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 A poster with twelve different species of Asteracea from the Asteroideae, Cichorioideaea and Carduoideae subfamilies
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| Aster L. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its The Asterales are an order of Dicotyledonous Flowering plants which include the composite family Asteraceae ( Sunflowers daisies Bedřich Karel Eugen Všemír Berchtold hrabě z Uherčic, in German Friedrich Berchtold Graf von Ungarschütz ( October 25 1781 – April 3 Jan Svatopluk Presl (1791-1849 was a Bohemian Botanist.He was the brother of botanist Karel Bořivoj Presl (1794-1852 This is a list of genera in the plant family Asteraceae, the daisies and sunflowers In biology a type is that which fixes a name to a Taxon. Depending on the nomenclature code which is applied to the organism in question a type may be a specimen |
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Asteroideae |
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Compositae Giseke |
The family Asteraceae or Compositae (known as the aster, daisy, or sunflower family) is the largest family of flowering plants, in terms of number of species. Family denotes a group of People affiliated by consanguinity affinity or co-residence The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group
The name 'Asteraceae' is derived from the type genus Aster, while 'Compositae', an older but still valid[3] name, means composite and refers to the characteristic inflorescence, a special type of pseudanthium found in only a few other angiosperm families. Aster ( syn Diplopappus Cass) is a Genus of Flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. An inflorescence is a group or cluster of Flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main Branch or a complicated arrangement of branches A pseudanthium (Greek false flower is a special type of Inflorescence, in which several Flowers are grouped together to form a flower-like structure The study of this family is known as synantherology. Synantherology is the study of the plant family Asteraceae (also called Compositae)
According to the Royal Botanical Gardens of Kew the family comprises more than 1,600 genera and 23,000 species. The largest genera are Senecio (1,500 species), Vernonia (1,000 species), Cousinia (600 species), Centaurea (600 species). Senecio is a Genus of the daisy family ( Asteraceae)that includes ragworts and groundsels. Vernonia is a genus of about 1000 Species of Forbs and Shrubs in the family Asteraceae. Cousinia is a Genus in plant family Asteraceae. More than one third of the approximately 672 Species occur in Iran, but this Centaurea ( Cen-tau-ré-a) is a genus of about 350-500 Species Species in this genus include Centaurea adpressa The circumscription of the genera is often problematic and some of these have been frequently divided into minor subgroups[4].
Asteraceae are cosmopolitan, but most common in the temperate regions and tropical mountains.
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Taxonomy
The family has been universally recognised and placed in the order Asterales. The Asterales are an order of Dicotyledonous Flowering plants which include the composite family Asteraceae ( Sunflowers daisies
Traditionally two subfamilies were recognised: Asteroideae (or 'Tubuliflorae') and Cichorioideae (or 'Liguliflorae'). Asteroideae is a Subfamily of the Plant family Asteraceae. It is made of several Tribes including Astereae, Calenduleae Cichorioideae is a Subfamily of the Asteraceae (sunflower family of flowering plants. The latter is paraphyletic and has been divided into many minor groups in most newer systems. In Phylogenetics, a group of organisms is said to be paraphyletic if the group contains its most recent common ancestor but does not contain all The phylogenetic tree presented below is based on Panero & Funk (2002) and also shown in the APG system.
A tentative cladogram is shown below. Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry The diamond denotes a very poorly supported branching (<50%), the dot a poorly supported branching (<80%)[5].
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It is noteworthy that the four subfamilies Asteroideae, Cichorioideae, Carduoideae and Mutisioideae comprise 99% of the specific diversity of the whole family (appr. Asteroideae is a Subfamily of the Plant family Asteraceae. It is made of several Tribes including Astereae, Calenduleae Cichorioideae is a Subfamily of the Asteraceae (sunflower family of flowering plants. Carduoideae is the Thistle Subfamily of the Asteraceae, or sunflower family of flowering plants. Mutisioideae is a subfamily of the Asteraceae, or sunflower family of the flowering plants. 70%, 14%, 11% and 3% respectively).
