Asphyxia (from Greek a-, "without" and σφυγμός (sphygmos), "pulse, heartbeat") is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body that arises from being unable to breathe normally. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings R00-R69 - Symptoms and Signs (R00-R09 Circulatory and Respiratory systems ( Abnormalities of Heart beat S00-T14 - Injury (S00-S09 Head ( Superficial Injury of head ( Superficial injury of The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the With regard to living things, a body is the integral physical material of an individual Breathing takes Oxygen in and Carbon dioxide out of the body Aerobic Organisms require oxygen to create energy via respiration, in An example of Asphyxia is choking. Asphyxia causes generalized hypoxia, which primarily affects the tissues and organs most sensitive to hypoxia first, such as the brain, hence resulting in cerebral hypoxia. Chronic Hypoxia is a pathological condition in which the body as a whole ( generalized hypoxia) or region of the body ( tissue hypoxia) is deprived of adequate Chronic Hypoxia is a pathological condition in which the body as a whole ( generalized hypoxia) or region of the body ( tissue hypoxia) is deprived of adequate The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain For other uses of the term "hypoxia" see Hypoxia. Cerebral hypoxia refers to deprivation of Oxygen supply to brain tissue Asphyxia is usually characterized by air hunger, but this is not always the case; the urge to breathe is triggered by rising carbon dioxide levels in the blood rather than diminishing oxygen levels. Air hunger is the Sensation of the urge to Breathe It is usually caused by the detection of high levels of Carbon dioxide in the blood by sensors in the Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Sometimes there is not enough carbon dioxide to cause air hunger, and victims become hypoxic without knowing it. This may occur, for example, if the oxygen in the air of an enclosed space is displaced by a large amount of inert gas. "Inert gases" is also used in a narrower sense for Noble gases An inert gas is any Gas that is not reactive with elements In any case, the absence of effective remedial action will very rapidly lead to unconsciousness, brain damage, and death. See also Unconscious mind. Unconsciousness, more appropriately referred to as loss of Consciousness or lack of consciousness is Brain damage, or Acquired brain injury, is the destruction or degeneration of Brain cells. Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific The time to death is dependent on the particular mechanism of asphyxia.

Asphyxia is used to maim or kill in capital punishment, suicide, torture, and warfare. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units It is also used non-fatally in martial arts, combat sports, BDSM, and during sex as erotic asphyxia. Martial arts are systems of codified practices and traditions of training for Combat. A combat sport (also known as a combative sport) is a competitive Contact sport where two combatants fight against each other using certain rules of engagement typically Erotic asphyxiation refers to intentionally cutting off oxygen to the brain for sexual arousal Because the need to breathe is triggered by the level of carbon dioxide in the blood, some victims may not experience an urgent need to breathe and may remain unaware of the onset of hypoxia. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Chronic Hypoxia is a pathological condition in which the body as a whole ( generalized hypoxia) or region of the body ( tissue hypoxia) is deprived of adequate

Chemical or physiological interference with respiration

Various chemical and physiological situations can interfere with the body's ability to absorb and use oxygen or regulate blood oxygen levels:

