Arthur Holly Compton
Arthur Holly Compton on the cover of Time magazine, January 13, 1936. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Born	September 10, 1892(1892-09-10) Wooster, Ohio, USA
Died	March 15, 1962 (aged 69) Berkeley, California, USA
Nationality	United States
Fields	Physics
Institutions	University of Chicago Washington University in St. Louis
Alma mater	College of Wooster Princeton University
Doctoral advisor	Owen Willans Richardson H. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in Northern California, in the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Sir Owen Willans Richardson ( April 26, 1879 - February 15, 1959) was a British Physicist, professor at Princeton L. Cooke
Doctoral students	Winston H. Bostick Robert S. Shankland
Known for	Compton effect Compton length Compton scattering Compton wavelength Compton shift
Notable awards	Nobel Prize for Physics (1927)
Religious stance	Presbyterian
Notes Compton is the son of Elias Compton, brother of Wilson Compton and Karl Taylor Compton, and father of John Joseph Compton. Winston H Bostick ( March 5 1916 - January 19 1991) was an American Physicist who discovered Plasmoids Robert Sherwood Shankland (January 11 1908 - March 1 1982 was an American Physicist and Historian. The Compton shift formula Klein-Nishina formulaCompton used a combination of three fundamental formulas representing the various aspects of classical and modern physics combining The Compton wavelength \lambda \ of a particle is given by \lambda = \frac{h}{m c} = 2 \pi \frac{\hbar}{m c} \, where The Compton shift formula Klein-Nishina formulaCompton used a combination of three fundamental formulas representing the various aspects of classical and modern physics combining The Compton wavelength \lambda \ of a particle is given by \lambda = \frac{h}{m c} = 2 \pi \frac{\hbar}{m c} \, where The Compton shift formula Klein-Nishina formulaCompton used a combination of three fundamental formulas representing the various aspects of classical and modern physics combining The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Karl Taylor Compton ( September 14, 1887 &ndash June 22, 1954) was a prominent American Physicist and president of

Arthur Holly Compton (September 10, 1892 – March 15, 1962) was an American physicist and Nobel laureate in physics for his discovery of the Compton effect. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The Compton shift formula Klein-Nishina formulaCompton used a combination of three fundamental formulas representing the various aspects of classical and modern physics combining He served as Chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis from 1945 to 1953.

Biography

Early years

Arthur Holly Compton was born in Wooster, Ohio in 1892 to Elias and Otelia Compton. They were an academic family; his father Elias Compton was dean of The University of Wooster (later The College of Wooster), which Arthur attended. His eldest brother Karl Taylor Compton also attended The University of Wooster, became a physicist, and was later president of MIT; his second brother Wilson M. Karl Taylor Compton ( September 14, 1887 &ndash June 22, 1954) was a prominent American Physicist and president of Compton became a diplomat and president of the State College of Washington, later Washington State University. Washington State University ( WSU) is an American public Research university in Pullman, Washington. Around 1913, Compton devised a demonstration method for the Earth's rotation. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 A rotation is a movement of an object in a circular motion A two- Dimensional object rotates around a center (or point) of rotation

In 1918, Compton began studying X-ray scattering. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation. In 1922, Compton found that X-rays wavelength increases due to scattering of the radiant energy by "free electrons". Radiant energy is the Energy of Electromagnetic waves The quantity of radiant energy may be calculated by integrating Radiant flux (or power In Solid-state physics, the free electron model is a simple model for the behaviour of Valence electrons in a Crystal structure of a Metallic Scattered quanta have less energy than the quanta of the original ray. This discovery, known as the "Compton effect," or "Compton scattering" demonstrates the "particle" concept of electromagnetic radiation and earned Compton the Nobel Prize in physics in 1927. The Compton shift formula Klein-Nishina formulaCompton used a combination of three fundamental formulas representing the various aspects of classical and modern physics combining Particle physics is a branch of Physics that studies the elementary constituents of Matter and Radiation, and the interactions between them Electromagnetic radiation takes the form of self-propagating Waves in a Vacuum or in Matter. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Compton developed the method for observing at the same instant individual scattered X-ray photons and the recoil electrons (developed with Alfred W. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation. In Physics, the photon is the Elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena This article is about backward Momentum produced in firearms when fired The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J Simon). In Germany, Walther Bothe and Hans Geiger independently developed a similar method. Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe (8 January 1891 in Oranienburg &ndash 8 February 1957 in Heidelberg) was a German nuclear physicst Johannes (Hans Wilhelm Geiger ( September 30, 1882 &ndash September 24, 1945) was a German Physicist.