Description
Asteraceae are most usually herbs, but some shrubs, trees and climbers do exist. A(n herb (ˈhɝb or /ˈɝb/ see pronunciation differences) is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties flavor scent or the like A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or A vine is any plant of Genus Vitis (the Grape plants or by extension any similar climbing or trailing plant They are generally easy to distinguish, mainly because of their characteristic inflorescence and many shared apomorphies[4]. An inflorescence is a group or cluster of Flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main Branch or a complicated arrangement of branches Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry
Leaves and stems
The leaves and the stems very often contain secretory canals with resin or latex (particularly common among the Cichorioideae). In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. Resin, not to be confused with Rosin, is a Hydrocarbon Secretion of many Plants particularly coniferous trees. LaTeX (ˈleɪtɛ The leaves can be alternate, opposite, or whorled. In Botany, phyllotaxis or phyllotaxy is the arrangement of the leaves on the stem of a Plant. In Botany, phyllotaxis or phyllotaxy is the arrangement of the leaves on the stem of a Plant. In Botany, phyllotaxis or phyllotaxy is the arrangement of the leaves on the stem of a Plant. They may be simple, but are often deeply lobed or otherwise incised, often conduplicate or revolute. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. The margins can be entire or dentate.
Flowers
The most evident characteristic of Asteraceae is perhaps their inflorescence: a specialised capitulum, technically called a calathid or calathidium, but generally referred to as flower head or, alternatively, simply capitulum[6]. An inflorescence is a group or cluster of Flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main Branch or a complicated arrangement of branches The capitulum is a contracted raceme composed of numerous individual sessile flowers, called the florets, all sharing the same receptacle. A raceme is a type of Inflorescence that is unbranched and indeterminate and bears pedicellate Flowers &mdash flowers having short A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also Botanical meaning In Botany, the receptacle is the thickened part of a stem from which the Flower organs grow
The capitulum of the Asteraceae has evolved many characteristics that make it look superficially like a big single flower. This kind of flower-like inflorescences are quite widespread amongst plants and have been given the name of pseudanthia. A pseudanthium (Greek false flower is a special type of Inflorescence, in which several Flowers are grouped together to form a flower-like structure
Many bracts form an involucre under the basis of the capitulum; these are called "phyllaries", or "involucral bracts". In Botany, a bract is a modified or specialized Leaf. Bracts are ordinarily associated with reproductive structures (subtending Flowers Inflorescence The calybium and the cupule make up the Accessory fruit of Flowering plants in the family Fagaceae. They may simulate the sepals of the pseudanthium. A sepal (from Latin separatus "separate" + petalum "petal" is a part of the flower of Angiosperms or flower plants These are mostly herbaceous but can also be brightly coloured (e. g. Helichrysum) or have a scarious texture. The genus Helichrysum (pronounced hel-i-CRY-sum or hee-li-CRY-sum consists of an estimated 600 species in the sunflower family ( Asteraceae) The bracts can be free or fused, and arranged in one to many rows, overlapping like the tiles of a roof (imbricate) or not (this variation is important in identification of tribes and genera).
Each floret may itself be subtended by a bract, called a "palea" or "receptacular bract". These bracts as a group are often called "chaff". Chaff (tʃɑːf or /tʃæf/ depending on dialect &ndash both to rhyme with "half" is the inedible dry scaly protective casings of the seeds of Cereal grain, or The presence or absence of these bracts, their distribution on the receptacle, and their size and shape are all important diagnostic characteristics for genera and tribes.
The florets have five petals fused at the base to form a corolla tube and they may be either actinomorphic or zygomorphic. Carduus is a genus of about 90 species of Thistles in the family Asteraceae, native to Europe, Asia and Africa. A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla Floral symmetry refers to whether and how a Flower can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts Floral symmetry refers to whether and how a Flower can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts Disc florets are usually actinomorphic, with five petal lips on the rim of the corolla tube. The petal lips may be either very short, or long, in which case they form deeply lobed petals. The latter is the only kind of floret in the Carduoideae, while the first kind is more widespread. Ray florets are always highly zygomorphic and are characterised by the presence of a ligule, a strap-shaped structure on the edge of the corolla tube consisting of fused petals. In the Asteroideae and other minor subfamilies these are usually borne only on florets at the circumference of the capitulum and have a 3+2 scheme – above the fused corolla tube, three very long fused petals form the ligule, with the other two petals being inconspicuously small. A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla The Cichorioidea has only ray florets, with a 5+0 scheme – all five petals form the ligule. A 4+1 scheme is found in the Barnadesioideae. The tip of the ligule is often divided into teeth, each one representing a petal. Some marginal florets may have no petals at all (filiform floret).
