Ash tree
European Ash (Fraxinus excelsior)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Lamiales Family: Oleaceae Genus: Fraxinus L.[1]
Species
See text

An ash can be any of four different tree genera from four very distinct families; most commonly in a combined form (e. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its The order Lamiales is a Taxon in the asterid group of dicotyledonous Flowering plants. The Oleaceae, or olive family, is a Plant family containing 24 extant genera and around 600 Species of Mesophytic Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic In Biological classification, family ( Latin g. "mountain ash"; see end of page for disambiguation), but originally and most commonly refers to trees of the genus Fraxinus (from Latin "ash tree") in the olive family Oleaceae. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Olive ( Olea europaea) is a Species of small Tree in the family Oleaceae, native to the coastal areas of the eastern The Oleaceae, or olive family, is a Plant family containing 24 extant genera and around 600 Species of Mesophytic The ashes are usually medium to large trees, mostly deciduous though a few subtropical species are evergreen. A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round The leaves are opposite (rarely in whorls of three), and mostly pinnately-compound, simple in a few species. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. The seeds, popularly known as keys, are a type of fruit known as a samara. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. A samara is a type of Fruit in which a flattened wing of fibrous papery tissue develops from the ovary wall The tree's common English name goes back to the Old English æsc, a word also routinely used in Old English documents to refer to spears made of ash wood.

Contents 1 Selected species 2 Threats 3 Uses 4 Cultural aspects 5 Other name uses (Green Tree) 6 References

Selected species

Ashes of eastern North America

• Fraxinus americana White Ash (also called cane ash, Biltmore ash or Biltmore white ash)
• Fraxinus caroliniana Water Ash
• Fraxinus nigra Black Ash (also called swamp ash, basket ash, brown ash, hoop ash, or water ash)
• Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green Ash (also called red ash, swamp ash or water ash)
• Fraxinus profunda (syn. Fraxinus americana ( White Ash or American Ash) is a species of Fraxinus native to eastern North America Fraxinus caroliniana, commonly known as the Pop ash, Florida ash, Swamp ash, or Water ash, is a species of ash tree Fraxinus nigra ( Black Ash) is a species of Fraxinus (ash native to much of eastern Canada and the northeastern United States Fraxinus pennsylvanica ( Green Ash or Red Ash) is a species of ash native to eastern and central North America, from Nova Fraxinus profunda ( Pumpkin Ash; syn F tomentosa Michx is a species of Fraxinus (ash native to eastern North America F. tomentosa) Pumpkin Ash (also called red ash)
• Fraxinus quadrangulata Blue Ash
• Fraxinus tremillium Indigo Ash

Ashes of western and southwestern North America

• Fraxinus anomala Single-leaf Ash
• Fraxinus cuspidata Fragrant Ash
• Fraxinus dipetala California Ash or Two-petal Ash
• Fraxinus dubia
• Fraxinus gooddingii Goodding's Ash
• Fraxinus greggii Gregg's Ash
• Fraxinus latifolia Oregon Ash
• Fraxinus lowellii Lowell Ash
• Fraxinus papillosa Chihuahua Ash
• Fraxinus purpusii
• Fraxinus rufescens
• Fraxinus texensis Mountain Ash or Texas Ash
• Fraxinus uhdei Shamel Ash or Tropical Ash
• Fraxinus velutina Velvet Ash

Ashes of the Western Palearctic (Europe, north Africa and southwest Asia)

