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Assyrians in Iraq are those ethnic Assyrian adherents of Syriac Christianity residing in the country of Iraq. The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. Syriac Christianity is a culturally and linguistically distinctive community within Eastern Christianity. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics.

They number at an estimated 0. 8 million or roughly 3% of total Iraqi population, forming the country's third or fourth largest ethnic group. Background Iraq was known in the west as Mesopotamia until the 20th century [1]

Contents

British Mandate

In 1918, Britain resettled 20,000 Assyrians in Iraqi refugee camps in Baquba and Mandan after Turkey violently quelled a British-inspired Assyrian rebellion. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. Baqubah ( BGN: Ba‘qūbah; also spelled Baquba and Baqouba) is the capital of Iraq 's Diyala Governorate. Rebellion is a refusal of obedienceIt may therefore be seen as encompassing a range of Behaviours from Civil disobedience and mass Nonviolent resistance From there, due to their higher level of education, many gravitated toward Kirkuk and Habbaniya, where they were indispensable in the administration of the oil and military projects. Kirkuk (also spelled Karkuk or Kerkuk; Kurdish: كه‌ركووك Kerkûk; Arabic: كركوك Turkish:Kerkük; As a result, approximately three-fourths of the Assyrians who had sided with the British during World War I found themselves living in Kurdish areas of Iraq. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Thousands of Assyrian men had seen service in the Iraqi Levies, a force under British officers separate from the regular Iraqi army. Pro-British, they had been apprehensive of Iraqi independence. Most of those thus resettled by the British have gone into exile, although by the end of the twentieth century, almost all of those who remain were born in Iraq. Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return Assyrians living in northern Iraq today are those whose ancestry lies in the north originally. Many of these, however, in places like Berwari, have been displaced by Kurds since World War I. This process has continued throughout the twentieth century: as Kurds have expanded in population, Assyrians have come under attack as in 1933, and as a result have fled from Iraq. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. (Stafford, Tragedy of the Assyrians, 1935)

Unlike the Kurds, the Assyrians scarcely expected a nation-state of their own after World War I, but they did demand restitution from Turkey for the material and population losses they had suffered, especially in northwest Iran, a neutral party in WWI invaded by Turkish forces. The law of restitution is the law of gains-based recovery It is to be contrasted with the law of compensation, which is the law of loss-based recovery Their pressure for some temporal authority in the north of Iraq under the Assyrian patriarch, the Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII, was flatly refused by British and Iraqis alike. Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII (born February 28, 1908, in Qochanis in modern-day Turkey, died November 6, 1975 in San José

Independent Kingdom of Iraq

In 1933, the Iraqi government held the Patriarch of the Church of the East, the Mar Shamun, under house arrest. The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East (ܥܕܬܐ ܩܕܝܫܬܐ ܘܫܠܝܚܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ‘Ittā Qaddishtā wa-Shlikhāitā Qattoliqi In Justice and Law, house arrest (also called home confinement, home detention, or electronic monitoring) is a measure by which When he left Iraq to appeal to the British with regard to how the Assyrians were being mistreated in Iraq contrary to the agreement at Iraq's independence to refrain from discrimination against minorities, he was stripped of his citizenship and refused reentry.

During July 1933, about 800 armed Assyrians headed for the Syrian border, where they were turned back. While King Faisal had briefly left the country for medical reasons, the Minister of Interior, Hikmat Sulayman, adopted a policy aimed at a final solution of the Assyrian "problem". Faisal bin Al Hussein Bin Ali El-Hashemi, GCB, GCMG ( فيصل بن حسين Fayṣal ibn Ḥusayn; 20 May 1883 &ndash September 8 This policy was implemented by a Kurd, General Bakr Sidqi. Bakr Sidqi (بكر صدقي an Iraqi Nationalist and General of Kurdish descent was born 1890 in Kirkuk and assassinated on August After engaging in several clashes with the Assyrians, on 11 August 1933, Sidqi permitted his men to kill about 3,000 Assyrians, including women and children, at the Assyrian villages of Sumail (Simele) district, and later at Suryia. Simele or Sumail ( Assyrian: syr ܣܡܠܐ Arabic, سميل) is a town located in the Iraqi province of Having scapegoated the Assyrians as dangerous national traitors, this massacre became a symbol of national pride, and enhanced Sidqi's prestige. The British, though represented by a powerful military presence as provided by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930, failed to intervene, and indeed helped white-washed the event at the League of Nations.