The calyx of the florets may be absent, but when present it is always modified into a pappus of two or more teeth, scales or bristles and this is often involved in the dispersion of the seeds. A sepal (from Latin separatus "separate" + petalum "petal" is a part of the flower of Angiosperms or flower plants In a composite Flower, Pappus is the part of individual disk and ray flowers that surrounds the base in the same manner as the calyx does in a non-compound As with the bracts, the nature of the pappus is an important diagnostic feature.
There are usually five stamens. The stamen ( Plural stamina or stamens, from Latin stamen meaning "thread of the warp " is the male The filaments are fused to the corolla, while the anthers are generally connate (syngenesious anthers), thus forming a sort of tube around the style (theca). They commonly have basal and/or apical appendages. Pollen is released inside the tube and is collected around the growing style, expelled with a sort of pump mechanism (nüdelspritze) or a brush.
The pistil is made of two connate carpels. A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower. A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower. The style has two lobes; stigmatic tissue may be located in the interior surface or form two lateral lines. A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower. The ovary is inferior and has only one ovule, with basal placentation. In the Flowering plants an ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or Gynoecium. Ovule literally means "small egg." In Seed plants the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells In biology placentation refers to the formation type and structure or arrangement of Placentas The function of placentation is to transfers nutrients from maternal tissue
Fruits and seeds
The fruit of the Asteraceae is a specialised type of achene, sometimes called cypsela (plural cypselae). Carlina ( carline thistle) is a genus of about 30 species of Thistles in the family Asteraceae, native to Europe, north Africa An achene is a type of simple dry Fruit produced by many species of Flowering plants Achenes are "monocarpellate" (formed from one Carpel One seed per fruit is formed. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored It may sometimes be flat, winged or spiny and it adheres to the persistent pappus. Its morphology is often used to help determine plant relationships at the genus and species level[7]. The term morphology in Biology refers to the outward appearance ( Shape, Structure, Colour, Pattern) of an Organism The seeds usually have little or lack endosperm[4]. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored Endosperm is the tissue produced in the Seeds of most Flowering plants around the time of fertilization
Metabolites
Asteraceae generally store energy in the form of inulin. Inulins are a group of naturally occurring Polysaccharides (several simple sugars linked together produced by many types of plants
They produce iso/chlorogenic acid, sesquiterpene lactones, pentacyclic triterpene alcohols, various alkaloids, acetylenes (cyclic, aromatic, with vinyl end groups), tannins. Sesquiterpenes are a class of Terpenes that consist of three Isoprene units and have the molecular formula C15H24 lactone is a cyclic Ester in Organic chemistry. It is the condensation product of an Alcohol group and a Carboxylic acid This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company. Acetylene ( IUPAC name ethyne), C2H2 is a Hydrocarbon belonging to the group of Alkynes It is the simplest of all alkynes Tannins are Astringent, bitter plant Polyphenols that either bind and Precipitate or shrink Proteins The astringency from the tannins is what They have terpenoid essential oils which never contain iridoids[5]. Terpenes are a large and varied class of Hydrocarbons, produced primarily by a wide variety of plants particularly Conifers though also by some insects such An essential oil is a concentrated Hydrophobic Liquid containing volatile Aroma compounds from Plants They are also known as volatile Iridoids are a class of Secondary metabolites found in a wide variety of plants and in some animals
Ecology
Asteraceae are especially common in open and dry environments[4]. Bidens tripartita, commonly known as Three-lobe Beggarticks Three-part Beggarticks Leafy-bracted Beggarticks or Trifid Bur-marigold, is a Flowering
Many members of the Asteraceae are pollinated by insects, which explains their value in attracting beneficial insects, but anemophyly is also present (e. Pollination in angiosperms and Gymnosperms is the process that transfers pollen grains, which contain the male Gametes (sperm to where the female Beneficial insects are any of a number of species of insects that perform valued services like Pollination and pest control Pollination syndromes are suites of traits of Flowers aimed at attracting a particular type of Pollinator (Faegri & van der Pijl 1979 Proctor et al g. Ambrosia, Artemisia). Ragweeds ( Ambrosia) also called bitterweeds and bloodweeds, are a Genus of flowering Plants from the sunflower Artemisia is a large diverse Genus of plants with between 200-400 species belonging to the daisy family Asteraceae. There are many apomictic species in the family.
