The "Aryan race" is a concept in European culture that was influential in the period of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It derives from the idea that the original speakers of the Indo-European languages and their descendants up to the present day constitute a distinctive race. The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets Belief in the existence of the "Aryan race" is sometimes referred to as Aryanism (not to be confused with the unrelated Christian religious belief known as Arianism). Arianism is the theological teaching of Arius (c AD 250-336 who was ruled a heretic by the Christian church at the Council of Nicea. An identical belief, but with broader inclusivity, is referred to as pan-Aryanism.

Origin and background of the concept

Main article: Aryan

The term Aryan originates with the Indo-Iranian self-designation arya, attested in the ancient texts of Hinduism and Zoroastrianism, the Rigveda and the Gathas of Zoroaster. Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" Indo-Iranian peoples consist of the Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Dardic and Nuristani peoples that is speakers of Indo-Iranian languages Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" The word "Gātha" means a "hymn of praise" in the earliest Indo-Iranian poetry Zoroaster ( Latinized from Greek variants) or Zarathushtra (from Avestan Zaraθuštra) also referred to as Zartosht (زرتشت

Since, in the 19th century, the most ancient known "Indo-European" languages were those of the Indo-Iranians' ancestors, the word Aryan was adopted to refer not only to the Indo-Iranian people, but also to Indo-European speakers as a whole, including the Greeks, Romans and Germans. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. It was soon recognised that Balts, Celts and Slavs and Armenians also belonged to the same group. The Baltic languages are a group of related languages belonging to the Indo-European language family and spoken mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the Baltic The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large It was argued that all of these languages originated from a common root — now known as Proto-Indo-European — spoken by an ancient people who must have been the original ancestors of the European, Iranian, and Indo-Aryan peoples. The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. The ethnic group composed of the Proto-Indo Europeans and their modern descendants was termed the Aryans. Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable"

The word Ariya ("noble", "spiritual") is attested in the Inscriptions of Darius the Great and his son, Xerxes I. Darius I the Great (c 549 BC&ndash486 BC 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayavahuš: "Possessing goodness" Having ascended to power amidst controversy and bloodshed Xerxes I of Persia was a King of Persia (reigned 485–465 BC of the Achaemenid dynasty. It is used both as a linguistic and a "racial" (spiritual) designation. Darius refers to these meanings in the Behistun inscription (DBiv. The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Modern Persian: بیستون; Old Persian: Bagastana, meaning "the god's 89), which is written in a language known as Airyan, Old Persian. The Old Persian language is one of the two attested Old Iranian languages (besides Avestan)

This usage was common in the late 19th and early 20th century. An example of an influential best-selling book that reflects this usage is the 1920 book The Outline of History by H. G. Wells. Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 &ndash 13 August 1946 He was an outspoken socialist and a pacifist, his later works becoming increasingly political ^[1] In it he wrote of the accomplishments of the Aryan people, stating how they "learned methods of civilization" while "Sargon II and Sardanapalus were ruling in Assyria and fighting with Babylonia and Syria and Egypt". As such, Wells suggested that the Aryans had eventually "subjugated the whole ancient world, Semitic, Aegean and Egyptian alike". ^[2]

According to a 1989 study by Renfrew, C, the usage of Aryan to mean "all Indo-Europeans" is still prevalent and this usage continues,^[3] but is restricted to certain fields of science. For an example, in linguistics, the word Aryan is often used in the context of the sub-branch of Indo-Iranian languages referred to as Indo-Aryan languages, although in modern Indo-European linguistics Indic languages is often preferred as an alternate synonymous term, without negative connotations derived from the Nazi-era usage of Aryan,^[4]

Racial interpretations of the term

Max Müller is often identified as the first writer to speak of an Aryan "race" in English. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic) are a branch of the Indo-European language family Indo-European studies is a field of Linguistics dealing with Indo-European languages, both current and extinct The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic) are a branch of the Indo-European language family Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" For the Danish Colonel Max Müller see Second War of Schleswig. In his Lectures on the Science of Language in 1861^[5] he referred to Aryans as a 'race' of people. However, when this was interpreted to imply a biologically distinct sub-group of humanity, he soon clarified that he simply meant a line of descent, insisting that it was very dangerous to mix linguistics and anthropology. "The Science of Language and the Science of Man cannot be kept too much asunder…I must repeat what I have said many times before, it would be wrong to speak of Aryan blood as of dolichocephalic grammar". ^[6] He restated his opposition to this method in 1888 in his essay Biographies of words and the home of the Aryas. ^[5]

Müller was responding to the development of racial anthropology, and the influence of the work of Arthur de Gobineau who argued that the Indo-Europeans represented a superior branch of humanity. Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau ( July 14, 1816 — October 13, 1882) was a French Aristocrat, novelist and man of A number of later writers, such as the French anthropologist Vacher de Lapouge in his book L'Aryen, argued that this superior branch could be identified biologically by using the cephalic index (a measure of head shape) and other indicators. Georges Vacher de Lapouge ( 1854 - 1936) was a French Anthropologist and a theoretician of Eugenics and Racialism He argued that the long-headed "dolichocephalic-blond" Europeans, characteristically found in northern Europe, were natural leaders, destined to rule over more "brachiocephalic" (short headed) peoples. ^[7].

This argument led to the claim that Nordic peoples of northern Europe were the ideal model of the "Aryan race", an argument that was supplemented by the view that the Indo-European languages had originated there. The Nordic race was one of the racial categories into which the Europeans were divided by anthropologists in the first half of the twentieth century This claim became increasingly important during the nineteenth century. In the mid 19th century, it was commonly believed that the Aryans originated in the southwestern steppes of present-day Russia. In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending However, by the late 19th century the steppe theory of Aryan origins was challenged by view that the Aryans originated in ancient Germany or Scandinavia, or at least that in those countries the original Aryan ethnicity had been preserved. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well The German origin of the Aryans was especially promoted by the archaeologist Gustaf Kossinna, who claimed that the Proto-Indo-European peoples were identical to the Corded Ware culture of Neolithic Germany. Gustaf Kossinna ( 28 September, 1858 in Tilsit &ndash 20 December, 1931 in Berlin) was a linguist and professor The Corded Ware culture, alternatively characterized as the Battle Axe culture or Single Grave culture is an enormous European Archaeological horizon that This idea was widely circulated in both intellectual and popular culture by the early twentieth century. ^[8]

Other anthropologists contested such claims. In Germany, Rudolf Virchow launched a study of craniometry, which prompted him to denounce "Nordic mysticism" in the 1885 Anthropology Congress in Karlsruhe, while Josef Kollmann , a collaborator of Virchow, stated in the same congress that the people of Europe, be they German, Italian, English or French, belonged to a "mixture of various races," furthermore declaring that the "results of craniology" led to "struggle against any theory concerning the superiority of this or that European race" on others. Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow ( 13 October 1821 &ndash 5 September 1902) was a German doctor, anthropologist, public health Craniometry is the technique of measuring the Bones of the Skull. Karlsruhe (ˈkaɐ̯lsʁuːə population 285812 in 2006 is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-Württemberg, located near ^[5]

Virchow's contribution to the debate sparked a controversy. Houston Stewart Chamberlain, a strong supporter of the theory of a superior Aryan race, attacked Josef Kollmann arguments in detail. Houston Stewart Chamberlain ( September 9, 1855 - January 9, 1927) was a British -born author of books on political philosophy natural While the "Aryan race" theory remained popular, in particular in Germany, some authors defended Virchow's perspective, in particular Otto Schrader, Rudolph von Jhering and the ethnologist Robert Hartmann (1831-1893), who proposed to ban the notion of "Aryan" from anthropology. Rudolf von Jhering (also Ihering) ( 22 August 1818 – 17 September 1892) was a German Jurist. Robert Hartmann ( October 8, 1832 - 1893 was a German Naturalist, Anatomist and Ethnographer who was a native of Blankenburg ^[5]

British Raj

In India, under the British Empire, the British rulers also used the idea of a distinct Aryan race in order to ally British power with the Indian caste system. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Castes are Hereditary systems of occupation, Endogamy, social culture, Social class, and Political power. It was widely claimed that the Aryans were white people who had invaded India in ancient times,^[9] subordinating the darker skinned native Dravidian peoples, who were pushed to the south. Dravidian peoples refers to the peoples that natively speak languages belonging to the Dravidian language family. Thus the foundation of Hinduism was ascribed to northern invaders who had established themselves as the dominant castes, and who were supposed to have created the sophisticated Vedic texts. "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. Much of these theories were simply conjecture fueled by European imperialism (see white man's burden). Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude " The White Man's Burden " is a poem by the English poet Rudyard Kipling. This styling of an "Aryan invasion" by British colonial fantasies of racial supremacy lies at the origin of the fact that all discussion of historical Indo-Aryan migrations or Aryan and Dravidian "races" remains highly controversial in India to this day, and does continue to affect political and religious debate. Models of the Indo-Aryan migration discuss scenarios of Prehistoric migrations of the early Indo-Aryans to their historically attested areas of settlement ( North Some Dravidians, and supporters of the Dalit movement, most commonly Tamils, claim that the worship of Shiva is a distinct Dravidian religion going back to the Indus Civilization,^[10] to be distinguished from Brahminical "Aryan" Hinduism. Dalitstanorg was a website that was claimed to be run by The Dalitstan Organization, an otherwise unknown group advocating the secession of the Republic of India Tamil people (also called Tamils or Tamilians) ( are an Ethnic group native to Tamil Nadu, a state in India, and the north-eastern Shiva:(pronunciation; Sanskrit: शिव Śiva, lit "Auspicious one" One of the Trimurtis Shiva is the supreme God in the Shaiva Brahmin ( Brāhmaṇa, sa ब्राह्मणः is the class of educators scholars and preachers in Brahminical Hinduism. In contrast, the Indian nationalist Hindutva movement argues that no Aryan invasion or migration ever occurred, asserting that Vedic beliefs emerged from the Indus Valley Civilisation,^[11] which pre-dated the supposed advent of the Indo-Aryans in India, and is identified as a likely candidate for a Proto-Dravidian culture. For Veer Savarkar's book see Hindutva (book. Hindutva (Devanagari हिन्दुत्व "Hinduness" a word coined by Vinayak The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin Proto-Dravidian is the Proto-language of the Dravidian languages.

Some Indians were also influenced by the debate about the Aryan race. The Indian nationalist V. D. Savarkar believed in the theory that an "Aryan race" migrated to India,^[12] but he didn't find much value in a racialized interpretation of the "Aryan race". Vināyak Dāmodar Sāvarkar (विनायक दामोदर सावरकर (born May 28, 1883 in Bhagur – February 26, ^[13] Some Indian nationalists supported the theory because it gave them the prestige of common descent with the ruling British class. ^[14]

Mme. Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott, a lawyer, agricultural expert, and journalist who covered the Spiritualist phenomena. Colonel Henry Steel Olcott (1832–1907 founder and first president of the Theosophical Society, was the first well-known person of European ancestry to make a formal conversion Spiritualism is a Religion founded in part on the writings of the Swedish mystic Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772

Theosophy

These debates were addressed within the Theosophical movement founded by Helena Blavatsky and Henry Olcott at the end of the nineteenth century. This article is about the philosophy introduced by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky Elena Petrovna Gan (Елена Петровна Ган also Hélène, Yekaterinoslav, Ukraine, Russian Empire — May 8 1891 London) better Colonel Henry Steel Olcott (1832–1907 founder and first president of the Theosophical Society, was the first well-known person of European ancestry to make a formal conversion This philosophy took inspiration from Indian culture, in this case, perhaps, from the Hindu reform movement the Arya Samaj founded by Swami Dayananda. Arya Samaj ( Sanskrit ārya samāja sa आर्य समाज " Noble Society" is a Hindu reform movement founded in India This page is about the founder of the Arya Samaj. For others known by the same name please see Swami Dayananda (disambiguation

Blavatsky argued that humanity had descended from a series of "Root Races", naming the fifth root race (out of seven) the "Aryan" Race. In Theosophy, Root Race (or Epochs to subsequent authors is a term first used in the late 19th century by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky in her book She thought that the Aryans originally came from Atlantis and described the Aryan races with the following words:

"The Aryan races, for instance, now varying from dark brown, almost black, red-brown-yellow, down to the whitest creamy colour, are yet all of one and the same stock -- the Fifth Root-Race -- and spring from one single progenitor, (. Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" Atlantis (in Greek,, "island of Atlas " is the name of a Legendary Island, first mentioned in Plato 's dialogues In Theosophy, Root Race (or Epochs to subsequent authors is a term first used in the late 19th century by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky in her book . . ) who is said to have lived over 18,000,000 years ago, and also 850,000 years ago -- at the time of the sinking of the last remnants of the great continent of Atlantis. Atlantis (in Greek,, "island of Atlas " is the name of a Legendary Island, first mentioned in Plato 's dialogues "^[15]

Blavatsky used "Root Race" as a technical term to describe human evolution over the large time periods in her cosmology. In Theosophy, Root Race (or Epochs to subsequent authors is a term first used in the late 19th century by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky in her book For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of Cosmology (from Greek grc κοσμολογία - grc κόσμος kosmos, "universe" and grc -λογία -logia) is study However, she also claimed that there were modern non-Aryan peoples who were inferior to Aryans. She regularly contrasts "Aryan" with "Semitic" culture, to the detriment of the latter, asserting that Semitic peoples are an offshoot of Aryans who have become "degenerate in spirituality and perfected in materiality. In Linguistics and Ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical " Shem " Hebrew שם translated as "name" Arabic: ساميّ "^[16] She also states that some peoples are "semi-animal creatures". These latter include "the Tasmanians, a portion of the Australians and a mountain tribe in China. " There are also "considerable numbers of the mixed Lemuro-Atlantean peoples produced by various crossings with such semi-human stocks -- e. g. , the wild men of Borneo, the Veddhas of Ceylon, classed by Prof. Flower among Aryans (!), most of the remaining Australians, Bushmen, Negritos, Andaman Islanders, etc. "^[17]

Despite this, Blavatsky's admirers claim that her thinking was not connected to fascist or racialist ideas, asserting that she believed in a Universal Brotherhood of humanity and wrote that "all men have spiritually and physically the same origin" and that "mankind is essentially of one and the same essence". The Universal Brotherhood is a term used in theosophical writings ^[18] On the other hand, in The Secret Doctrine, Blavatsky states: "Verily mankind is 'of one blood,' but not of the same essence. "

Blavatsky connects physical race with spiritual attributes constantly throughout her works:

"Esoteric history teaches that idols and their worship died out with the Fourth Race, until the survivors of the hybrid races of the latter (Chinamen, African Negroes, &c. ) gradually brought the worship back. The Vedas countenance no idols; all the modern Hindu writings do". ^[19]

"The intellectual difference between the Aryan and other civilized nations and such savages as the South Sea Islanders, is inexplicable on any other grounds. The Australian label South Sea Islanders refers to the Australian descendants of people from the more than 80 islands in the Western Pacific including the Solomon Islands No amount of culture, nor generations of training amid civilization, could raise such human specimens as the Bushmen, the Veddhas of Ceylon, and some African tribes, to the same intellectual level as the Aryans, the Semites, and the Turanians so called. The Bushmen, San, Sho, Basarwa, ǃKung or Khwe are indigenous people of southern Africa that spans most areas of South Africa "Vedda" and "Veddas" redirect here For the Sanskrit texts see Vedas. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island This is a list of African ethnic groups. The Yoruba, Igbo, Oromo and Hausa are among the largest indeginous African ethnic groups See In Linguistics and Ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical " Shem " Hebrew שם translated as "name" Arabic: ساميّ Tūrān ( is the ancient Iranian name for Central Asia, literally meaning "the land of the Tur" The 'sacred spark' is missing in them and it is they who are the only inferior races on the globe, now happily -- owing to the wise adjustment of nature which ever works in that direction -- fast dying out. Verily mankind is 'of one blood,' but not of the same essence. We are the hot-house, artificially quickened plants in nature, having in us a spark, which in them is latent". ^[20]

According to Blavatsky, "the MONADS of the lowest specimens of humanity (the "narrow-brained" savage South-Sea Islander, the African, the Australian) had no Karma to work out when first born as men, as their more favoured brethren in intelligence had". ^[21]

She also prophecies of the destruction of the racial "failures of nature" as the future "higher race" ascends:

"Thus will mankind, race after race, perform its appointed cycle-pilgrimage. Climates will, and have already begun, to change, each tropical year after the other dropping one sub-race, but only to beget another higher race on the ascending cycle; while a series of other less favoured groups -- the failures of nature -- will, like some individual men, vanish from the human family without even leaving a trace behind". ^[22]

