The Ash'ari theology (Arabic الأشاعرة al-asha`irah) is a school of early Muslim speculative theology founded by the theologian Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (d. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs The Shāfi‘ī Madhab ( ar شافعي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh, or religious law within The Maliki Madhhab ( Arabic مالكي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam Hanbali ( حنبلى) is one of the four schools ( Madhhabs of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam (the other three being Islamic theology is a branch of Islamic studies regarding the beliefs associated with the Islamic faith In Islam, a Maturidi ( Arabic: الماتريدي) is one who follows Abu Mansur Al Maturidi 's theology which is a close variant of the Athari ( al-Athariyya) in English is translated as textualism which is derived from the Arabic word Athar, which means "Narrations" Muʿtazilah ( Arabic المعتزلة al-mu`tazilah) is a theological school of thought within Sunni Islam. The Deobandi ( Urdu: دیو بندی devbandī) is a Sunni Islamic revivalist movement which started in India and has more recently Barelwi or Barelvi ( Hindi: बरेलवी Urdu: بریلوی is a movement of Sunni Sufism in South Asia that was founded by The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic أركان الإسلام is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. The Shahada ( Arabic: ar الشهادة, from the verb ar شهد "to testify" is the Islamic Creed. Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied Sawm ( Arabic: صوم is an Arabic word for Fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence. The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH The six major Hadith collections (Arabic Al-Sihah al-Sittah) are the works of some individuals from Islamic scholars who by their Sahih Muslim ( Arabic: صحيح مسلم ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, full title "Al-Musnadu Al-Sahihu bi Naklil Adli" is one of the Six major collections as-Sunan as-Sughra (السنن الصغرى also known as Sunan an-Nasa'i (Arabic سنن النسائي is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections Sunan Abu Da'ud (سُنن أبو داوود is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections, collected by Abu Da'ud. Jami al-Tirmidhi (جامع الترمذي popularly Sunan al-Tirmidhi (سُـنَن الترمذي is one of the Sunni Six major Hadith collections Sunan Ibn Maja (سُنن ابن ماجه is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections collected by Ibn Maja. The Muwaṭṭa (الموطأ is an early statement of Muslim law compiled and edited by Imam Malik. Sunan al-Darami by Al-Darami (181H-255H is a Hadith collection considered by Sunnis to be among the nine the Six major Hadith collections Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū al-Hasan Alī ibn Ismā'īl al-Ash'arī (874 &ndash 936 (ابو الحسن بن 324 AH / 936 AD). Events By Place Asia King Taejo of Goryeo (Wanggeon defeats Hubaekje. The disciples of the school are known as Ash'arites, and the school is also referred to as Ash'arite school.
It was instrumental in drastically changing the direction of Islamic theology, separating its development radically from that of theology in the Christian world. Islamic theology is a branch of Islamic studies regarding the beliefs associated with the Islamic faith Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth
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Overview
In contrast to the Mutazilite school of theologians, the Asharite view was that comprehension of unique nature and characteristics of God were beyond human capability. Muʿtazilah ( Arabic المعتزلة al-mu`tazilah) is a theological school of thought within Sunni Islam. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. And that, while man had free will, he had no power to create anything. The question of free will It was a Taqlid-based view which did not assume that human reason could discern morality. Taqlid or taqleed ( Arabic تَقْليد taqlīd) is an Arabic term meaning "to follow (someone" or "to imitate" Reason involves the ability to think understand and draw Conclusions in an Abstract way as in Human thinking Morality (from the Latin la moralitas "manner character proper behavior" has three principal meanings A critical spirit of inquiry was far from absent in the Asharite school. Inquiry or enquiry is any process that has the aim of augmenting Knowledge, resolving Doubt, or solving a Problem. Rather, what they lacked, was a trust in reason itself, separate from a moral code, to decide what experiments or what knowledge to pursue. Morality (from the Latin la moralitas "manner character proper behavior" has three principal meanings In scientific inquiry an experiment ( Latin: Ex- periri, "to try out" is a method of investigating particular types of research questions or Knowledge is defined ( Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding
Factors affecting the spread of the school of thought include a drastic shift in historical initiative, foreshadowing the later loss of Muslim Spain and Columbus' landing in the Western Hemisphere - both in 1492. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer The Western Hemisphere, also Western hemisphere or western hemisphere, is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that lies West But the decisive influence was most likely that of the new Ottoman Empire, which found the Asharite views politically useful, and were to a degree taking the advantages of Islamic technologies, sciences, and openness for granted. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Which, for some centuries after as the Ottomans pushed forth into Europe, they were able to do - losing those advantages gradually up until The Enlightenment when European innovation finally surpassed and eventually overwhelmed that of the Muslims. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century
Promoting figures
Al-Ash'ari
Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari was noted for his teachings on atomism, among the earliest Islamic philosophies, and for al-Ash'ari this was the basis for propagating a deterministic view that Allah created every moment in time and every particle of matter. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū al-Hasan Alī ibn Ismā'īl al-Ash'arī (874 &ndash 936 (ابو الحسن بن In Natural philosophy, atomism is the theory that all the objects in the universe are composed of very small indestructible building blocks - Atoms Or stated in Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings Determinism is the philosophical Proposition that every event including human cognition and behaviour decision and action is causally determined Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of Matter is commonly defined as being anything that has mass and that takes up space. Thus cause and effect was an illusion. Causality (but not causation) denotes a necessary relationship between one event (called cause and another event (called effect) which is the direct consequence An illusion is a distortion of the senses revealing how the Brain normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation He nonetheless believed in free will, elaborating the thoughts of Dirar ibn Amr' and Abu Hanifa into a "dual agent" or "acquisition" (iktisab) account of free will. The question of free will Al-Imam al-A'zam ( الامام الاعظم) "The Greatest Imam" Nu’man bin Thabit bin Zuta bin Mahan ( النعمان بن ثابت) better known by [1]
While al-Ash'ari was opposed to the views of the Mu'tazili school for its over-emphasis on reason, he was also opposed to the views of certain orthodox schools such as the Zahiri (literalist), Mujassimite (anthropomorphist) and Muhaddithin (traditionalist) schools for their over-emphasis on taqlid (imitation) in his Istihsan al‑Khaud:[2]
"A section of the people (i. Muʿtazilah ( Arabic المعتزلة al-mu`tazilah) is a theological school of thought within Sunni Islam. Zāhirī (ظاهري is a school of thought in Islamic jurisprudence Anthropomorphism is the attribution of uniquely Human characteristics to non-human creatures and beings natural and supernatural phenomena material states and objects The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem acc of traditio which means "a giving up delivering up surrendering" and is used in a number of Taqlid or taqleed ( Arabic تَقْليد taqlīd) is an Arabic term meaning "to follow (someone" or "to imitate" e. , the Zahirites and other orthodox people) made capital out of their own ignorance; discussions and rational thinking about matters of faith became a heavy burden for them, and, therefore, they became inclined to blind faith and blind following (taqlid). Debate ( American English) or debating ( British English) is a formal method of interactive and position representational Argument. Rationality as a term is related to the idea of Reason, a word which following Webster's may be derived as much from older terms referring to They condemned those who tried to rationalize the principles of religion as `innovators. In Islam, bid‘ah ( is any type of Innovation. Though innovations in worldly matters are acceptable to an extent innovation within the religion is seen as a sin ' They considered discussion about motion, rest, body, accident, colour, space, atom, the leaping of atoms, and attributes of God, to be an innovation and a sin. In Physics, motion means a constant change in the location of a body Rest (sometimes called absolute rest) in Physics and in the technical sense of geometric mensuration denotes a particular relation between a pair of observers With regard to living things, a body is the integral physical material of an individual An accident is a specific identifiable unexpected unusual and unintended external event which occurs in a particular time and place without apparent or deliberate Space is the extent within which Matter is physically extended and objects and Events have positions relative to one another History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Sin is a term used mainly in a religious context to describe an act that violates a moral Rule, or the state of having committed such a violation They said that had such discussions been the right thing, the Prophet and his Companions would have definitely done so; they further pointed out that the Prophet, before his death, discussed and fully explained all those matters which were necessary from the religious point of view, leaving none of them to be discussed by his followers; and since he did not discuss the problems mentioned above, it was evident that to discuss them must be regarded as an innovation. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. "
Al-Ghazali
Despite being named for Ash'ari, the most influential work of this school's thought was The Incoherence of the Philosophers, by the Persian polymath al-Ghazali (d. The Incoherence of the Philosophers ( Tahāfut al-Falāsifaʰ) in Arabic (تهافت الفلاسفة is the title of a landmark 11th century Polemic in Islamic Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (1058-1111 ( ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالی or امام محمد غزالی was born and died 1111). He laid the groundwork to "shut the door of ijtihad" in the subsequent centuries in all Sunni Muslim states. Ijtihad (Arabic اجتهاد is a technical term of Islamic law that describes the process of making a legal decision by independent interpretation of the legal sources It is one of the most influential works ever produced. Ibn Rushd (Averroes), a philosopher, famously responded that "to say that philosophers are incoherent is itself to make an incoherent statement. Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (Arabicأبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد better known just as Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد and in European " Ibn Rushd's book, The Incoherence of the Incoherence, attempted to refute Al-Ghazali's views, though the work was not well received in the Muslim community.