The Assyrian repression marked the entrance into Iraqi politics of the military, a pattern that has periodically re-emerged since 1958, and offered an excuse for enlarging conscription. The hugely popular Assyrian massacre, an indication of the latent anti-Christian atmosphere, also set the stage for the increased prominence of Bakr Sidqi. In October 1936, Bakr Sidqi staged the first military coup in the modern Arab world. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

The World Directory of Minorities states that there are over 300,000 Chaldean Assyrian Christians in Iraq and that they live mainly in Baghdad. Until the 1950s, Chaldeans were mostly settled in Mosul -- in 1932, 70 percent of Iraqi Christians (Assyrian and Chaldean) lived there, but by 1957, only 47 percent remained, as they migrated southward due in part to violence and regional and political tensions. It was estimated that about half of Iraq's Christian's lived in Baghdad by 1979, accounting for 14 percent of that city's population

This period also marks the intensification of denominational antagonism among Aramaic speakers in Iraq as some church institutions began to distance themselves from the members of the Church of the East who were seen as magnets for Muslim antagonism. It is from this period that, as the new Mosul-born patriarch of the Assyrian Apostolic Church of Antioch and All the East (Jacobite) came into the pinnacle of this church's hierarchy, he began to move the Church away from the term Assyrian and toward the term "Syrian. " At the same time, this Church moved its See to Damascus, Syria. Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria.

Republic of Iraq

Recognition of the Syriac language by the Ba'thist regime

In the eary 1970s, the Baath regime tried to change the suppression of Assyrians in Iraq through different laws that were passed. On 20 February 1972, the government passed the law to recognized the cultural rights of Assyrians by allowing Syriac language be taught schools in which the majority of pupils spoke that language in addition to Arabic. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. See Syriac (disambiguation for other uses Syriac (syr ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ leššānā Suryāyā) is an Eastern Aramaic language Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Syriac was also to be taught at intermediate and secondary schools in which the majority of students spoke that language in addition to Arabic, but it never happened. Special Assyrian programms were to be broadcast on public radio and television and three Syriac-language magazines were planned to be published in the capital. An Association of Syriac-Speaking Authors and Writers had also been established. [2]

The bill turned out to be a failure. The radio stations created as the result of this decree were closed after a few months. While the two magazines were allowed to be published, only 10 percent of their material in Syriac. No school was allowed to teach in Syriac either. [3]

Population

In modern times, Assyrians, for whom no reliable census figures exist in Iraq (as they do not for Kurds or Turkmen), have been doubly mistreated; first by their Kurdish neighbors, then by Saddam Hussein's Ba'athist regime. This article is about the Turkmen people of Turkmenistan. For the distinct group of Turk peoples of Iraq see Iraqi Turkmen. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 The Arab Socialist Ba'th Party (also spelled Baath or Ba'ath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي was founded in Damascus Assyrians were deprived of their cultural and national rights while at the same time the Ba'athist regime tried to co-opt their history. In northern Iraq today, a similar pattern is emerging as Kurds attempt to rewrite the history of the region to give it a Kurdish flavor and diminish its historic Assyrian heritage. As in Ba'athist Iraq, there is a strong tendency in Iraq today to recognize only two ethnic groups: Arab or Kurd. However, the Kurdish Autonomous Region has claimed that it has been instrumental in the renovation and support of Assyrian churches and schools. Iraqi Kurdistan Region ( Kurdish: هه رێمى كوردستان Herêmi Kurdistan, Arabic:إقليم كردستان العراق, Iqlĩm Kurdistãn

