchronicity proposed by Carl Jung. An anticausal system is a Hypothetical System with outputs and internal states that depend solely on future input values A pro-form is a type of Function word or expression that stands in for (expresses the same content as another word phrase clause or sentence whose meaning is recoverable Synchronicity is the Experience of two or more events which are causally unrelated occurring together in a meaningful manner [50] Others have posited a basis in divination. Divination (from Latin divinare "to be inspired by a god" related to Divine, Diva and Deus) is the attempt of ascertaining [51] Still others have argued that empirical correlations can stand on their own epistemologically, and do not need the support of any theory or mechanism. Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge [43] To some observers, these non-mechanistic concepts raise serious questions about the feasibility of validating astrology through scientific testing, and some have gone so far as to reject the applicability of the scientific method to astrology almost entirely. [43] Some astrologers, on the other hand, believe that astrology is amenable to the scientific method, given sufficiently sophisticated analytical methods, and they cite pilot studies they claim support this view. [52] Consequently, several astrologers have called for or advocated continuing studies of astrology based on statistical validation. [53]

Research

The Mars effect: relative frequency of the diurnal position of Mars in the birth chart of eminent athletes.
The Mars effect: relative frequency of the diurnal position of Mars in the birth chart of eminent athletes. The Mars effect is the name given to a controversial claim made by the French Psychologist and Statistician Michel Gauquelin in his book Diurnal motion is an astronomical term referring to the apparent daily motion of Stars around the Earth, or more precisely around the two

The scientific community says that astrology has repeatedly failed to demonstrate its effectiveness in numerous controlled studies. [10][11] Effect size studies in astrology conclude that the mean accuracy of astrological predictions is no greater than what is expected by chance, and astrology's perceived performance has disappeared on critical inspection. In Statistics, effect size is a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables [54] When testing for cognitive, behavioral, physical and other variables, one study of astrological "time twins" showed that human characteristics are not molded by the influence of the Sun, Moon and planets at the time of birth. Cognition is a concept used in different ways by different disciplines but is generally accepted to mean the process of awareness or thought Behavior or behaviour (see spelling differences) refers to the actions or Reactions of an object or Organism, usually In Astrology, an astro-twin is a pair of people that were born on the same day and whose Natal chart / Horoscope is consequently very similar even though [54][55] Skeptics of astrology also suggest that the perceived accuracy of astrological interpretations and descriptions of one's personality can be accounted for by the fact that people tend to exaggerate positive 'hits' and overlook whatever does not fit, especially when vague language is used. In Psychology and Cognitive science, confirmation bias is a tendency to search for or interpret new information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions and avoids The Forer effect (also called personal validation fallacy or the Barnum Effect after P [54] They also argue that statistical research is often wrongly seen as evidence for astrology due to uncontrolled artifacts. [56] A large-scale study, with a sample size of about 15,000 "astro-twins", was published in 2006. It examined the relationship between date of birth and individual differences in personality and general intelligence, and found no evidence that a connection existed. [57] It also found no relationship between the zodiacal signs and participants' personal traits. [57]

French psychologist and statistician Michel Gauquelin claimed to have found correlations between some planetary positions and certain human traits such as vocations. Michel Gauquelin ( November 13, 1928 – May 20, 1991) was a French Psychologist and Statistician who attempted [58] Gauquelin's most widely known claim is known as the Mars effect, which is said to demonstrate a correlation between the planet Mars occupying certain positions in the sky more often at the birth of eminent sports champions than at the birth of ordinary people. The Mars effect is the name given to a controversial claim made by the French Psychologist and Statistician Michel Gauquelin in his book A similar claim is made by Richard Tarnas in his work Cosmos and Psyche, in which he explores correspondences between planetary alignments and historically significant events and individuals. Richard Tarnas (born February 21 1950) author of The Passion of the Western Mind (1991 and Cosmos and Psyche (2006 is a cultural historian

Since its original publication in 1955, the Mars effect has been the subject of critical studies and skeptical publications which refute it,[59][60][61] and studies in fringe journals claiming to support or expand the original claims. Scientific skepticism or rational skepticism ( also spelled scepticism) sometimes referred to as skeptical inquiry, is a scientific or practical Fringe science is scientific Inquiry in an established Field of study which departs significantly from Mainstream or Orthodox [62][63] Gauquelin's research has not received mainstream scientific notice.