His book The Revival of the Religious Sciences in Islam was the cornerstone of the school's thinking, and combined theology, skepticism, mysticism, Islam and other conceptions, discussed in depth in the article on Islamic philosophy. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective In ordinary usage skepticism or scepticism ( Greek 'σκέπτομαι' skeptomai, to look about to consider see also spelling differences Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings
Other figures
- Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) (d. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Arabic: ابو علی، حسن بن حسن بن هيثم Latinized 1039) was an Iraqi Arab polymath who was a pioneer of the scientific method, modern optics, experimental physics, experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology, scientific skepticism, and visual perception. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding A polymath ( Greek polymathēs, πολυμαθής "having learned much" is a person whose knowledge is not restricted to one subject area Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena Within the field of Physics, experimental physics is the category of disciplines and sub-disciplines concerned with the Observation of physical Phenomena Experimental psychology approaches Psychology as one of the natural sciences investigates it using the experimental method. Psychophysics is a subdiscipline of Psychology dealing with the relationship between physical stimuli and their subjective correlates or Percepts Scientific skepticism or rational skepticism ( also spelled scepticism) sometimes referred to as skeptical inquiry, is a scientific or practical In Psychology, visual perception is the ability to interpret information from Visible light reaching the Eyes The resulting Perception is also He was also a critic of Aristotelian physics, Ptolemaic astronomy and the emission theory. The Greek Philosopher Aristotle ( 384 BC – 322 BC) developed many theories on the nature of Physics that are completely different In Astronomy, the geocentric model of the Universe is the superseded theory that the Earth is the center of the universe and other Emission theory or extramission theory is the proposal that Visual perception is accomplished by rays of Light emitted by the Eyes This His Book of Optics is considered one of the most influential books in physics. The Book of Optics ( Arabic: Kitab al-Manazir, Latin: De Aspectibus or Opticae Thesaurus Alhazeni
- Al-Biruni (d. 1048) was a Persian polymath who was a pioneer of anthropology, geodesy, Indology, experimental astronomy, and experimental mechanics. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Geodesy (dʒiːˈɒdɪsi also called geodetics, a branch of Earth sciences, is the scientific discipline that deals Indology refers to the academic study of the languages texts History and Cultures of the Indian subcontinent, and as such a subset of Asian studies In scientific inquiry an experiment ( Latin: Ex- periri, "to try out" is a method of investigating particular types of research questions or Mechanics ( Greek) is the branch of Physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to Forces or displacements He was also a critic of Aristotelian physics, the Aristotelian theory of gravity and Ptolemaic astronomy. The Greek Philosopher Aristotle ( 384 BC – 322 BC) developed many theories on the nature of Physics that are completely different
- Fakhr al-Din Razi (d. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Umar ibn al-Husayn al-Taymi al-Bakri al-Tabaristani Fakhr al-Din al-Razi ( Arabic / 1209) was a Persian mathematician, physicist, physician, philosopher, and a master of kalam. Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. He wrote an encyclopedia of science, which was influential, and a later referent for such modern efforts as the Islamization of knowledge, which have similar intention. Islamization of knowledge is a term which describes a variety of attempts and approaches to synthesize the ethics of Islam with various fields of modern thought He was also a critic of Aristotelian logic and a pioneer of inductive logic. The Organon is the name given by Aristotle 's followers the Peripatetics to the standard collection of his six works on Logic. Induction or inductive reasoning, sometimes called inductive logic, is the process of Reasoning in which the premises of an argument are believed
- Ibn Khaldun (d. Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun (full name أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون,, ( May 27, 1332 AD/732 AH &ndash March 19 1406) was a North African-born Arab Muslim polymath, historian, pedagogue and philosopher who was the pioneer of demography, cultural history, historiography, the philosophy of history, sociology, and the social sciences in general. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it In Education, a teacher is one who helps Students or pupils often in a School, as well as in a Family, religious or Demography is the statistical study of all Populations. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic population that is one that changes over The term cultural history (from the German term) refers both to an Academic discipline and to its subject matter The Historiography of early Islam refers to the study of the early origins of Islam based on a critical analysis evaluation and examination of authentic Primary Philosophy of history or historiosophy is an area of Philosophy concerning the eventual significance if any of human History. The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies His Muqadimmah is still referenced today in these fields. The Muqaddimah, or the Muqaddimah of Ibn Khaldun ( Arabic: ar مقدّمة ابن خلدون Amazigh: Tazwarit n Ibn Xldun
Other works of universal history from al-Tabari, al-Masudi, Ibn al-Athir, and Ibn Khaldun himself, were quite influential in what we now call archaeology and ethnology. Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838-923 أبو جعفر محمد بن جرير الطبري was one of the earliest most prominent and famous Persian Historians TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn íbn Ali al-Mas'udi (transl) (born c TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad, better known as Ali 'izz al- Din Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Ethnology (from the Greek ἔθνος, ethnos meaning "habit custom convention" is the branch of Anthropology that compares and They worked in a relatively modern style that historians of the present would recognize. During the Middle Ages, the Christian world was not authoring honest histories, and the investigation of other cultures was a Muslim monopoly at the time.
Influence and modern assessment
The influence of the Asharites is still hotly debated today.
Most agree that the Asharites put an end to philosophy as such in the Muslim world, but permitted these methods to continue to be applied to science and technology. The 12th-to-14th century marked the peak of innovation in Muslim civilization. During this period many remarkable achievements of engineering and social organization were made, and the ulema began to generate a fiqh based on taqlid ("imitation based on authority") rather than on the old ijtihad. Ulema ( ar علماء,, singular ar عالِم,, "scholar" refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several Eventually, however, modern historians think that lack of improvements in basic processes and confusion with theology and law degraded methods. The rigorous means by which the Asharites had reached their conclusions were largely forgotten by Muslims before The Renaissance, due in large part to the success of their effort to subordinate inquiry to a prior ethics - and assume ignorance was the norm for humankind. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere
Modern commentators blame or laud Asharites for curtailing much of the Islamic world's innovation in sciences and technology, then (12th century to 14th century) leading the world. This innovation was not in general revived in the West until The Renaissance, and emergence of scientific method - which was based on traditional Islamic methods of ijtihad and isnad (backing or scientific citation). The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena Ijtihad (Arabic اجتهاد is a technical term of Islamic law that describes the process of making a legal decision by independent interpretation of the legal sources A Hadith was originally just an Arabic story As the stories began to be used formally it became common to provide their chain of transmitters (or sanad سند plural Scientific Citation is the Process by which Conclusions of previous Scientists are used to justify experimental Procedures Apparatus The Asharites did not reject these, amongst the ulema or learned, but they stifled these in the mosque and discouraged their application by the lay public. Ulema ( ar علماء,, singular ar عالِم,, "scholar" refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger
The Asharites may have succeeded in laying the groundwork for a stable empire, and for subordinating philosophy as a process to fixed notions of ethics derived directly from Islam - perhaps this even improved the quality of life of average citizens. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Quality of life is the degree of well-being felt by an individual or group of people But it seems the historical impact was to yield the initiative of Western civilization to Christians in Europe.
Some argue, however, that the Asharites not only did not reject scientific methods, but indeed promoted them. Ziauddin Sardar points out that some of the greatest Muslim scientists, such as Ibn al-Haytham and Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, who were pioneers of the scientific method, were themselves followers of the orthodox Ash'ari school of Islamic theology. Ziauddin Sardar (born 1951) is a London -based writer who specializes in topics dealing with the future of Islam, as well as Islamic science and TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Arabic: ابو علی، حسن بن حسن بن هيثم Latinized Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena [3]
See also
- Early Islamic philosophy
- Islamic philosophy
- Kalam
- Mu'tazili
- Islamization of knowledge
- Maturidi
- Athari
References
- ^ Watt, Montgomery. Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Muʿtazilah ( Arabic المعتزلة al-mu`tazilah) is a theological school of thought within Sunni Islam. Islamization of knowledge is a term which describes a variety of attempts and approaches to synthesize the ethics of Islam with various fields of modern thought In Islam, a Maturidi ( Arabic: الماتريدي) is one who follows Abu Mansur Al Maturidi 's theology which is a close variant of the Athari ( al-Athariyya) in English is translated as textualism which is derived from the Arabic word Athar, which means "Narrations" Free-Will and Predestination in Early Islam. Luzac & Co. : London 1948.
- ^ M. Abdul Hye, Ph. D, Ash’arism, Philosophia Islamica.
- ^ Ziauddin Sardar, Science in Islamic philosophy
External links
- W. Ziauddin Sardar (born 1951) is a London -based writer who specializes in topics dealing with the future of Islam, as well as Islamic science and Kayani, The Political Factors that brought the Asharite School to a majority, May 2005.
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