• Carbon monoxide inhalation, such as from a car exhaust: carbon monoxide has a higher affinity than oxygen to the hemoglobin in the blood's red blood corpuscles, bonding with it tenaciously, and, in the process, displacing oxygen and preventing the blood from transporting it around the body
• Contact with certain chemicals, including pulmonary agents (such as phosgene) and blood agents (such as hydrogen cyanide)
• Self-induced hypocapnia by hyperventilation, as in shallow water or deep water blackout and the choking game
• A seizure which stops breathing activity
• Sleep apnea
• Drug overdose
• Ondine's curse, central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome, or primary alveolar hypoventilation, a disorder of the autonomic nervous system in which a patient must consciously breathe; although it is often said that persons with this disease will die if they fall asleep, this is not usually the case
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. Hemoglobin ( also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the Iron -containing Oxygen -transport Metalloprotein A pulmonary agent (or choking agent) is a Chemical weapon agent designed to impede a victim's ability to breathe. Phosgene is the Chemical compound with the formula COCl2 This colorless gas gained infamy as a Chemical weapon during World War I A blood agent or cyanogen agent is a Chemical compound, carried by the blood for distribution through the body Hydrogen cyanide is a Chemical compound with Chemical formula HCN Hypocapnia or hypocapnea also known as hypocarbia, sometimes incorrectly called acapnia, is a state of reduced Carbon dioxide in the Blood In Medicine, hyperventilation (or overbreathing) is the state of Breathing faster and/or deeper than necessary bringing about lightheadedness and other A shallow water blackout is a loss of consciousness caused by Cerebral hypoxia towards the end of a breath-hold dive in water typically shallower than five A deep water blackout is a loss of consciousness caused by Cerebral hypoxia on ascending from a deep Freedive or breath-hold dive typically of ten metres or more The fainting game, also commonly known as the choking or the pass out game, is a loose term that covers dangerous activities designed to induce a partial or complete An epileptic seizure is caused by excessive and/or hypersynchronous electrical Neuronal activity and is usually self-limiting Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in Breathing during Sleep. The term drug overdose (or simply overdose or OD) describes the Ingestion or application of a Drug or other substance in quantities Ondine's Curse, also called congenital central hypoventilation syndrome ( CCHS) or primary alveolar hypoventilation, is a respiratory disorder that
• Exposure to extreme low pressure or vacuum. This vacuum means "absence of matter" or "an empty area or space" for the cleaning appliance see Vacuum cleaner.

Smothering

Smothering refers to the mechanical obstruction of the flow of air from the environment into the mouth and/or nostrils, for instance, by covering the mouth and nose with a hand, pillow, or a plastic bag. ^[1] Smothering can be either partial or complete, where partial indicates that the person being smothered is able to inhale some air, although less than required. In a normal situation, smothering requires at least partial obstruction of both the nasal cavities and the mouth to lead to asphyxia. Smothering with the hands or chest is used in some combat sports to distract the opponent, and create openings for transitions, as the opponent is forced to react to the smothering. A combat sport (also known as a combative sport) is a competitive Contact sport where two combatants fight against each other using certain rules of engagement typically A transition in Grappling is a move from one Grappling hold or Grappling position to another It is also used in BDSM as a type of facesitting. Facesitting, also known as queening, is a Sexual practice in which one partner sits on or over the other's face typically to allow or force oral-genital

In some cases, smothering is combined with simultaneous compressive asphyxia. One example is overlay, in which an adult accidentally rolls over an infant during co-sleeping, an accident that often goes unnoticed and is mistakenly thought to be sudden infant death syndrome. Co-sleeping, also called the family bed, is a practice in which babies and young Children Sleep with one or both parents. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS is a syndrome marked by the symptoms of sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy Infant aged one month to one year ^[1] Other accidents involving a similar mechanism are cave-ins or when an individual is buried in sand or grain. This article is about a geology phenomenon For the rock band see Cave In. In homicidal cases, the term burking^[2] is often ascribed to a killing method that involves simultaneous smothering and compression of the torso. List of countries by homicide rate Homicide ( Latin homicidium, homo human being + caedere to cut kill refers to the act of killing another ^[3]

Compressive asphyxia

The knee-on-belly position compresses the chest, making it difficult for the person on the bottom to breathe. Knee-on-stomach (alternative names or slight variations include knee-on-belly, knee-on-chest, knee-ride, knee mount and uki-gatame Breathing takes Oxygen in and Carbon dioxide out of the body Aerobic Organisms require oxygen to create energy via respiration, in