Seeds are ordinarily dispersed intact with the fruiting body, the cypsela. Wind dispersal is common (anemochory) assisted by a hairy pappus. Biological dispersal refers to those processes by which a Species maintains ecosystem Another common variation is (epizoochory), in which the dispersal unit, a single cypsela (e. Biological dispersal refers to those processes by which a Species maintains ecosystem g. Bidens) or entire capitulum (e. Bidens is a Genus in the family Asteraceae. It contains about 200 Species. g. Arctium) provided with hooks, spines or some equivalent structure, sticks to the fur or plumage of an animal (or even to clothes, like in the photo) just to fall off later far from its mother plant. Burdock is any of a group of biennial Thistles in the Genus Arctium, family Asteraceae
Evolution
Diversification of Asteraceae may have been within 42-36 million years, the stem group perhaps being up to 49 million years old[5].
It is still unknown whether the precise cause of their great success was the development of the calathid, their ability to store energy as fructans (mainly inulin), which is an advantage in relatively dry zones, or some combination of these and possibly other factors[5]. A fructan is a Polymer of Fructose molecules They occur in foods such as Artichokes * Asparagus Green beans Inulins are a group of naturally occurring Polysaccharides (several simple sugars linked together produced by many types of plants
Uses
Commercially important plants in the Asteraceae include the food crops Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Cichorium (chicory), Cynara scolymus (globe artichoke), Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacón), Carthamus tinctorius (safflower) and Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke). The sunflower ( Helianthus annuus) is an Annual plant in the family Asteraceae and native to the Americas, with a large flowering Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa) is a Temperate annual or Biennial plant of the daisy family Asteraceae. Cichorium is a Genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. The Globe Artichoke ( Cynara cardunculus) Globe Artichokes are known to have been cultivated at Naples around the middle of the 9th century and The sunflower ( Helianthus annuus) is an Annual plant in the family Asteraceae and native to the Americas, with a large flowering The Yacón is a Perennial plant grown in the Andes of Perú for its crisp sweet-tasting Tubers. Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L) is a highly branched Herbaceous, Thistle -like annual usually with many long sharp spines on the leaves The Jerusalem artichoke ( Helianthus tuberosus) also called the sunroot or sunchoke or earth apple or topinambur, is a species
Other commercially important species include Compositae used as herbs and in herbal teas and other beverages. Chamomile which comes from two different species, the annual Matricaria recutita or German chamomile, and the perennial Chamaemelum nobile, also called Roman chamomile. Calendula, also called the pot marigold is grown commercially for herbal teas and the potpourri industry. Calendula ( Ca-lén-du-la, pot marigold) is a genus of about 12-20 species of annual or perennial Herbaceous Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea), used as a medicinal tea. Echinacea purpurea ( Eastern purple coneflower; syn Brauneria purpurea ( L Winter tarragon, also called Mexican mint marigold, Tagetes lucida is commonly grown and used as a tarragon substitute in climates where tarragon will not survive. Tagetes lucida (commonly called Pericón, Mexican mint marigold, Mexican tarragon, or Texas tarragon) is a half-hardy sub-shrub Finally, the wormwood genus Artemisia includes absinthe (A. Absinthe is traditionally a distilled, highly alcoholic (45%-75% ABV) beverage absinthium) and tarragon (A. This article is about the Herb; for the Freedom Call CD see Taragon. dracunculus).
Industrial use of Compositae is also known. Common in all commercial poultry feed, marigold (Tagetes patula) is grown primarily in Mexico. The French marigold ( Tagetes patula) is a Species in the Daisy family ( Asteraceae) Marigold oil, extracted from Tagetes minuta is used by the metric ton in the cola and cigarette industry.