• Fraxinus angustifolia Narrow-leafed Ash
  • Fraxinus angustifolia var. Blue Ash redirects here For other uses see Blue Ash (disambiguation Fraxinus quadrangulata ( Blue Ash) is a species Fraxinus anomala is a species of Ash tree known by the common name single-leaf ash. Fraxinus dipetala ( California Ash or Two-petal Ash) is a species of ash native to southwestern North America in the United Fraxinus latifolia ( Oregon ash) is a member of the ash genus Fraxinus, native to western North America on the west side of the Fraxinus texensis ( Texas Ash or Mountain Ash) is a species of Fraxinus, native to eastern Texas and southern Fraxinus velutina ( Velvet Ash or Arizona Ash) is a species of Fraxinus native to southwestern North America, in the The Palearctic or Palaearctic is one of the eight Ecozones dividing the Earth surface Fraxinus angustifolia ( Narrow-leafed Ash) is a species of Fraxinus native to central and southern Europe, northwest Africa Fraxinus angustifolia ( Narrow-leafed Ash) is a species of Fraxinus native to central and southern Europe, northwest Africa oxycarpa (syn. F. oxycarpa) Caucasian Ash
• Fraxinus excelsior European Ash
• Fraxinus holotricha
• Fraxinus ornus Manna Ash or Flowering Ash
• Fraxinus syriaca
• Fraxinus pallisiae Pallis' Ash

Ashes of the Eastern Palearctic (central & eastern Asia)

• Fraxinus apertisquamifera
• Fraxinus baroniana
• Fraxinus bungeana Bunge's Ash
• Fraxinus chinensis Chinese Ash or Korean Ash
• Fraxinus chiisanensis
• Fraxinus floribunda Himalayan Manna Ash
• Fraxinus griffithii Griffith's Ash
• Fraxinus hubeiensis
• Fraxinus japonica Japanese Ash
• Fraxinus lanuginosa
• Fraxinus longicuspis
• Fraxinus malacophylla
• Fraxinus mandschurica Manchurian Ash
• Fraxinus mariesii Chinese Flowering Ash
• Fraxinus micrantha
• Fraxinus paxiana
• Fraxinus platypoda
• Fraxinus raibocarpa
• Fraxinus sieboldiana Japanese Flowering Ash
• Fraxinus spaethiana Späth's Ash
• Fraxinus trifoliata
• Fraxinus xanthoxyloides Afghan Ash

Threats

The emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis, a wood-boring beetle accidentally introduced to North America from eastern Asia with ash wood products circa 1998, has killed millions of trees in the Midwestern US and adjacent Ontario, and some isolated smaller areas on eastern North America. Fraxinus excelsior ( Ash; also European Ash or Common Ash on occasion to distinguish it from other ash species is a species of Fraxinus ornus ( Manna Ash) is a species of Fraxinus native to southern Europe and southwestern Asia, from Spain The Palearctic or Palaearctic is one of the eight Ecozones dividing the Earth surface Fraxinus lanuginosa ( Japanese Ash; Japanese: アオダモ Aodamo) is a species of ash native to Japan and southern Fraxinus mandschurica ( Manchurian Ash) is a species of Fraxinus native to northeastern Asia in northern China, The emerald ash borer ( Agrilus planipennis or Agrilus marcopoli) is a shiny green Beetle native to Asia Beetles are the group of Insects with the largest number of known Species. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec It threatens some 7 billion ash trees in North America. The public is being cautioned not to transport unfinished wood products, such as firewood, to slow the spread of this insect pest.

Ash is also used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths) -- see list of Lepidoptera that feed on ashes. A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. A butterfly is an Insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a A moth is an Insect closely related to the Butterfly, both being of the order Lepidoptera. Ashes ( Fraxinus spp are used as food plants by the Larvae ( Caterpillars of a number of Lepidoptera species including the following