Compressive asphyxia (also called chest compression) refers to the mechanical limitation of the expansion of the lungs by compressing the torso, hence interfering with breathing. Compressive asphyxia occurs when the chest or abdomen is compressed posteriorly. In fields of Anatomy, anatomical terms of location are descriptive terms to help identify relative positions or directions within a species ^[4] In accidents, the term traumatic asphyxia or crush asphyxia is usually used to describe compressive asphyxia resulting from being crushed or pinned under a large weight or force. An example of traumatic asphyxia includes cases in which an individual has been using a car-jack to repair a car from below, only to be crushed under the weight of the vehicle^[3] when the car-jack slips. For other uses see Jack or Carjacking. A jack is mechanical device used to lift heavy loads or apply great forces Pythons, anacondas, and other constrictor snakes kill through compressive asphyxia. Common names pythons The Pythonidae are a family of non- Venomous Snakes found in Africa, Asia Eunectes is a Genus of non-venomous boas found in tropical South America, commonly called anacondas.

In fatal crowd disasters, contrary to popular belief, it is not the blunt trauma from trampling that causes the large part of the deaths, but rather the compressive asphyxia from being crushed against the crowd. In medical terminology blunt trauma, blunt injury, non-penetrating trauma or blunt force trauma refers to a type of Physical trauma In confined spaces, people push and lean against each other; evidence from bent steel railings in several fatal crowd accidents have shown horizontal forces over 4500 N (comparative weight approximately 460kg). In cases where people have stacked up on each other forming a human pile, estimations have been made of around 380kg of compressive weight in the lowest layer. ^[5]

It may be a cause of death in detainee who have been restrained and left prone e. g. in police vehicles and are unable to move into safer positions, when it has been styled 'restraint asphyxia'.

Chest compression is also featured in various grappling combat sports, where it is sometimes called wringing. Grappling refers to the gripping handling and controlling of an opponent without the use of striking, typically through the application of various Grappling holds Such techniques are used either to tire the opponent or as complementary or distractive moves in combination with pinning holds,^[6] or sometimes even as submission holds. Examples of chest compression include the knee-on-stomach position, or techniques such as leg scissors (also referred to as body scissors and in budo referred to as do-jime,^[7] 胴絞, "trunk strangle" or "body triangle")^[8] where you wrap the legs around the opponent's midsection and squeeze them together. Knee-on-stomach (alternative names or slight variations include knee-on-belly, knee-on-chest, knee-ride, knee mount and uki-gatame is a Japanese term describing Martial arts. In English it is used almost exclusively in reference to Japanese martial arts. ^[9]

Pressing is a form of torture or execution that works through asphyxia. This article is about the method of execution See Crusher for a description of the manufacturing process and mechanisms for it Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment.

Perinatal asphyxia

Main article: Perinatal asphyxia

Perinatal asphyxia is the medical condition resulting from deprivation of oxygen (hypoxia) to a newborn infant long enough to cause apparent harm. Perinatal asphyxia is the medical condition resulting from deprivation of Oxygen ( hypoxia) to a newborn infant long enough to cause apparent harm Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Chronic Hypoxia is a pathological condition in which the body as a whole ( generalized hypoxia) or region of the body ( tissue hypoxia) is deprived of adequate It results most commonly from a drop in maternal blood pressure or interference during delivery with blood flow to the infant's brain. Blood pressure is also the title of a short story by Damon Runyan in Guys and Dolls and Other Stories Childbirth (also called labour, birth, partus or parturition) is the culmination of a Human Pregnancy or The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain This can occur due to inadequate circulation or perfusion, impaired respiratory effort, or inadequate ventilation. This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System" In Physiology, perfusion is the process of nutritive delivery of Arterial Blood to a Capillary bed in the Biological tissue. In Respiratory physiology, ventilation (or ventilation rate) is the rate at which gas enters or leaves the Lung. Perinatal asphyxia happens in 2 to 10 per 1000 newborns that are born a terme.

References

Further reading

• The Physiology, Pathology, and Treatment of Asphyxia by James Phillips Kay-Shuttleworth, 1834, 352 pages. Sir James Phillips Kay-Shuttleworth 1st Baronet ( 20 July, 1804 &ndash 26 May, 1877) was an English Politician and

External links

• Cross-side to chest compression choke