Abu Mansur Ali ibn Ahmad Asadi Tusi (born: Tus, Iranian province of Khorasan - died: 1072 Tabriz, Iran) is arguably the second most important Persian poet of Iranian national epics, after Ferdowsi who also happens to come from the same town of Tus. Toos (توس or طوس in Persian) also known as Tous or Tus, is an ancient city in the Iranian province of Razavi Khorasan For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Tabriz ( تبریز, تبریز) is the largest city in northwestern Iran. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. A national epic is an epic poem or similar work which seeks or is believed to capture and express the essence or spirit of a particular Nation; not necessarily a Hakīm Abū l-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī ( more commonly transliterated as Ferdowsi, (935&ndash1020 was a highly revered Persian Poet. Toos (توس or طوس in Persian) also known as Tous or Tus, is an ancient city in the Iranian province of Razavi Khorasan He was a poet, a linguist and copyist of ancient manuscripts.
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Life
The information on Asadi's lifetime is scanty. During Asadi's time, and for some time after, much of the Khorasan province was under violent attacks and rivalry by various Turkic groups. Many native intellectuals left Khorasan as a result of these conflicts, while many of those who remained lived in seclusion. As a result of the violence, Asadi, who lived the first twenty years of his life in Khorasan, left Khorasan for the Iranian province of Azarbaijan and stayed there until his death. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Iran is subdivided into thirty provinces ( Persian: استان ostān, plural استانها ostānhā) each governed from a local center He first served as a poet in the court of the Daylamite Abu Nasr Jastan. Later he went to Nakhjavan and in 1065-1066, completed his seminal work, the Garshapnama. The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası Նախիջևանի Ինքնավար Հանրապետություն Нахичеванская Автономная He dedicated this work to Abu Dolaf, the ruler of Nakhjavan. The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası Նախիջևանի Ինքնավար Հանրապետություն Нахичеванская Автономная Later on, he went to serve at the court of the Shaddadid king Manuchehr who ruled over Ani. The Shaddadids were a Kurdish dynasty who ruled in various parts of Armenia and Arran from 951 - 1199 A History Armenian chroniclers such as Yeghishe and Ghazar Parpetsi first mentioned Ani in the 5th century AD His tomb is located in city of Tabriz. Tabriz ( تبریز, تبریز) is the largest city in northwestern Iran.
Works
Asadi's most significant work is Garshasp-nama (The Book (or Epic) of Garshasp). Garshāsp (گرشاسپ is the name of a monster-slaying hero in Persian mythology. His other important contribution was a lexicon of the Modern Persian language (فرهنگ لغت فرس). Also five of his Monāẓarāt (Debates in the form of poetry between two concepts) are also extant.
Garshaspnama (The epic of Garshasp)
The Garshaspnama epic is the major work of Asadi Tusi containing 9000 couplets. The hero of the poem is Garshasp, the son of Eṯreṭ, and grandson of Sam) Šam, who is identified in the Avesta with the ancient Iranian hero, Kərəsāspa-, the son of Θrita-, of the clan Sāma. Garshāsp (گرشاسپ is the name of a monster-slaying hero in Persian mythology. The Avesta is the primary collection of sacred texts of Zoroastrianism, composed in the Avestan language. The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. The poet took the story from a book called the adventures of Garshasp and he states that it is a complement to the stories of the Shahnameh. Shāhnāmé, or Shāhnāma ((alternative spellings are Shahnama Shahnameh Shahname Shah-Nama, etc The poem thus is based on written sources although it was part of the folklore of the common people and the poet invokes the Dehqan (an Iranian class who were small land owners but kept ancient Iranian traditions alive) and Mobad (Zoroastrian priests) who sang the story. Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings
The story starts with Jamshid, the ancestor of Garshasp who is overthrown by Zahak and flees to Kurang, the king of the area of Zābolestān(modern Sistan and Zabol in Iran and Afghanistan). Jamshēd, Jamshīd ( or Jam ( in Middle- and New Persian, or Yima in Avestan is a mythological figure of Greater Zahhāk or Zohhāk (in ضحاک is a figure of Persian mythology, evident in ancient Iranian Folklore as Aži Dahāka, the name by which he For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Jamshid falls in love with the king's daughter and gives birth to Tur. Jamshid though is forced to flee again and the king Kurang adopts Tur and makes him his own heir. Tur is succeeded by Shedasp, who begets Tovorg. Tovorg begets a son named Šam, who begets Eṯreṭ. Eṯreṭ begets Garshasp(Garšāsp).