The Forer effect is seen in astrology when most people simply accept their horoscopes as custom even if, by logic, it would mean that 1/12 of the world would have the exact same day or week. The Forer effect (also called personal validation fallacy or the Barnum Effect after P

See also

References

  1. ^ Robert Hand. The History of Astrology — Another View. Retrieved on 2007-06-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros.
  2. ^ a b c Eysenck, H. J. , Nias, D. K. B. , Astrology: Science or Superstition? (Penhuin Books, 1982)
  3. ^ David Pingree. The Dictionary of the History of Ideas, Astrology. Retrieved on 2007-12-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the
  4. ^ Reinhold Ebertin. Combination of Stellar Influences. ISBN 978-0866900874.  
  5. ^ Michael Star. Astrology FAQ, Basics for Beginners and Students of Astrology. Retrieved on 2006-07-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians
  6. ^ Alan Oken. Alan Oken’s As Above So Below. ISBN 978-0553027761.  
  7. ^ Nick Campion. Nick Campion's Online Astrology Resource: Science & Astrology. Retrieved on 2006-07-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians
  8. ^ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Meriam-Webster. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
  9. ^ "astrology" Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2006-07-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians
  10. ^ a b WordNet 2.1. Princeton. Retrieved on 2006-07-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England.
  11. ^ a b c d Activities With Astrology. Astronomical society of the Pacific.
  12. ^ a b c Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists. The Humanist, September/October 1975.
  13. ^ Humphrey Taylor. The Religious and Other Beliefs of Americans 2003. Retrieved on 2007-01-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France.
  14. ^ Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding. National Science Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-01-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France.
  15. ^ "Astrology". Encarta. (2008). Microsoft. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital  “Scientists have long rejected the principles of astrology, but millions of people continue to believe in or practice it. ” 
  16. ^ Astrology: Fraud or Superstition? by Chaz Bufe {{cite web | title= Astrology Fraud or Superstition | url=http://www.seesharppress.com/astro.html | publisher= See Sharp Press
  17. ^ Adam Mosley. Tycho Brahe and Astrology. Retrieved on 2007-06-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros.
  18. ^ About. com: Is Astrology a Pseudoscience? Examining the Basis and Nature of Astrology
  19. ^ Weor, Samael Aun Astrotheurgy, The Esoteric Treatise of Hermetic Astrology, pp. 60-117, Glorian Publishing 2006, ISBN 978-1-934206-06-5
  20. ^ Weor, Samael Aun Astrotheurgy, The Zodiacal Course, pp. 3-58, Glorian Publishing, 2006, ISBN 978-1-934206-06-5
  21. ^ David Pingree - From Astral Omens to Astrology from Babylon to Bikaner, Roma: Istituto Italiano per L'Africa e L'Oriente, 1997. Pg. 26.
  22. ^ Bruce Scofield. Were They Astrologers? — Big League Scientists and Astrology. The Mountain Astrologer magazine. Retrieved on 2007-08-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting
  23. ^ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=influenza Online Etymology Dictionary
  24. ^ Ibid.
  25. ^ A. Kitson. Astrology and English literature. Contemporary Review, October 1996. Retrieved on 2006-07-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians
  26. ^ M. Allen, J. H. Fisher. Essential Chaucer: Science, including astrology. University of Texas, San Antonio. Retrieved on 2006-07-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians
  27. ^ A. B. P. Mattar et al. Astronomy and Astrology in the Works of Chaucer. University of Singapore. Retrieved on 2006-07-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians
  28. ^ P. Brown. Shakespeare, Astrology, and Alchemy: A Critical and Historical Perspective. The Mountain Astrologer, February/March 2004.
  29. ^ F. Piechoski. Shakespeare's Astrology.
  30. ^ Carl G. Jung, "Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious," excerpted in The Basic Writings of C. G. Jung (Modern Library, repr. 1993), 362-363.
  31. ^ Hooker, Richard. The scientific revolution.
  32. ^ Jim Tester, A History of Western Astrology (Ballantine Books, 1989), 240ff.
  33. ^ Richard Dawkins. The Real Romance in the Stars. The Independent, December 1995.
  34. ^ British Physicist Debunks Astrology in Indian Lecture. Associated Press.
  35. ^ Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List. Astronomical Society of the Pacific.
  36. ^ Sagan, Carl. "Letter. " The Humanist 36 (1976): 2