Post-Saddam Iraq

After Saddam Hussein's fall in 2003, the Assyrian Democratic Movement was one of the smaller political parties that emerged in the social chaos of the occupation. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Assyrian Democratic Movement ( ADM) also known as Zowaa is an ethnic Assyrian political party in Iraq, and is currently the only Assyrian-based Its officials say that while members of the Assyrian Democratic Movement also took part in the liberation of the key oil cities of Kirkuk and Mosul in the north, the Assyrians were not invited to join the steering committee that was charged with defining Iraq's future. The Assyrian Democratic Movement ( ADM) also known as Zowaa is an ethnic Assyrian political party in Iraq, and is currently the only Assyrian-based The ethnic make-up of the Iraq Interim Governing Council briefly (September 2003 - June 2004) guiding Iraq after the invasion included a single Assyrian Christian, Younadem Kana, a leader of the Assyrian Democratic Movement and an opponent of Saddam Hussein since 1979. The Iraqi Governing Council (IGC was the provisional government of Iraq from July 13, 2003 to June 1, Yonadam Yousef Kanna ( Syriac: ܝܘܢܐܕܐܡ ܚܢܐܢܐ also known as Yacoub Yousip) is an Iraqi politician and a member of the Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar)

Assyrians in post-Saddam Iraq have faced high rate of persecution by Fundamentalist Islamist since the beginning of the Iraq war. Fundamentalism refers to a "deep and totalistic commitment" to a belief in and strict adherence to a set of basic principles (often Religious in nature a reaction Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign By early August 2004 this persecution included church bombings, and fundamentalist groups' enforcement of Muslim codes of behavior upon Christians, e. g, banning alcohol, forcing women to wear hijab. Islam and clothing Hijab or ħijāb ( ar حجاب, pronounced) is the Arabic term for "cover" (noun based on the root حجب meaning "to [4] The violence against the community has led to the exodus of perhaps as much as half of the community. While Assyrians only made 5% of the total Iraqi population before the war, according to the United Nations, Assyrians comprise as much as 40% of the growing Iraqi refugees who are stranded in Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey. The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches [5]

Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons

The publication of satirical cartoons of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten on September 30, 2005 led to an increase in violence against the Assyrian community. An editorial cartoon, also known as a political cartoon, is an illustration or Comic strip containing a political or Social message that usually Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe ˈjylænsˌ pʰʌsd̥n̩ ( English: The Morning Newspaper "The Jutland Post") commonly shortened to Jyllands-Posten or JP Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In the beginning, the cartoons did not get much attention at the time of its original publish, but when the an Egyptian media picked up on the publication in late December of 2005, violence and protests erupted around the world.

The entrance of the Assyrian Church in Baghdad, after the bombings.
The entrance of the Assyrian Church in Baghdad, after the bombings. The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous

On January 29 six churches in the Iraqi cities of Baghdad and Kirkuk were targeted by car bombs, killing 13-year-old worshipper Fadi Raad Elias. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Kirkuk (also spelled Karkuk or Kerkuk; Kurdish: كه‌ركووك Kerkûk; Arabic: كركوك Turkish:Kerkük; No militants claimed to be retaliating for the pictures, nor is this the first time Iraqi churches have been bombed; but the bishop of the church stated "The church blasts were a reaction to the cartoons published in European papers. But Christians are not responsible for what is published in Europe. "[6] Many Assyrians in Iraq now feel like "Westerners should not give wild statements [as] everyone can attack us [in response]" and "Today I'm afraid to walk the streets, because I'm Christian. The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. "[6]

Also on January 29, a Muslim Cleric in the Iraqi city of Mosul issued a fatwa stating, "Expel the (Assyrian) Crusaders and infidels from the streets, schools, and institutions because they have offended the person of the prophet. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. For the village in Azerbaijan see Mosul Azerbaijan. Mosul (الموصل Al Mūṣul, Kurdish: Mosul/Ninawa, Musul A fatwā (فتوى plural fatāwā فتاوى in the Islamic faith is a religious opinion on Islamic law issued by an "[7] It has been reported that Muslim students beat up a Christian student at Mosul University in response to the fatwa on the same day. [7]

On February 6, leaflets were distributed in Ramadi, Iraq by the militant group "The Military Wing for the Army of Justice" demanding Christians to "halt their religious rituals in churches and other worship places because they insulted Islam and Muslims. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Ramadi ( BGN: Ar Ramādī) is a City in central Iraq, about West of Baghdad "[8][9]

Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy

The Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy arose from a lecture delivered on 12 September 2006 by Pope Benedict XVI at the University of Regensburg in Germany. Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The University of Regensburg, situated in Regensburg, in Bavaria, Germany, was founded on July 18 1962 by the Bavarian parliament Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Many Islamic politicians and religious leaders registered protest against what they said was an insulting mischaracterization of Islam,[10][11] contained in the quotation by the Pope of the following passage:

“ Show me just what Muhammad brought that was new and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached. The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings [11] ”

After the Pope's comments where known throughout the Arab world, several churches were bombed by insurgent groups. A previously unknown Baghdad-based group, Kataab Ashbal Al-Islam Al-Salafi (Islamic Salafist Boy Scout Battalions) threatened to kill all Christians in Iraq if the Pope does not apologize to Muhammad within three days. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous [12] Christian Leaders in Iraq have asked their parishioners not to leave their homes, after two Assyrians were stabbed and killed in Baghdad. [13]

There have been reports of writing in Assyrian church doors stating "If the Pope does not apologise, we will bomb all churches, kill more Christians and steal their property and money. " [14]

The Iraqi militia Jaish al-Mujahedin (Holy Warriors' Army) announced its intention to "destroy their cross in the heart of Rome… and to hit the Vatican. "[15]

Despite the Pope's comments dying down in the media, attacks on Assyrian Christians continued and on October 9, Islamic extremist group kidnapped priest Paulos Iskander in Mosul. Iskander's church as well as several other churches placed 30 large posters around the city to distance themselves from the Pope's words. [16] The relatives of the Christian priest who was beheaded 3 days later in Mosul, have said that his Muslim captors had demanded his church condemn the pope's recent comments about Islam and pay a $350,000 ransom. [17]Iraq priest "killed over pope speech"], Aljazeera. net, 12 October

Massacres and harassment since 2003

Massacres, ethnic cleansing, and harassment has increased since 2003, according to a 73 page report by the Assyrian International News Agency, released in Summer 2007. Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity [18] [19] [20]

The back of an Assyrian Church on January 6, 2008, in the city of Mosul.
The back of an Assyrian Church on January 6, 2008, in the city of Mosul.

On January 6, 2008 (Epiphany day,) five Assyrian Churches, one Armenian Church, and a monastery in Mosul and Baghdad were coordinately attacked with multiple car bombs. Epiphany ( Greek for "to manifest" or "to show" is a Christian Feast day which celebrates the "shining forth" or revelation of This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. [21][22] Iraqi vice-president Tariq al-Hashimi expressed his "closeness to Christians", whom he called "brothers" in the face of this "attack that changed their joy to sadness and anxiety". Tariq al-Hashimi ( طارق الهاشمي) is an Iraqi politician and the general secretary of the Iraqi Islamic Party. [23] Two days later, on January 8, two more Churches were bombed in the city of Kirkuk; the Chaldean Cathedral of Kirkuk and the ACOE Maar Afram Church, wounding three bystandards. Kirkuk (also spelled Karkuk or Kerkuk; Kurdish: كه‌ركووك Kerkûk; Arabic: كركوك Turkish:Kerkük; The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East (ܥܕܬܐ ܩܕܝܫܬܐ ܘܫܠܝܚܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ‘Ittā Qaddishtā wa-Shlikhāitā Qattoliqi [24] Since the start of the Iraq war, there have been at least 46 Churches and Monasteries bombed. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign [25]

Threatens on population

Leaders of Iraq's Christian community estimate that over two-thirds of the country's Christian population has fled the country since the U. S. -led invasion in 2003. While exact numbers are unknown, reports suggest that whole neighborhoods of Christians have cleared out in the cities of Baghdad and Al-Basrah, and that both Sunni and Shiite insurgent groups and militias have threatened Christians. </ref>Population 'under attack'., Radio Free Europe]</ref>

The gravity of the situation prompted Shiite Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani to ask Vice President Adil Abd al-Mahdi to take steps to protect the Christian community. Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Husaini al-Sistani Arabic: السيد علي الحسيني السيستاني Persian: سید علی Sunni imams in Baghdad have made similar statements to their congregations in Friday Prayer sermons.