Guido von List (and his followers such as Lanz von Liebenfels) later took up some of Blavatsky's ideas, mixing her ideology with nationalistic and fascist ideas; this system of thought became known as Ariosophy. Guido Karl Anton List, better known as Guido von List ( October 5, 1848, in Vienna, &ndash May 17, 1919, in Adolf Josef Lanz (aka Jörg Lanz) who called himself Lanz von Liebenfels ( July 19 1874 - April 22, 1954) was an Austrian Armanism and Ariosophy are the names of ideological systems of an Esoteric nature pioneered by Guido von List and Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels Such views also fed into the development of Nazi ideology. However, the theosophical publications such as The Aryan Path were strongly opposed to the Nazi usage, attacking racialism. The Aryan Path was an Anglo-Indian theosophical journal published in Bombay, India from 1930 Racialism is an emphasis on race or racial considerations Racialism entails a belief in the existence and significance of racial categories but not necessarily in a

Nazism

Further information: Nazism and race

A 1941 poster by Boris Efimov, portraying Goebbels as a mouse-like figure, countering Nazi propaganda about the Aryan race

The theory of the Northern origins of the Aryans was particularly influential in Germany. Nazism developed several theories concerning races They claimed to scientifically measure a strict hierarchy among "human race " at the top was the " Nordic race Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Boris Yefimovich Yefimov (Борис Ефимович Ефимов ( September 28, 1899 &ndash October 1, 2008) was a Soviet Paul Joseph Goebbels (German pronunciation ˈɡœbəls English generally ˈɡɝbəlz (29 October 1897 1 May 1945 was a German politician and Reich Minister of Public Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. It was widely believed that the "Vedic Aryans" were ethnically identical to the Goths, Vandals and other ancient Germanic peoples of the Völkerwanderung. The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions, or sometimes Völkerwanderung ( German for "wandering of peoples" is the English name This idea was often intertwined with anti-Semitic ideas. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility The distinctions between the "Aryan" and "Semitic" peoples were based on the aforementioned linguistic and ethnic history. In Linguistics and Ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical " Shem " Hebrew שם translated as "name" Arabic: ساميّ Semitic peoples came to be seen as a foreign presence within Aryan societies, and the Semitic peoples were often pointed to as the cause of conversion and destruction of social order and values leading to culture and civilization's downfall by proto-Nazi and Nazi theorists such as Houston Stewart Chamberlain and Alfred Rosenberg. Houston Stewart Chamberlain ( September 9, 1855 - January 9, 1927) was a British -born author of books on political philosophy natural (12 January 1893 16 October 1946 was an early and intellectually influential member of the Nazi Party.

According to the adherents to Ariosophy, the Aryan was a "master race" that built a civilization that dominated the world from Atlantis about ten thousand years ago. Armanism and Ariosophy are the names of ideological systems of an Esoteric nature pioneered by Guido von List and Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels The master race ( German: die Herrenrasse) is a concept in Nazi Ideology, which holds that the Germanic and Nordic Atlantis (in Greek,, "island of Atlas " is the name of a Legendary Island, first mentioned in Plato 's dialogues This alleged civilization declined when other parts of the world were colonized after the 8,000 BC destruction of Atlantis because the inferior races mixed with the "Aryans" but it left traces of their civilization in Tibet (via Buddhism), and even in Central America, South America, and Ancient Egypt. Atlantis (in Greek,, "island of Atlas " is the name of a Legendary Island, first mentioned in Plato 's dialogues Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now (The date of 8,000 BC for the destruction of Atlantis in Ariosophy is 2,000 years later than the date of 10,000 BC given for this event in Theosophy. Atlantis (in Greek,, "island of Atlas " is the name of a Legendary Island, first mentioned in Plato 's dialogues Armanism and Ariosophy are the names of ideological systems of an Esoteric nature pioneered by Guido von List and Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels This article is about the philosophy introduced by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky ) These theories affected the more esotericist strand of Nazism.