Wartime activities

In 1941, along with Vannevar Bush, head of the wartime Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), and Ernest Lawrence, the inventor of the cyclotron, Compton helped to take over the then-stagnant American program to develop an atomic bomb. Vannevar Bush ( March 11, 1890 &ndash June 30, 1974; pronounced "VAN-ee-var" ˈvæˌniː The Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD was an agency of the United States federal government created to coordinate scientific research for military purposes Ernest Orlando Lawrence ( August 8, 1901 – August 27, 1958) was an American physicist and Nobel Laureate best known for his A cyclotron is a type of Particle accelerator. Cyclotrons accelerate Charged particles using a high- Frequency, alternating Voltage (potential A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Compton was placed in charge of the OSRD's S-1 Committee charged with investigating the properties and manufacture of uranium. The S-1 Uranium Committee was a Committee of the National Defense Research Committee that superseded the Briggs Advisory Committee on Uranium and later evolved into Uranium (jʊˈreɪniəm is a silvery-gray Metallic Chemical element in the In 1942, Compton appointed Robert Oppenheimer as the Committee's top theorist. The word theory has many distinct meanings in different fields of Knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. When the Committee's work was taken over by the Army in the summer of 1942, it became the Manhattan Project. An army (from Latin Armata "act of arming" via Old French armée) in the broadest sense is the land-based Armed forces The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb

Immediately after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Compton gained support for consolidating plutonium research at the University of Chicago and for an ambitious schedule that called for producing the first atomic bomb in January 1945, a goal that was missed by only six months. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Pearl Harbor is a Harbor on the Island of O{{okina}}ahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. "Metallurgical Laboratory" or "Met Lab" was the "cover" name given to Compton's facility. The Metallurgical Laboratory or "Met Lab" at the University of Chicago was part of the World War II –era Manhattan Project, created by the Its objectives were to produce chain-reacting "piles" of uranium to convert to plutonium, find ways to separate the plutonium from the uranium and to design a bomb. A chain reaction is a sequence of Reactions where a reactive product or by-product causes additional reactions to take place In December 1942, underneath Chicago's Stagg Field, a team of Met Lab scientists directed by Enrico Fermi achieved a sustained chain reaction in the world's first nuclear reactor. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Alonzo Stagg Field is the name of two different football fields for the University of Chicago. This article is a subarticle of Nuclear power. A nuclear reactor is a device in which Nuclear chain reactions are initiated controlled Throughout the war, Compton would remain a prominent scientific advisor and administrator.

Washington University in St. Louis

Compton returned to Washington University in St. Louis, where he had served as Head of the Department of Physics from 1920 to 1923, when he was inaugurated as the university's ninth Chancellor in 1946.

During Compton's time as Chancellor, the university formally desegregated its undergraduate divisions in 1952, named its first female full professor, and enrolled a record number of students as wartime veterans returned to the United States. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. His reputation and connections in national scientific circles allowed him to recruit many nationally renowned scientific researchers to the university. Despite Compton's accomplishments, he was criticized then, and subsequently by historians, for moving slowly toward full racial integration, making Washington University the last major institution of higher learning in St. Louis to open its doors to African Americans. Racial integration, or simply integration includes Desegregation (the process of ending systematic Racial segregation) African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa ^[1]

Compton resigned as Chancellor in 1953, but remained on the faculty until his retirement in 1961.

Personal details

Along with being an academic his father was a Presbyterian clergyman. At least for a time Arthur Compton was a deacon at a Baptist Church. He also played the mandolin and was a scientific glassblower. ^[2]

Legacy

Compton is buried in the Wooster Cemetery in Wooster, Ohio. Compton crater on the Moon is co-named for Arthur Compton and his brother Karl. Compton is a prominent lunar crater that is located in the northern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. Karl Taylor Compton ( September 14, 1887 &ndash June 22, 1954) was a prominent American Physicist and president of The physics research building at Washington University in St Louis is named in his honor. The University of Chicago Residence Halls remembered Compton and his achievements by dedicating Compton House in his honor. Compton also has a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame. The St Louis Walk of Fame honors well-known people from St Louis Missouri who made contributions to Culture of the United States.

The Arthur H. Compton House in Chicago is listed as a National Historic Landmark. The Arthur H Compton House, in Chicago Illinois, was the residence of professor Arthur Compton from the late 1920s until 1945 Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. A National Historic Landmark (NHL is a Building, site, Structure, Object, or District, that is officially recognized by the

Compton also invented a more gentle, elongated, and ramped version of the speed bump called a "Holly hump," many of which are on the roads of the Washington University in St. Louis campus. A speed bump (in British English a speed hump, road hump or sleeping policeman) is a velocity-reducing feature of road design to

NASA's Compton Gamma Ray Observatory was named in honor of Compton. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program The Compton effect is central to the gamma ray detection instruments aboard the observatory. Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions

Bibliography

• Compton, Arthur (1918). "American Physical Society address (Dec 1917)", Physical Review, Series II.
• Compton, Arthur (1923). "A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-Rays by Light Elements", Physical Review, 21(5), 483 – 502.
• Compton, Arthur (1935). The Freedom of Man, New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Compton, Arthur (1940). The Human Meaning of Science, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
• Compton, Arthur (1956). Atomic Quest, New York: Oxford University Press.
• Compton, Arthur (1967). The Cosmos of Arthur Holly Compton, New York: Alfred A. Knopf; edited by Marjorie Johnston
• Compton, Arthur (1973). Scientific Papers of Arthur Holly Compton, Chicago: University of Chicago Press; edited by Robert S. Shankland.

References

1. ^ Amy M. Pfeiffenberger, "Democracy at Home: The Struggle to Desegregate Washington University in the Postwar Era," Gateway-Heritage (Missouri Historical Society), vol. 10, no. 3 (Winter 1989), pp. 17-24.
2. ^ Time Magazine: January 13, 1936

External links

• Arthur Compton biographical entry at Washington University in Saint Louis
• Arthur Compton Annotated bibliography from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
• Arthur Compton at Find A Grave