  37. ^ Mariapaula Karadimas. Astrology: What it is and what it isn't,. The Peak Publications Society.
  38. ^ Sagan, Carl. The Demon Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark. (New York: Ballantine Books, 1996), 303.
  39. ^ G. Dean et al, Recent Advances in Natal Astrology: A Critical Review 1900-1976. The Astrological Association (England 1977)
  40. ^ a b H. J. Eysenck & D. K. B. Nias, Astrology: Science or Superstition? Penguin Books (1982) ISBN 0-14-022397-5
  41. ^ a b c d G. Phillipson, Astrology in the Year Zero. Flare Publications (London, 2000) ISBN 0-9530261-9-1
  42. ^ School History. The Avalon School of Astrology.
  43. ^ a b c d M. Harding. Prejudice in Astrological Research. Correlation, Vol 19(1).
  44. ^ K. Irving. Science, Astrology and the Gauquelin Planetary Effects.
  45. ^ M. Urban-Lurain, Introduction to Multivariate Analysis, Astrological Research Methods, Volume 1: An ISAR Anthology. International Society for Astrological Research (Los Angeles 1995) ISBN 0-9646366-0-3
  46. ^ G. Perry, How do we Know What we Think we Know? From Paradigm to Method in Astrological Research, Astrological Research Methods, Volume 1: An ISAR Anthology. International Society for Astrological Research (Los Angeles 1995) ISBN 0-9646366-0-3
  47. ^ Bob Marks. Astrology for Skeptics.
  48. ^ Dr. P. Seymour, Astrology: The evidence of Science. Penguin Group (London, 1988) ISBN 0-14-019226-3
  49. ^ Frank McGillion. The Pineal Gland and the Ancient Art of Iatromathematica.
  50. ^ Maggie Hyde, Jung and Astrology. The Aquarian Press (London, 1992) p. 24-26.
  51. ^ Geoffrey Cornelius, The Moment of Astrology. Utsav Arora, another meditation research specialist and astrologer, argues, "if 100% accuracy were to be the benchmark, we should be closing down and shutting all hospitals, medical labs. Scientific medical equipment and drugs have a long history of errors and miscalculations. Same is the case with computers and electronic. We don't refute electronic gadgets and equipment just because it fails but we work towards finding cures for the errors. " The Wessex Astrologer (Bournemouth, 2003. )
  52. ^ D. Cochrane, Towards a Proof of Astrology: An AstroSignature for Mathematical Ability International Astrologer ISAR Journal Winter-Spring 2005, Vol 33, #2
  53. ^ M. Pottenger (ed), Astrological Research Methods, Volume 1: An ISAR Anthology. International Society for Astrological Research (Los Angeles 1995) ISBN 0-9646366-0-3
  54. ^ a b c Dean and Kelly. Is Astrology Relevant to Consciousness and Psi?.
  55. ^ Robert Matthews. "Comprehensive study of 'time twins' debunks astrology", London Daily Telegraph, 2003-08-17. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Archived from the original on 2007-05-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus.  
  56. ^ Dean, Geoffery. Artifacts in data often wrongly seen as evidence for astrology.
  57. ^ a b Peter, Hartmann; Reuter, Martin; Nyborg, Helmut (2006). "The relationship between date of birth and individual differences in personality and intelligence: A large-scale study". Personality and Individual Differences 40: 1349–1362. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.017. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. ISSN 0191-8869. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication. Lay summary – Discovery News (2006-04-25). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.  
  58. ^ Gauquelin M. , Cosmic Influences on Human Behavior, Aurora Press, Santa Fe NM (1994)
  59. ^ Benski, C. et al. 1996. The "Mars Effect": A French Test of Over 1000 Sports Champions.
  60. ^ Zelen, M. , P. Kurtz, and G. Abell. 1977. Is there a Mars effect? The Humanist 37 (6): 36-39.
  61. ^ Herbert Neisler in Skeptical — a Handbook of Pseudoscience and the Paranormal, ed Donald Laycock, David Vernon, Colin Groves, Simon Brown, Imagecraft, Canberra, 1989, ISBN 0731657942, p3
  62. ^ Suitbert Ertel. Dr Donald Laycock was an Australian linguist and anthropologist David Vernon (born 1965 in Canberra, Australia) is an Australian writer Colin Groves is Professor of Biological Anthropology at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. Simon Brown is an Australian Science Fiction writer He originally trained as a journalist and worked for a range of Australian Government Departments including Raising the Hurdle for the Athletes' Mars Effect: Association Co-Varies With Eminence. Journal of Scientific Exploration.
  63. ^ Ken Irving. Discussion of Mars eminence effect. Planetos.

External links

Astrology and science
Astrology and religion

Dictionary

astrology

-noun

  1. The study of the movements and relative positions of celestial bodies and their supposed influence on human affairs.
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