A complete, highly speculative theory of Aryan and anti-Semitic history can be found in Alfred Rosenberg's major work, The Myth of the Twentieth Century. (12 January 1893 16 October 1946 was an early and intellectually influential member of the Nazi Party. The Myth of the Twentieth Century ( Der Mythus des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts) is a book by Alfred Rosenberg Rosenberg's well researched account of ancient history was very effective in spreading racialism among German intellectuals in the early 20th century, especially after the first World War. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

These and other ideas evolved into the Nazi use of the term "Aryan race" to refer to what they saw as being a master race of people of northern European descent. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The master race ( German: die Herrenrasse) is a concept in Nazi Ideology, which holds that the Germanic and Nordic They worked to maintain the purity of this race through eugenics programs (including anti-miscegenation legislation, compulsory sterilization of the mentally ill and the mentally deficient, the execution of the institutionalized mentally ill as part of a euthanasia program. Nazi eugenics were Nazi Germany 's race-based social policies that placed the improvement of the race through Eugenics at the center of their Miscegenation (Latin miscere "to mix" + genus "kind" is the mixing of different racial groups, that is marrying, cohabiting Compulsory sterilization programs are government policies which attempt to force people to undergo surgical sterilization. Action T4 (Aktion T4 was a program in Nazi Germany spanning October 1939 until August 1941 during which physicians killed 70273 peoplespecified in Hitler's

Heinrich Himmler (the Reichsfuhrer of the SS), the person ordered by Adolf Hitler to implement the final solution (Holocaust), told his personal masseur Felix Kersten that he always carried with him a copy of the ancient Aryan scripture, the Bhagavad Gita because it relieved him of guilt about what he was doing — he felt that like the warrior Arjuna, he was simply doing his duty without attachment to his actions. Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945 was a Nazi German politician and head of the Schutzstaffel (SS. was a special SS rank that existed between the years of 1925 and 1945 The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The Final Solution ( Die Endlösung) was Nazi Germany 's plan and execution of its systematic Genocide against European Jewry during World The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Felix Kersten ( 30 September, 1898 Dorpat, Russia - 16 April, 1960, Stockholm, Sweden) was before Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" Arjuna or Arjun ( Sanskrit: अर्जुन arjuna) is one of the heroes of the Hindu epic Mahābhārata, whose name ^[23]

Himmler was also interested in Buddhism and his institute Ahnenerbe sought to mix some traditions from Hinduism and Buddhism. The Ahnenerbe was a Nazi German Think tank that promoted itself as a "study society for Intellectual Ancient History ^[24]

Pan-Aryanism

Since the military defeat of Nazi Germany by the Allies in 1945, Neo-Nazi ideologues have expanded their concept of the "Aryan Race" from the Nazi concept that the purest Aryans were the Teutonics or Nordics of Northern Europe to the idea that the true Aryans are everyone descended from the Western or European branch of the Indo-European peoples. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, This is sometimes referred to as "pan-Aryanism". The degree of inclusivity varies between factions. According to Nicholas Goodrick-Clark, many Neo-Nazis view their political work as being directed towards the establishment of an autocratic state to be called the Western Imperium. ^[25] This proposed state would be led by a Führer-like figure and include all areas inhabited by the Aryan race (defined as non-Jews of European ancestry) i. e. Europe, Russia, Anglo-America, Australia, New Zealand, and southern South America (especially Chile, Argentina, southern Brazil and Uruguay. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending right|250px|right|thumb|Anglo-America dark green indicates countries traditionally included in the region ([[Canada]] and the [[United States]] For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America ) Only those of the Aryan race would be full citizens of the State. This concept is based on a 1947 book called Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics by Francis Parker Yockey. Imperium The Philosophy of History and Politics is a book by ideologue Francis Parker Yockey (using the pen name Ulick Varange Francis Parker Yockey, ( September 18, 1917 &ndash June 16, 1960) was an American Philosopher and polemicist ^[26] It is envisioned that after the "Western Imperium" is established, all Jews and non-white illegal immigrants would be expelled from its territory. White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School.

