Arthur I, Duke of Brittany (29 March 1187 Nantes – 1203), was the posthumous son of Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany and Constance, Duchess of Brittany, and designated heir to the throne of the Kingdom of England, originally intended to succeed Richard I. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Nantes (Naoned Gallo: Naunnt) is a city in western France, located on the Loire River, from the Atlantic coast Geoffrey II Duke of Brittany and Earl of Richmond ( 23 September 1158 – 19 August 1186) was Duke of Brittany between 1181 and 1186 Constance of Penthièvre ( Breton: Konstanza Penture or Konstanza Breizh; 1161 – 5 September 1201) was hereditary Duchess of Brittany The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death
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Early life
While Richard was away on the Third Crusade, Constance took more independence for Brittany, and in 1194 had the young Arthur proclaimed its duke as a child of seven years. The Third Crusade (1189&ndash1192 also known as the Kings' Crusade, was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin
When King Richard I died in 1199, his brother John immediately claimed the throne of England, but much of the French nobility refused to recognize him as king, preferring Arthur, who declared himself vassal of Philip Augustus. Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death John (24 December 1167 &ndash 19 October 1216 reigned as a King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A vassal (also called feodary or fedary) in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of Medieval Europe, Philip II Augustus (Philippe Auguste ( 21 August[[ 165]] &ndash 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death This was sufficient provocation for John, who invaded France in 1202.
English invasion and Arthur's capture
Philip II of France recognized Arthur's right to Brittany, Anjou, Maine, and Poitou, Arthur having invaded the last-named. Philip II Augustus (Philippe Auguste ( 21 August[[ 165]] &ndash 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into Anjou is a former County (c 880) Duchy ( 1360) and province centred on the city of Angers in the lower Maine is one of the traditional provinces of France. It corresponds to the old county of Maine centered around the city of Le Mans. Poitou was a province of west-central France whose capital city was Poitiers. But on July 31, 1202 he was surprised by forces of King John of England while besieging Mirabeau, where he was holding his grandmother Eleanor of Aquitaine hostage. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently A king is a male Monarch, or a Head of state, who may or may not depending on the style of government of a nation exercise monarchal powers over a territory usually John (24 December 1167 &ndash 19 October 1216 reigned as a King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death For other Eleanors of England see Eleanor of England (disambiguation Eleanor Duchess of Aquitaine (1122&ndash1 April 1204 Captured by John's Barons, Arthur was imprisoned at Falaise in Normandy, guarded by Hubert de Burgh. Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. At this time his sister Eleanor was also captured and imprisoned at Corfe Castle in Dorset. Eleanor the "Fair Maid of Brittany" (c 1184 &ndash 10 August 1241) was the daughter of Geoffrey Plantagenet and Constance Duchess of Brittany Corfe is a village and Parish in Somerset, England, situated four Miles south of Taunton in the Taunton Deane district Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast The following year he was transferred to Rouen, under the charge of William de Braose, and then vanished mysteriously in April 1203. Rouen (ʁwɑ̃ in French) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital William de Braose 7th Baron Abergavenny and 4th Lord of Bramber (1144/1153 &ndash 9 August 1211 court Favourite of King John, at the peak of his power was also
Disappearance
The puzzle of Arthur's disappearance gave rise to various stories. One account was that Arthur's jailers feared to harm him, and so he was murdered by John directly and his body dumped in the Seine. The Seine (sɛn in French) is a slow flowing major River and commercial waterway within the regions of Île-de-France and Haute-Normandie The Margam annals provide the following account of Arthur's death:
- After King John had captured Arthur and kept him alive in prison for some time, at length, in the castle of Rouen, after dinner on the Thursday before Easter, when he was drunk and possessed by the devil (ebrius et daemonio plenus), he slew him with his own hand, and tying a heavy stone to the body cast it into the Seine. Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year. It was discovered by a fisherman in his net, and being dragged to the bank and recognized, was taken for secret burial, in fear of the tyrant, to the priory of Bec called Notre Dame de Pres. {See Bec Abbey}. Bec Abbey (Abbaye Notre-Dame du Bec in Le Bec-Hellouin, Normandy, France, is a Benedictine monastic foundation in the Eure
William de Braose rose high in John's favour after Arthur's disappearance, receiving new lands and titles in the Welsh Marches, so much so that he was obviously suspected of complicity, and indeed many years later, after conflict with King John, William de Braose's wife Maud de Braose personally and directly accused the King of murdering Arthur, which resulted in Maud and her eldest son, also William, being imprisoned and starved to death in Windsor Castle. The Welsh Marches ( Welsh: Y Mers) is an area along the border of England and Wales on the island of Great Britain, in the current Windsor Castle, in Windsor in the English county of Berkshire, is the largest inhabited Castle in the world and dating back to the time of William de Braose escaped to France, where he was supposed to have published a statement on what happened to Arthur, but no copy has been found. See [1]
Arthur in literature
The death of Arthur is a vital ingredient in Shakespeare's history play King John, in which Arthur is portrayed as a child whose innocence dissuades Hubert de Burgh from committing the murder demanded by King John. William Shakespeare ( baptised The Life and Death of King John, a history play by William Shakespeare, dramatizes the reign of King John of England (ruled 1199&ndash1216 However, Arthur soon dies after jumping from his place of confinement in an escape attempt. In the 19th century the Breton poet Auguste Brizeux wrote of Arthur in La chasse du Prince Arthur.
He is also the principal character of a highly inventive 'alternative history' novel by the eccentric English writer Frederick Rolfe ('Baron Corvo'), entitled Hubert's Arthur, posthumously published by A. J. A. Symons in 1935. Alternate history or alternative history is a subgenre of Speculative fiction (or Science fiction) and Historical fiction Frederick William Rolfe, better known as Baron Corvo, and also calling himself 'Frederick William Serafino Austin Lewis Mary Rolfe' ( July 22, 1860 A J A (in full Alphonse James Albert) Symons ( August 16 1900 - August 26 1941) writer bibliographer and brother of The novel started as a collaboration between Rolfe and Harry Pirie-Gordon, but in the event the latter only supplied the copious heraldic details pertaining to the characters. Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms. This is presented as the lengthy narrative of the aged Hubert de Burgh, who is supposed to have saved Arthur's life and accompanied him on crusade to the Holy Land, where he becomes King of Jerusalem and eventually returns to England, defeats King John and kills his son Henry Plantagenet (the historical Henry III) in single combat. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents The Holy Land ( Arabic: الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah;Ancient Aramaic: ארעא קדישא Ar'a Qaddisha; Hebrew: ארץ_הקודש is a list of Kings of Jerusalem, from 1099 to 1291 as well as claimants to the title up to the present day Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 The remainder of the book details the prosperous reign of King Arthur, his defeat of the Barons under Simon de Montfort, and his eventual miraculous death. Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester (1208 – August 4, 1265) was the principal leader of the Baronial opposition to King Henry III of England Of all Rolfe's novels this one has never been reprinted, no doubt because of the strong strain of anti-semitism, which draws upon the myths of Christian boys martyred by Jews, such as St. Hugh. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ This article is about the boy known as Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln, who was the subject of a Medieval Blood libel in 1255
In the novel Saving Grace by Julie Garwood, the heroine finds documents relating to Arthur's murder, committed under the orders of King John, by two of King John's barons. Julie Garwood (born in 1946 in Kansas City Missouri) is an American Writer of over twenty-five Romance novels in both the historical She marries a Scottish lord, to excape England, but is harassed by both King John's barons, and the English faction hoping to take down King John; each party unsure of how much she knows.