Religious offical targets

Including those mentioned already, many other Assyrian religious officials have been targeted since 2003. Chaldean Catholic priest Ragheed Aziz Ganni was murdered together with subdeacons Basman Yousef Daud, Wahid Hanna Isho, and Gassan Isam Bidawed after the Sunday evening Eucharist at Mosul's Holy Spirit Chaldean Church. "Chaldean people" redirects here For additional information see Chaldea, Babylonia. This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See Ragheed Aziz Ganni (20 January 1972 Mosul, Iraq - 3 June 2007 Mosul was a Chaldean Catholic priest who was murdered together with subdeacons The East Syrian Rite is also known as the Chaldean Rite, Assyrian Rite, or Persian Rite although it originated in Edessa. In mainstream Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is one of the three entities of the Holy Trinity which make up the single substance Paulos Faraj Rahho, Chaldean Catholic archbishop of Mosul, was found in a shallow grave in the northern city two weeks after he was kidnapped. Paulos Faraj Rahho (بولس فرج رحو; ܦܘܠܘܣ ܦ̮ܪܔ ܪܚܘ; ‎ November 20, 1942 – February or March 2008 was the Youssef Adel, a Assyrian Orthodox priest with Saint Peter's Church in Baghdad's Karadda neighbourhood, was killed by gunmen while travelling on a car on April 5, 2008. [26] On April 11, President Bush was interviewed by Cliff Kincaid of the EWTN Global Catholic Network; after being informed about the detoriating situation of the Assyirians, President Bush was quoted as saying "This is a Muslim government that has failed to protect the Christians. Accuracy In Media ( AIM) is an American organization which monitors the News media in the United States. The Eternal Word Television Network ("EWTN" is a US -based broadcasting network that carries Catholic -themed programming In fact, it discriminates against them. . . . It’s time to order U. S. troops to protect Christian churches and believers. "[27]

Statistics

A 1950 CIA report on Iraq showed that Assyrians comprised 5. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all 5% of the Iraqi population. [28]

Total Population Chaldean Catholic Syriac Catholic Jacobite Nestorian
165,000 98,000 25,000 12,000 30,000

The Iraqi Minorities Council and the Minority Rights Group International estimated that the pre-war Assyrian population of Iraq was 800,000. The Chaldean Catholic Church or the Chaldean Church of Babylon (الكنيسة الكلدانية) is an Eastern particular church of the The Syriac Catholic Church, or Syrian Catholic Church is a Christian church in the Levant having The Syriac Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Oriental Orthodox church based in the Middle East with members spread throughout the world Nestorius Nestorius (c  386 &ndashc  451) was a pupil of Theodore of Mopsuestia in Antioch in Syria (modern [29]

See also

References

  1. ^ CIA Factbook: "Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian, or other 5% [. The following is a list of current Assyrian towns and villages. Minority politics in Iraq are represented by its various ethnic and religious groups The Assyrian independence (also known as the Assyrian Question) is a Political movement and Ideology that supports the creation of an Assyrian homeland Since World War I, the Assyrian diaspora has steadily increased so that there are now more Assyrians living in western and eastern Europe, North America The Assyrian homeland or Assyria ( Assyrian: ܐܬܘܪ or Beth Nahrain refers to a geographic and cultural region in the The East Syrian Rite is also known as the Chaldean Rite, Assyrian Rite, or Persian Rite although it originated in Edessa. The Assyrian Genocide (also known as Sayfo or Seyfo; Aramaic: ܩܛܠܐ ܕܥܡܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ or ܣܝܦܐ The Simele massacre ( Syriac: syr ܦܪܡܬܐ ܕܣܡܠܐ Premta d-Simele) was the first of many massacres committed by the The World Factbook ( ISSN; also known as the CIA World Factbook) is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Iraqi Kurdistan Region ( Kurdish: هه رێمى كوردستان Herêmi Kurdistan, Arabic:إقليم كردستان العراق, Iqlĩm Kurdistãn The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled Turkomen, Turcoman, and Turkman) ( Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri) are a distinct Turkic . . ] Christian or other 3%" [1], corresponding to an upper limit of some 830,000 Syriac Christians. About 100,000 Assyrians are estimated to have dislocated from Iraq to Syria since 2003 (see Refugees of Iraq#Christians, minorities in Iraq)
  2. ^ Twelfth periodic reports of States parties due in 1993 : Iraq. 14/06/96, Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (the Iraqi government's point of view
  3. ^ http://www.zindamagazine.com/html/archives/1999/feb22_1999.html
  4. ^ BBC NEWS | Middle East | Analysis: Iraq's Christians under attack
  5. ^ Qais al-Bashir, Associated Press. Throughout the past 100 years there have been a growing number of Refugees fleeing Iraq and settling throughout the world peaking recently with the latest Iraq War Minority politics in Iraq are represented by its various ethnic and religious groups The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio "Iraqi Christians celebrate Christmas", Yahoo! News, 2006-12-25. Yahoo! News is an Internet -based News aggregator provided by Yahoo!. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian Retrieved on 2007-01-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental  
  6. ^ a b "Iraq Christians on edge as cartoon row escalates", Reuters UK, 2006-02-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states  
  7. ^ a b (Arabic)"تفجيرات الكنائس العراقية على علاقة برسومات الدنمارك", Elaph. com, 2006-01-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.  
  8. ^ Sotaliraq.com - صوت العراق
  9. ^ Iraq Islamic Group Asks Christians to Stop Prayers in Churches
  10. ^ BBC Article. In quotes: Muslim reaction to Pope last accessed September 17, 2006
  11. ^ a b BBC News Article:Pope sorry for offending Muslims, last accessed September 17, 2006
  12. ^ "Christian Killed in Iraq in Response to Pope's Speech: Islamic Website", Assyrian International News Agency, 16 September 2006
  13. ^ "Second Assyrian Christian Killed in Retaliation for Pope's Remarks", Assyrian International News Agency, 17 September 2006
  14. ^ Violence against Christians grows in Iraq, Ekklesia, 29 September 2006
  15. ^ "Vatikan verschärft Sicherheitsvorkehrungen", Der Spiegel, 16 September 2006 (German)
  16. ^ Growing violence against Christians in Iraq, British Church Newspaper. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Der Spiegel (pronounced /deːɐ ˈʃpiːɡəl/ German for "The Mirror" is a German weekly Magazine, published in Hamburg Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. October 26, 2006.
  17. ^ [http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/986D3437-8801-4AE2-91C1-860A42D5EB68.htm 2006
  18. ^ "Incipient Genocide" http://www.aina.org/reports/ig.pdf
  19. ^ Doug Bandow, "Thrown to the Lions," "The American Spectator," July 2, 2007 http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=11665
  20. ^ Mark Lattimer: 'In 20 years, there will be no more Christians in Iraq' | Iraq | Guardian Unlimited
  21. ^ عاجل سلسلة تفجيرات تطال كنائس في بغداد والموصل
  22. ^ Churches, monastery bombed in Iraq: Police
  23. ^ AKI - Adnkronos international Iraq: Vice-president condemns church attacks
  24. ^ AFP: Car bombings target churches in north Iraq
  25. ^ Church Bombings in Iraq Since 2004
  26. ^ Christian priest shot dead in Baghdad, AFP
  27. ^ Journalist Asks Bush to Protect Iraqi Christians
  28. ^ http://www.foia.cia.gov/browse_docs_full.asp?doc_no=0001252339&title=%28EST+PUB+DATE%29+NATIONAL+INTELLIGENCE+SURVEY+%2D+SECTION+43+%2D+RELIGION%2C+EDUCATION%2C&abstract=&no_pages=0032&pub_date=8%2F1%2F1950&release_date=10%2F4%2F2005&keywords=NIS%7CNATIONAL+INTELLIGENCE+SURVEYS&case_no=F%2D2004%2D00234&copyright=0&release_dec=RIPPUB&classification=U&showPage=0001
  29. ^ BBC NEWS | Middle East | Crushing Iraq's human mosaic
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