Quotations

References

Further reading

Critical bibliography

• Arvidsson, Stefan. Aryan Idols. The Indo-European Mythology as Science and Ideology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2006 ISBN 0-226-02860-7
• Poliakov, Leon. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalistic Ideas In Europe New York: Barnes & Noble Books. 1996 ISBN 0-7607-0034-6

Contemporary bibliography

• Widney, Joseph P. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Joseph Pomeroy Widney ( December 26, 1841 &mdash July 4, 1938) was a Polymathic pioneer American Physician, medical topographer Race Life of the Aryan Peoples New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 1907 In Two Volumes: Volume One--The Old World Volume Two--The New World ISBN B000859S6O In this massive best-selling two volume work, Joseph Pomeroy Widney, the chancellor of the University of Southern California, describes what he believed was the origin of the Proto-Aryans (i. Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Joseph Pomeroy Widney ( December 26, 1841 &mdash July 4, 1938) was a Polymathic pioneer American Physician, medical topographer The University of Southern California (commonly referred to as USC, SC, Southern California, and incorrectly e. , the Proto-Indo-Europeans) in Central Asia about 5000 BC, and how they spread out and formed the great Aryan empires such as the Hittite empire, Persian empire, Mauryan empire, Macedonian empire, Roman empire, Gupta empire, Spanish empire, French empire, and British empire, finally culminating in the United States and its Manifest Destiny; also is described the major present-day subraces of the Aryans (i. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south An empire (from the Latin " Imperium " denoting military Command within the ancient Roman government) is a State that Hittites is the conventional English-language term for an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language and established a kingdom centered in Hattusa The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Gupta Empire ( Hindi: गुप्त राजवंश was ruled by members of the Gupta dynasty from around 320 to 550 C The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States was destined to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. e. , the Indo-European peoples) and their varying racial characteristics, i. e. , the Indo-Aryans (including the Sinhalese and Maldivians), the Iranian peoples (including Kurds), Armenians, Balts, Slavs, Gypsies, Albanians, Greeks, Romanics, Teutonics, Celts, Anglo-Americans, Anglo-Canadians, Québécois, North American White Hispanics, White Latin Americans, Anglo-Australians, Anglo-New Zealanders, Anglo-Africans, and Boers. The Sinhalese are the main ethnic group of Sri Lanka. They speak Sinhala, an Indo-Aryan language and number approximately 15 million people with the The Maldives ( or, or Maldive Islands) officially the Republic of Maldives, is an Island nation consisting of a group of atolls stretching The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large The Balts or Baltic peoples (People who live by the Baltic Sea) defined as speakers of one of the Baltic languages, a branch of the Indo-European The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins } Albanians (Shqiptarët are an Ethnic group and a Nation, in the sense of sharing a common Albanian culture speaking the Albanian language The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Latin European peoples are those who speak Romance languages, descended from Vulgar Latin, spread during the time of the Roman Empire. Modern Celts are those peoples who are speakers of Celtic languages, or who consider themselves or have been considered by others to participate in a Celtic culture A European American (Euro-American is a person who resides in the United States and is either from Europe or is the descendant of European immigrants English Canada|Canadians of English descentAn English Canadian is a Canadian whose principal language is English or who is of English ancestry; it is used A Québécois or Quebecois (pronounced) or in the feminine Québécoise (pronounced) (plural Québécoises) is a native or resident of the This article concerns itself with Americans whose race is white and whose ethnicity is Hispanic or Latino; i White Latin Americans are the white population of Latin America. Anglo-Celtic Australian is an Ethnic or cultural category used to describe Australians with British and/or Irish ancestral origins The term New Zealand European refers to New Zealand residents of European descent who identify as New Zealand Europeans rather than some more specific European Anglo-Africans are people of primarily Sub-Saharan Africa whose first language is English. Boer (ˈbuːr in Dutch ˈbʊɚ/ /boʊɚ or /ˈbɔr/ in English is the Dutch word for Farmer which came to denote the descendants of the proto Afrikaans

See also

• Ahnenerbe
• Anatolian hypothesis
• Anglo-Saxon
• Apartheid
• Aryan
• Aryan invasion
• Charles Lindbergh
• David Duke
• Ethnocentrism
• European American
• Genetic history of Europe
• Germanic peoples
• Germany
• India
• Indo-European
• Indo-Europeans
• Iran
• Kurgan hypothesis
• Ku Klux Klan
• Madison Grant
• Nordic theory
• Nordish race
• Proto-Indo-European
• Proto-Indo-Europeans
• Racial segregation
• Scandinavism
• White nationalism
• White supremacy

External links

• The Aryan race
• Indo-European Languages
• Aryan by Kim Pearson
• Iranian Branch of the Indo-European Family
• Races and Ethnic Groups of Iran
• Forensic Anthropology