When Garshasp is born, Zahak is still the king and pays a visit to Zābolestān. Zahhāk or Zohhāk (in ضحاک is a figure of Persian mythology, evident in ancient Iranian Folklore as Aži Dahāka, the name by which he Zahak's eye is captured by the valiant of Garshasp and challenges him to slay a ferocious dragon. Equipped with a special antidote against dragon-poison, and armed with special weapons, Garshāsp succeeds in killing the monster. Impressed by the child's prowess, Zahhāk now orders Garshāsp to India, where the king – a vassal of Zahhāk's – has been replaced by a rebel prince, Bahu, who does not acknowledge Zahhāk's rule. Garshāsp defeats the rebel and then stays in India for a while to observe its marvels and engage in philosophical discourse. Garshasp then proceedes to Sarandib (Ceylon) where he observers the footprint of the Buddha (in Muslim sources identified with the footprint of Adam). Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder See also Adam and Eve Adam ( Hebrew: אָדָם was according to a literal interpretation of Genesis, the first man created by Asadi then conveys many legends about Adam, the father of mankind. See also Adam and Eve Adam ( Hebrew: אָדָם was according to a literal interpretation of Genesis, the first man created by Garshasp then meets a Brahman, whom he questions in detail about philosophy and religion. Brahman ( bráhman-, Nominative bráhma sa ब्रह्म is a concept of Hinduism. The actual words Asadi Tusi relates from the Brahman's mouth are actually related with Islamic Neo-Platonism. Garshasp afterwards visits some of the islands of India and observes super natural wonder, which are described at great length in the story. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country India always been a place of marvel for Muslim authors. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion
The hero then returns home and pays homage Zahak, who was still the ruler at the time. Zahhāk or Zohhāk (in ضحاک is a figure of Persian mythology, evident in ancient Iranian Folklore as Aži Dahāka, the name by which he Garshāsp the goes on to woo a princess of Rum, restores his father Eṯreṭ to his throne in Zābol after the king of Kābol defeats him, and builds the city of Sistān. Rûm, also Roum or Rhum (in Arabic الرُّومُ ar-Rūm, Persian / Turkish Rum) is a very indefinite Modern Sistan ( is a border region in southeastern Iran (see Sistan and Baluchestan Province) and southwestern Afghanistan (see Nimruz Province He has further anachronistic adventures in the Mediterranean, fighting in Kairouan and Córdoba. Kairouan ( Arabic القيروان (also known as Kirwan, Al Qayrawan) is a Muslim holy city which ranks after Mecca, Medina ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. In the West, he meets a "Greek Brahman" and again indulges in philosophical discourse with the wise-man. Brahman ( bráhman-, Nominative bráhma sa ब्रह्म is a concept of Hinduism. Returning home after his father passes away, Garshasp now becomes the king of Zābolestān.