Arthur in music
In 1912 the Breton composer Joseph-Guy Ropartz composed a symphonic poem, La Chasse du Prince Arthur (Prince Arthur's Hunt) after the poem by Brizeux. The Breton folk-rock band Tri Yann have made a song about Arthur's life. Tri Yann are a French band from Nantes ( Breton: Naoned) in the Départment of Loire-Atlantique, Brittany, who The lyrics may be found here. [2] (Note: the words of the song are in Middle French and seem to come from an anonymous manuscript, probably dating from the 1400s). Middle French (le moyen français is a historical division of the French language which covers the period from (roughly 1340 to 1611.
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Arthur I, Duke of Brittany
Born: 29 March 1187 Died: ? 1203 |
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| Peerage of England | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Constance |
Earl of Richmond 1187–1203 |
Succeeded by — |
| English royalty | ||
| Preceded by Richard, Duke of Aquitaine |
Heir to the English Throne as heir presumptive 6 July 1189 - 6 April 1199 |
Succeeded by Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine |
| French nobility | ||
| Preceded by Constance |
Duke of Brittany 1194–1203 |
Succeeded by Alix |
| Preceded by Richard I of England |
Count of Anjou 1199–1203 |
Succeeded by — |
| Family information | ||
|---|---|---|
| Henry II of England
House of Plantagenet
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Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany | Arthur I, Duke of Brittany |
| Eleanor of Aquitaine
House of Poitiers
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| Conan IV, Duke of Brittany
House of Penthievre
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Constance, Duchess of Brittany | |
| Margaret of Huntingdon
House of MacAlpin
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References
- M. The House of Plantagenet (planˈtadʒɪnɪt also called the House of Anjou, or the First Angevin dynasty, was originally a noble The Peerage of England comprises all Peerages created in the Kingdom of England before the Act of Union in 1707. Constance of Penthièvre ( Breton: Konstanza Penture or Konstanza Breizh; 1161 – 5 September 1201) was hereditary Duchess of Brittany The title of Earl of Richmond was created many times in the Peerage of England. The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death This is a list of the individuals who were at any given time considered the next in line to inherit the thrones of England Great Britain or the United Kingdom should the incumbent monarch An heir presumptive is the person provisionally scheduled to inherit a throne peerage or other hereditary honor but whose position can be displaced by the birth of an Heir apparent Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Henry (1173 – 28 April 1227) was count palatine of the Rhine from 6 August 1195 to 1213 The Nobility (la noblesse in France, in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period had specific legal and financial rights and Constance of Penthièvre ( Breton: Konstanza Penture or Konstanza Breizh; 1161 – 5 September 1201) was hereditary Duchess of Brittany Alix of Thouars ( 5 September[[ 201]] &ndash October 21 1221) (in Breton Alis) was the nominal Duchess of Brittany from 1203 to her Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death List of Counts of Anjou First creation 870&ndash1203 House of Ingelger Ingelger (870&ndash898 father The House of Plantagenet (planˈtadʒɪnɪt also called the House of Anjou, or the First Angevin dynasty, was originally a noble Geoffrey II Duke of Brittany and Earl of Richmond ( 23 September 1158 – 19 August 1186) was Duke of Brittany between 1181 and 1186 For other Eleanors of England see Eleanor of England (disambiguation Eleanor Duchess of Aquitaine (1122&ndash1 April 1204 The Duke of Aquitaine ( French: Duc d'Aquitaine) ruled the historical region of Aquitaine under the supremacy of the Frankish and later the Conan IV of Penthièvre (1138 &ndash February 20 1171) ( Breton: Konan V Penteur and Konan Breizh) called "the Young" was Duke In the 11th and 12th centuries the countship of Penthièvre ( Breton: Penteur) in Brittany (now in the department of Côtes-d'Armor) belonged Constance of Penthièvre ( Breton: Konstanza Penture or Konstanza Breizh; 1161 – 5 September 1201) was hereditary Duchess of Brittany The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. Dominica Legge, "William the Marshal and Arthur of Brittany", Historical Research, volume 55 (1982)
- F. M. Powicke, "King John and Arthur of Brittany", The English Historical Review, volume 24 (October 1909), pp. Sir (Frederick Maurice Powicke (1879-1963 was an English medieval historian 659-674
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