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Arthur McDuffie (c. 1946 - 1979) whose death at the hands of Miami-Dade police caused one of the worst riots in United States history. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The Miami-Dade Police Department (MDPD (formerly known as the Metro-Dade Police Department (1981–1997 Dade County Public Safety Department (1957-1981 and the Dade County Sheriff's The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Contents

About McDuffie

McDuffie was an insurance salesman, and had previously been a United States Marine, and a military police officer. Military police ( MPs) are normally the Police of a Military Organization. He had two daughters and was planning to remarry his former wife.

The Incident

In the early morning hours of December 17, 1979, police officers pursued 33-year-old McDuffie who was driving his 1973 black and orange Kawasaki motorcycle. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. ( is an international corporation based in Japan. It has headquarters in both Chūō-ku, Kobe and Minato Tokyo. McDuffie had accumulated traffic citations and was driving with a suspended license. A high-speed chase ensued.

The three white officers involved in the chase (Ira Diggs, William Hanlon, and P. O. Michael Watts) and one Cuban officer, Alex Marrero later filed a report claiming that McDuffie had run a red light and led police on an eight-minute chase. They claimed that, after losing control of his vehicle while making a left turn, McDuffie attempted to flee on foot but was subdued by the officers. McDuffie was accused of kicking Diggs during the scuffle. By the end of the struggle the officers had cracked his skull, in the words of the prosecutor at the trial, "like an egg. "

McDuffie was taken unconscious to a nearby hospital, where he died four days later. The coroner's report concluded that he had suffered multiple skull fractures after being hit by a blunt object. A skull fracture is a break in one or more of the bones in the Skull caused by a Head injury.

The Trial

The four officers were indicted for manslaughter, as well as tampering with or fabricating physical evidence. Marerro's charge was later elevated to second degree murder. The acting director of the Dade County Public Safety Department, Bobby Jones, suspended them on December 27, noting that the four officers had been cited in 47 citizen complaints and 13 internal affairs probes since 1973. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the In addition, two other officers, Herbert Evans, Jr. and Ubaldo Del Toro, were charged with being an accessory to the crime and also fabricating evidence. All of the officers were fired less than a month later.

Due to the volatile atmosphere in Miami, which presiding judge Lenore Carrero Nesbitt had termed a "time bomb," the trial was shifted to Tampa, Florida, where jury selection began on March 31, 1980. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) The lead prosecutor of the case was future U. S. attorney general, Janet Reno. Janet Reno (born July 21, 1938) was the Attorney General of the United States ( 1993 &ndash 2001)

Defense claims that the police were under attack were disputed by fellow officer, Charles Veverka, who had received immunity in exchange for his testimony. Veverka stated that officers hit McDuffie 10-12 times with clubs and fists until he was motionless, then attempted to cover up the attack by using a police car to run over the motorcycle and claim that McDuffie's injuries were the result of an accident.

Hanlon, who had also received immunity, testified that he had choked McDuffie to the ground with his nightstick before Marrero began striking him. Hanlon also backed up Veverka's account by saying he was the officer who had driven over McDuffie's motorcycle. The only defendant Alex Marrero took the stand. The three men who gave sworn statements were Veverka, Hanlon, and Meirs. Yet, Hanlon was able to have federal charges while Veverka was federally charged with a civil rights violation, and subsequently acquitted of federal charges.

On April 25, still another police officer given immunity, Mark Meier, testified that the high-speed chase had slowed to 25 miles per hour when McDuffie shouted, "I give up. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. " Meier then stated that 3-8 officers surrounded McDuffie, pulled off his helmet, and proceeded to beat him with nightsticks, with Marrero striking him at least two times. Yet this testimony clashed with Hanlon's testimony who stated that Marrero struck McDuffie with a flashlight. Because the murder weapon was not identified due to inconsistent witness testimonies, there was enough reasonable doubt to acquit Alex Marrero.

Testimony from one medical examiner stated that McDuffie's injuries were the equivalent of falling out of a four-story building, while Dade County's chief deputy medical examiner, Dr. Ronald Wright, said McDuffie had suffered the worst brain damage he had ever seen in over 3,600 autopsies.

On May 8, Del Toro was acquitted, with Judge Nesbitt saying the state had failed to prove their case. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Nine days later, an all-caucasian six-man jury acquitted the remaining officers on all 13 counts of the indictment after less than three hours of deliberation. Del Toro's arrest demonstrates the desperation of the state and the pressure of the media to receive results, when Judge Lenor Nesbit rendered a directed verdict releasing Del Toro half way through the trial.

The Riots

The verdict sent people pouring into the streets, with approximately 5,000 people attending a protest at the downtown Metro Justice Building. However, by 6:00 p. m. , the protest turned into a riot as three people were killed and at least 23 injured. Several of the injured were in critical condition from being shot, beaten or stabbed.

Florida governor Bob Graham immediately ordered 500 National Guard troops into the area, but despite doubling their presence the next day, 12 more people died and 165 were injured as violence spread to the Black Grove, Overtown, Liberty City and Brownsville sections of town. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Daniel Robert "Bob" Graham (born November 9, 1936) is an American politician In addition, fires, burglaries and looting increased, with police reluctant to enter some areas due to sniper fire.

By the third day, the violence declined as an 8 p. m. to 6 a. m. curfew, coupled with a temporary ban on the sale of firearms and liquor, finally helped get things under control. In addition, Graham sent in an additional 2,500 National Guardsmen.

Local police also set up barracades for parts of Coconut Grove warning motorists. Drivers reported having stones tossed at their cars, the city came to a standstill as billowing smoke could be seen rising from parts of the city and reports of sniper fire at freeway drivers stopped traffic until the guard could restore order.

Aftermath

On May 22, former defendant Michael Watts was rushed to the hospital after a carbon monoxide suicide attempt, although police stated that his attempt was the result of a romantic breakup and not related to the trial. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Meanwhile, the federal government declared Miami a disaster area, allowing the city to receive funds to rebuild.

The following day, the five officers acquitted were reinstated to their jobs after threats of a walkout by the Miami Fraternal Order of Police.

The U. S. Justice Department announced just days after the verdict that it would press for indictments of the policemen for civil rights violations. On July 28, 1980, Veverka was indicted by a federal grand jury, despite having received immunity during the original trial. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason.

The subsequent trial was held in San Antonio, Texas, after Atlanta and New Orleans asked that it be moved from their areas due to the explosive racial component in the case. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana Their reluctance gave rise to the case being nicknamed as "The Trial That Nobody Wants. "

On December 17, Veverka was acquitted in the week-long trial after over 16 hours of deliberation. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Minor incidents of violence were reported in Miami after the verdict was announced.

On November 17, 1981, Dade County commissioners agreed to a $1. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 1 million settlement with McDuffie's family in exchange for dropping their $25 million lawsuit. Of that amount, the family's legal team received $483,833, while McDuffie's children each received $202,500, and his mother, $67,500.

References

External links

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