Plants in Asteraceae are medically important in areas that don't have access to Western medicine. They are also commonly featured in medical and phytochemical journals because the sesquiterpene lactone compounds contained within them are an important cause of allergic contact dermatitis. Sesquiterpenes are a class of Terpenes that consist of three Isoprene units and have the molecular formula C15H24 lactone is a cyclic Ester in Organic chemistry. It is the condensation product of an Alcohol group and a Carboxylic acid Contact dermatitis is a term for a Skin reaction resulting from exposure to Allergens (allergic contact dermatitis or irritants (irritant contact dermatitis Allergy to these compounds is the leading cause of allergic contact dermatitis in florists in the US. [8] Pollen from Ragweed Ambrosia is among the main causes of so called hay fever in the United States[9]. Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes ( pollen grains) which produce the male Gametes (sperm cells of In ancient Greek mythology, ambrosia is sometimes the food sometimes the drink of the gods, often depicted as conferring ageless Immortality Hay Fever is a comic play written by Noel Coward in 1924 and first produced in 1925 with Marie Tempest as the first Judith Bliss
Many members of the family are grown as ornamental plants for their flowers and some are important ornamental crops for the cut flower industry. Some examples are Chrysanthemum, Gerbera, Calendula, Dendranthema, Argyranthemum, Dahlia, Tagetes, Zinnia and many others. Chrysanthemums, often called 'mums' are a genus ( Chrysanthemum) of about 30 species of perennial Flowering plants in the family Asteraceae See also Daisy (disambiguation Gerbera L is a Genus of ornamental plants from the sunflower family ( Asteraceae Calendula ( Ca-lén-du-la, pot marigold) is a genus of about 12-20 species of annual or perennial Herbaceous Chrysanthemums, often called 'mums' are a genus ( Chrysanthemum) of about 30 species of perennial Flowering plants in the family Asteraceae Argyranthemum (the dill daisies) is a Genus of Flowering plants belonging to the family Asteraceae. Dahlia is a Genus of bushy tuberous, Perennial plants native to Mexico, Central America, and Colombia. Tagetes is a Genus of 52 species of annual and perennial Herbaceous plants in the Daisy family ( Asteraceae or Zinnia is a Genus of 20 species of annual and perennial Plants of family Asteraceae, originally from scrub and dry
Many members of Asteraceae are copious nectar producers and are useful for evaluating pollinator populations during their bloom. Dahlia is a Genus of bushy tuberous, Perennial plants native to Mexico, Central America, and Colombia. Nectar is a Sugar -rich liquid produced by plants It is produced either by the Flowers in which it attracts pollinating animals or by extrafloral A pollinator is the biotic agent ( vector) that moves Pollen from the male Anthers of a Flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish Centaurea (knapweed), Helianthus annuus (domestic sunflower), and some species of Solidago (goldenrod) are major "honey plants" for beekeepers. Centaurea ( Cen-tau-ré-a) is a genus of about 350-500 Species Species in this genus include Centaurea adpressa The sunflower ( Helianthus annuus) is an Annual plant in the family Asteraceae and native to the Americas, with a large flowering The goldenrod is a yellow Flowering plant in the Family Asteraceae. Honey is a sweet and Viscous fluid produced by Honey bees (and some other species and derived from the nectar of Flowers According to the A beekeeper is a person who keeps Honey bees for the purposes of securing commodities such as Honey, Beeswax, Pollen; pollinating Solidago produces relatively high protein pollen, which helps honey bees overwinter. Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes ( pollen grains) which produce the male Gametes (sperm cells of This article refers collectively to all true honey bees for the "common" domesticated honey bee see European honey bee Honey bees
Some members of the Asteraceae are economically important as weeds. Notably in the United States are the ragwort, Senecio jacobaea, groundsel Senecio vulgaris and Taraxacum (dandelion). Senecio vulgaris, often known by the common name Common groundsel, a humble in appearance member of the Asteraceae family and Senecio
The genera Tanacetum, Chrysanthemum and Pulicaria contain species with insecticidal properties. Tanacetum is a genus of about 70 species of Flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere Chrysanthemums, often called 'mums' are a genus ( Chrysanthemum) of about 30 species of perennial Flowering plants in the family Asteraceae UserPolbot. --> Pulicaria is a genus of Flowering plant in the Asteraceae family
Parthenium argentatum (Guayule) is a source of hypoallergenic latex. Parthenium argentatum, commonly known as Guayule (/gwɑː'juː Hypoallergenic is a term coined by advertisers (based on the Greek prefix Hypo meaning "below normal" or "slightly" and first used in a cosmetics LaTeX (ˈleɪtɛ
Genera
Image gallery