Uses

The wood is hard (a hardwood), tough and very strong but elastic, extensively used for making bows, tool handles, quality wooden baseball bats, hurley sticks and other uses demanding high strength and resilience. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs The term hardwood is used to describe Wood from broad-leaved angiosperm Trees mostly Deciduous, but not necessarily in the case of tropical A bow is a Weapon that projects arrows powered by the elasticity of the bow A broader definition of a tool is an entity used to interface between two or more domains that facilitates more effective action of one domain upon the other A baseball bat is a smooth wooden or metal club used in the game of Baseball to hit the ball after the ball is thrown by the pitcher. A hurley, also known as a camán (the Irish word and lesser known as hurl, a hurley stick, shtick (jocular Eye dialect It is also often used as material for electric guitar bodies, known for its bright, cutting tone and sustaining quality, as well as snooker cues. John Parris (born 1952 of Forest Hill London, England, is one of the most renowned manufacturer of handmade Snooker cues in the world Ash veneers are extensively used in office furniture. It also makes excellent firewood. The two most economically important species for wood production are White Ash in eastern North America, and European Ash in Europe. The Green Ash is widely planted as a street tree in the United States. The inner bark of the Blue Ash has been used as a source for a blue dye. A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied The cortex (bark) of Fraxinus rhynchophylla HANCE (Chinese: Ku li bai la shu), Fraxinus chinensis ROXB. (Chinese: Bai la shu), Fraxinus szaboana English (Chinese: Jian ye bai la shu) and Fraxinus stylosa English (Chinese: su zhu bai la shu) are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for diarrhea, dysenteric disorder, and vaginal discharge. It is also good for the eyes where there is symptoms of redness, swelling, and pain. The dosage is 6-12 grams.

Cultural aspects

In Norse mythology, the World Tree Yggdrasil is commonly held to be an ash tree, and the first man, Ask, was formed from an ash tree (the first woman was made from elm). Norse mythology comprises the indigenous pre-Christian religion, beliefs and Legends of the Scandinavian peoples including those who settled on Iceland In Norse mythology, Yggdrasil ( Old Norse Yggdrasill, ˈyɡˌdrasilː the extra -l is a Nominative case marker is the World In Norse Mythology, Ask and Embla ( Old Norse: Askr ok Embla) were the first two humans created by the gods Elms are Deciduous and Semi-deciduous Trees comprising the genus Ulmus, family Ulmaceae, found Elsewhere in Europe, snakes were said to be repelled by ash leaves or a circle drawn by an ash branch. A snake is an elongate Reptile of the suborder Serpentes Like all reptiles snakes are covered in scales. Irish folklore claims that shadows from an ash tree would damage crops. In Cheshire, it is said that ash could be used to cure warts or rickets. Cheshire (or archaically the County of Chester) is a county in North West England. See also the letter ash. Æ ( minuscule: æ) is a Grapheme formed from the letters A and E.

In Greek mythology, the Meliai were nymphs of the ash, perhaps specifically of the Manna Ash (Fraxinus ornus), as dryads were nymphs of the oak. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance In Greek mythology, the Meliae or Meliai (Μελιάδες were Nymphs of the Ash tree, whose name they shared The DRYAD Numeral Cipher/Authentication System (KTC 1400 D is a simple paper Cryptographic system currently in use by the U The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of about 400 species of Trees and Shrubs in the Genus Quercus (from Latin Many echoes of archaic Hellene rites and myth involve ash trees.

The ash exudes a sugary substance that, it has been suggested, was fermented to create the Norse "Mead of Inspiration. "[1]

Other name uses (Green Tree)

In North America, the name "Mountain ash" is applied to species the genus Sorbus, more commonly known in the UK as Rowans and Whitebeams, and the name "Prickly ash" is applied to Zanthoxylum americanum and other Zanthoxylums, all in the family Rutaceae, the rue and citrus family. The genus Sorbus is a Genus of about 100–200 species of Trees and Shrubs in the Subfamily Maloideae of the Rose The rowans or mountain-ashes are Plants in the family Rosaceae, in the Genus Sorbus, subgenus Sorbus The whitebeams are members of the Rosaceae family in genus Sorbus subgenus Aria. Zanthoxylum (from the Greek ξανθὸν ξύλον "yellow wood" is a Genus of about 250 species of Deciduous and Evergreen Rutaceae, commonly known as the Rue or Citrus family is a family of Plants usually placed in the order Sapindales. In Australia, many common eucalyptus species are called ash because they too produce hard, fine-grained timber. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Eucalyptus (From Greek ευκάλυπτος meaning "well covered" is a diverse Genus of Trees (and a few shrubs the members of which The best known of these is the Mountain Ash, the tallest broadleaf tree in the world. Eucalyptus regnans, known variously by the common names Mountain Ash, Victorian Ash, Swamp Gum, Tasmanian Oak or Stringy The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group

References

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