When he returns to Iran, his father dies, and Garshāsp becomes king of Zābolestān. Although he has no son of his own, he adopts Narēmān as his heir, who would become Rostam's great-grandfather. Nariman is a Town in the Osh Province of Kyrgyzstan. For the historical general who fought at the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah for the Sassanid Empire, also mentioned in the Shahnameh, see Rostam Farrokhzād During this era, Ferēdūn defeats Zahak and becomes king of Iran, and Garšāsp swears allegiance to Ferēdūn. Fereydūn (فریدون also pronounced Farīdūn, in medieval Persian Firēdūn, Middle Persian Frēdōn, and Avestan Θraētaona Fereydūn (فریدون also pronounced Farīdūn, in medieval Persian Firēdūn, Middle Persian Frēdōn, and Avestan Θraētaona Garšāsp and his nephew then adventure unto Turan and defeat the Faghfūr(Iranian title for the ruler of Central Asia and China probably of Sogdian origin) of Chin. They take him as a captive to Ferēdūn thereby showing their allegiance to the King of Iran. Fereydūn (فریدون also pronounced Farīdūn, in medieval Persian Firēdūn, Middle Persian Frēdōn, and Avestan Θraētaona For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Nariman, the has a son, Sām, who is the grandfather of Rostam. For the historical general who fought at the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah for the Sassanid Empire, also mentioned in the Shahnameh, see Rostam Farrokhzād Garshasp then does one final battle with the king of Tanger and slays another dragon. Tangier or Tangiers ]] ( Tanja طنجة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish He then returns home to Sistān and Zābolestān and passes away. Modern Sistan ( is a border region in southeastern Iran (see Sistan and Baluchestan Province) and southwestern Afghanistan (see Nimruz Province
Loḡat-e fors (The Khorasani-Persian lexicon)
This lexicon was written in order to familiarize the unfamiliar phrases found in Eastern Persian (Darī) poetry for the people of Arran and Azerbaijan. Arran ( also known as Aran, Ardhan (in Parthian) Al-Ran (in Arabic) including the highland and lowland Karabakh) This article is about the region in Iran for other uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. It is the oldest extant Persian dictionary based on examples from poetry. It also preserves information concerning the names of some of the poets of the 4th/10th century. Several very different manuscripts exist in Iran and elsewhere. The oldest extant manuscript seems to be at the Malek Library in Tehran (dated 722/1322) although the manuscript written in Safina-yi Tabriz is also from the same period. Safīna-yi Tabriz ( The Vessel of Tabriz or The Treasury of Tabriz,) is an important encyclopedic manuscript from 14th century Ilkhanid Iran The manuscript of 1302 states that Asadi composed it at the request of his son.
Monazerat (Debates)
Five of these have survived and they are in the Persian poetic form of Qasida. Such a form of poetry is unprecedented in Arabic or New Persian, but it is part of the Middle Persian (Pahlavi) tradition. The Pahlavic poetic debate Draxt i Asurik shows that this form of debate has had a long history. The five surviving debates are called "Arab o 'Ajam" (The Arab vs the Persian), Mogh o Mosalman (the Magian vs the Muslim), Shab o Ruz (the night vs the Day), Neyza o Kaman (the spear vs the Bow) and the Asman o Zamin (the Sky vs the Earth). In the Persian vs Arab debate, the Persian wins while in the Muslim vs Zoroastrian debate, the Muslim Wins. Asadi, seem to have reasoned that an Iranian Muslim was superior to an Arab Muslim, but a Muslim, whatever his nationality, was superior to a Zoroastrian. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings
References
Encyclopedia Iranica, "Asadi Tusi", Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh
Encyclopedia Iranica, "GARŠĀSP-NĀMA", FRANÇOIS DE BLOIS
See also
| edit | Persian literature series |
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شاهنامه فردوسی Shahnameh of Ferdowsi |
| Characters: | Abteen | Arash | Afrāsiāb | Akvan-e Div | Bahman | Bizhan | Div-e Sepid | Esfandiār | Fereydun |Garshasp | Goodarz | Gordāfarid | Haoma | Homa | Hushang | Īraj | Jamasp | Jamshid | Kāveh | Kai Kavoos | Kai Khosrow | Kei Qobád |Kiumars | Luarsab | Manuchehr | Manizheh | Mehrab Kaboli | Nowzar |Pashang | Rakhsh | Rohām | Rostam | Rostam Farrokhzad | Rudābeh | Salm | Sām | Shaghād | Siāmak | Siāvash | Simurgh | Sohrāb |Sudabeh | Tahmineh | Tahmuras |Tur | Zāl | Zahhāk |
| Places: | Alborz (Hara_Berezaiti) | Irān | Māzandarān | Samangān | Turān | Zābolestān | Kābul | Birjand | Ark of Bukhara |
| See also: | Asadi Tusi | Derafsh Kaviani | Shahnameh | Bijan and Manijeh | Daqiqi | Sadeh | Kayanian | Jaam-e Jam |
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