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 Vernonia fasciculata |
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 Chuquiraga oppostifolia (Barnadesioideae) |
 Carduus tenuiflorus (Carduoideae) |
 Gerbera sp. This is a list of genera in the plant family Asteraceae, the daisies and sunflowers Aster alpinus ( Alpine aster) is an Ornamental plant native to the United States. Golden Ragwort ( Senecio aureus) is a perennial flower in family Asteraceae. Eupatorium cannabinum, commonly known as Hemp-agrimony, is a Herbaceous plant of the family Asteraceae. Carduus tenuiflorus is a species of Thistle known as the winged thistle or slender-flowered thistle. See also Daisy (disambiguation Gerbera L is a Genus of ornamental plants from the sunflower family ( Asteraceae (Mutisoideae). Note the zygomorphic disc flowers. |
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 Pertya scandens (Pertyoideae) |
 Cichorium intybus (Cichorioideae). Common Chicory ( Cichorium intybus) is a bushy perennial Herb with blue lavender or occasionally white Flowers It grows Note the dark blue anther tubes and the bilabiate styles. |
 Aster novae-angliae (Asteroideae) |
 Ray floret (as in Chichorioideae, and the outer florets in Asteroideae) |
 Disc floret (as in Asteroideae) |
 The involucral leaves of the capitula of the globe artichoke (here flowering) are eaten as vegetable |
 The large seed head of Tragopogon pratensis is composed of many single achenes, each with its own pappus |
 Sticking teeth of a Bidens tripartita achene under stereomicroscope (30X). Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (formerly Aster novae-angliae) commonly known as the New England Aster, is an herbaceous perennial in the composite family The Globe Artichoke ( Cynara cardunculus) Globe Artichokes are known to have been cultivated at Naples around the middle of the 9th century and Meadow Salsify Tragopogon pratensis (also known as Showy Goat's-beard or Jack-go-to-bed-at-noon) is a plant in the Asteraceae family distributed |
See also
Footnotes
- ^ UniProt. accrescent Growing larger after flowering achene Achene A small dry indehiscent UniProt is the uni versal prot ein resource a central repository of Protein data created by combining Swiss-Prot, TrEMBL Asteraceae (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-06-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (2007-04-13). Germplasm Resources Information Network or GRIN is an online software project of National Genetic Resources Program of USDA to provide germplasm information Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Family: Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl, nom. cons. (HTML). Taxonomy for Plants. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. The Agricultural Research Service ( ARS) is the principal in-house research agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA Retrieved on 2008-06-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
- ^ a b c d Judd & al. , Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach
- ^ a b c d Stevens, P. F. , Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
- ^ Usher, 1966
- ^ R. J. McKenzie, J. Samuel, E. M. Muller, A. K. W. Skinner, and N. P. Barker (December 2005). "MORPHOLOGY OF CYPSELAE IN SUBTRIBE ARCTOTIDINAE (COMPOSITAE–ARCTOTIDEAE) AND ITS TAXONOMIC IMPLICATIONS". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 92 (4): 569–594.
- ^ Odom & al. , 2000
- ^ Ragweed Allergy
References
- Panero J. L. and V. A. Funk. 2002. Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 115: 909-922.
- Stevens, P. F. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
- Usher, George (1966). A dictionary of botany, including terms used in bio-chemistry, soil science, and statistics. Princeton: Van Nostrand. LCCN 66-25447. The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering cataloging records in the Library of Congress in the United
- Judd & al. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach
- http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (VIENNA CODE)
- ITIS report 2002-09-10
- Walters, Dirk R. and David J. Keil (1996). Vascular plant taxonomy. 4th ed. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. Dubuque, Iowa.
- Wagner,W. L. , D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai‘i, Vol. I. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. 988 pp.
- D. J. N. Hind, C. Jeffrey & G. V. Pope (eds. ), Advances in Compositae systematics. - Royal Bot. Gardens, Kew, 469 pp. , 1995
- Odom, Richard B. ; William D. James, Timothy G. Berger (2000). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. W. B. Saunders Company, 1135 pages. ISBN 0721658326.
External links
The Wikimedia Commons has media related to Asteraceae. 
Information related to Asteraceae from Wikispecies. Wikispecies is a Wiki -based online project supported by the Wikimedia Foundation that aims to create a comprehensive Free content catalogue of all - Asteraceae at the Open Directory Project
The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory
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