| Arthur Milne | |
 |
|
| Born | February 14, 1896 Hull, Yorkshire, England |
|---|---|
| Died | September 2, 1950 (aged 54) Dublin, Ireland |
Edward Arthur Milne FRS (February 14, 1896 – September 21, 1950) was a British astrophysicist and mathematician. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Kingston upon Hull ( almost invariably referred Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Astrophysics is the branch of Astronomy that deals with the Physics of the Universe, including the physical properties ( Luminosity, A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics.
Milne was born in Hull, Yorkshire, England. Kingston upon Hull ( almost invariably referred Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland He attended Hymers College and from there he won an open scholarship in mathematics and natural science to study at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1914, gaining the largest number of marks which had ever been awarded in the examination. Hymers College is a co-educational independent school located on the site of the old Botanic Gardens of Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, He was a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1919–1925, being assistant director of the solar physics observatory, 1920–1924, mathematical lecturer at Trinity, 1924–1925, and university lecturer in astrophysics, 1922–1925. Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. He was Beyer professor of applied mathematics, Victoria University of Manchester, 1924–1928, before his appointment as Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics and to a fellowship at Wadham College, Oxford, in 1928. The Beyer Chair of Applied Mathematics is an endowed professorial position in the School of Mathematics University of Manchester, England. The Victoria University of Manchester (commonly known as the University of Manchester) was a University in Manchester, England. Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. See also Rouse Ball Professor of English Law The Rouse Ball Professorship of Mathematics is one of the senior chairs in the Mathematics Departments at Wadham College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, located at the southern end of Parks Road Milne's earlier work was in mathematical astrophysics. From 1932 he also worked on the problem of the "expanding universe" and in Relativity, Gravitation, and World-Structure (1935), proposed an alternative to Albert Einstein's general relativity theory. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A non-standard cosmology is any physical cosmological model of the universe that has been or still is proposed as an alternative to the Big bang model Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of Gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916 His later work, concerned with the interior structure of stars, aroused controversy. Milne was president of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1943–1945. The Royal Astronomical Society (RAS is a Learned society that began as the Astronomical Society of London in 1820 to support astronomical research Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar
He died in Dublin, Ireland. Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world
Contents |
Relativity, Gravitation, and World Structure
The main difference between the Milne model of an expanding universe, and the current (Einstein's) model of an expanding universe was that Milne did not assume a priori that the universe has a homogeneous matter distribution. The Milne model was a special relativistic cosmological model proposed by Edward Arthur Milne. He didn't include the gravitation interaction into the model either.
Milne argued that under the context of Einstein's special relativity, and the relativity of simultaneity, that it is impossible for a nonstatic universe to be homogeneous. Namely, if the universe is spreading out, its density is decreasing over time, and that if two regions appeared to be at the same density at the same time to one observer, they would not appear to be the same density at the same time to another observer. However, if each observer measures its local density at the same agreed-upon proper time, the measured density should be the same. In Minkowskian coordinates, this constant proper time forms a hyperbolic surface which extends infinitely to the light-cone of the event of creation. This is true even when proper time approaches 0, the time of the creation. The universe is already infinite at the creation time!
Milne's model (shown below) is, therefore, that of a sphere, with an approximately homogeneous matter distribution within several billion light years of the center which then increases to an infinite density. It can be shown that this infinite density is actually the density of the universe when at the time of the big bang. The spherical distribution is unique in that it is essentially the same after a Lorentz transformation, except that a different stationary particle is at the center. As it is the only distribution that has this property, it is the only distribution which could satisfy the cosmological principle of "no preferred reference frame. " Based on this cosmological principle Milne created a model that can be described entirely within Euclidean geometry.
The plate below shows that as of 1935, using this model, Milne published a prediction of the cosmic background radiation which appears to be of a much different character than that predicted by Eddington. In fact, many passages in Relativity, Gravitation and World Structure are devoted to attacking Eddington's preconceptions.
Honours
Awards
- Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1935)
- Royal Society's Royal Medal (1941)
- Bruce Medal (1945)
Named after him
- Milne crater on the Moon
Books by Milne
- The White Dwarf Stars, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1932. The Gold Medal is the highest award of the Royal Astronomical Society. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 The Royal Medals of the Royal Society of London, also as The Queen's Medals were established by King George IV. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Catherine Wolfe Bruce Gold Medal is awarded every year by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific for outstanding lifetime contributions to Astronomy. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Milne is a large lunar crater that is located in the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon, named after British mathematician and astrophysicist
- Relativity, gravitation and world-structure, Oxford: Claredon Press, 1935.
- The Inverse Square Law of Gravitation, London: Harrison and Son, 1936.
- The Fundamental Concepts of Natural Philosophy, Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1943.
- Kinematic relativity; a sequel to Relativity, gravitation and world structure, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1948.
- Vectorial Mechanics, New York: Interscience Publishers, 1948. Vectorial Mechanics (1948 is a book on vector manipulation (i
- Modern Cosmology and the Christian Idea of God, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952.
- Sir James Jeans: A Biography, Cambridge University Press, 1952.
See also
- Gale, George, "Cosmology: Methodological Debates in the 1930s and 1940s," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP is a freely-accessible Online encyclopedia of Philosophy maintained by Stanford University. Milne was a major player in the cosmological controversies described in this article.
Bibliography (excerpt)
- Thermodynamics of the Stars (1930)
- The White Dwarf Stars (1932)
- Relativity, Gravitation and World-Structure (1935)
- Kinematic Relativity (1948)
External links
- O'Connor, John J. & Robertson, Edmund F. , “Arthur Milne”, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
| Preceded by Sydney Chapman |
Beyer Chair of Applied Mathematics at University of Manchester 1925–1928 |
Succeeded by Douglas Hartree |
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic