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Sir Arthur C. Clarke, CBE

Arthur C. Clarke at his home office in Colombo, Sri Lanka, 28 March 2005
Born 16 December 1917(1917-12-16)
Minehead, Somerset, United Kingdom
Died 19 March 2008 (aged 90)
Colombo, Sri Lanka
Pen name Charles Willis,[1]
E. Colombo ( Sinhala:, ˈkoləmbə Tamil: கொழும்பு is the largest city and commercial capital of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Minehead is a coastal Town and Civil parish in the west of the the English county of Somerset. Somerset ( or) is a county in south west England The County town is Taunton, which is in the south of the county The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Colombo ( Sinhala:, ˈkoləmbə Tamil: கொழும்பு is the largest city and commercial capital of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a Pseudonym adopted by an Author or their publishers to conceal their identity G. O'Brien[1]
Occupation Author, Inventor
Nationality British and
Sri Lankan
Genres Hard Science Fiction, Popular Science
Subjects Science
Notable work(s) Childhood's End
2001: A Space Odyssey
The City and the Stars
The Songs of Distant Earth
Rendezvous with Rama
The Fountains of Paradise
Spouse(s) Marilyn Mayfield (1953-1964)
Influences
Influenced
Official website

Arthur Charles Clarke, (CBE, Sri Lankabhimanya)(16 December 1917–19 March 2008), was a British science fiction author, inventor, and futurist, most famous for the novel 2001: A Space Odyssey, written in collaboration with director Stanley Kubrick, a collaboration which led also to the film of the same name; and as a host and commentator in the British television series Mysterious World. Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created An inventor is a person who creates or discovers a new method form device or other useful means Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island A literary genre is a category of literary composition Genres may be determined by Literary technique, tone, Content, or even (as in the case of fiction Hard science fiction is a category of Science fiction characterized by an emphasis on scientific or technical detail or on scientific accuracy or on both For the 1935-1949 film series see Popular Science (film. Popular Science is an American monthly Magazine founded in 1872 Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Childhood's End is a Science fiction novel by Sir Arthur C Clarke, dealing with the role of Mind in the cosmos and the plausible implications 2001 A Space Odyssey is a science-fiction story produced in 1968 as both a film (directed by Stanley Kubrick) and a novel (written by Arthur C The City and the Stars (1956 is a Science fiction novel by Arthur C Songs of Distant Earth is the common title of several Science fiction works by Arthur C Rendezvous with Rama is a novel by Arthur C Clarke first published in 1972. The Fountains of Paradise is a 1979 novel by Arthur C Clarke. Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 &ndash 13 August 1946 He was an outspoken socialist and a pacifist, his later works becoming increasingly political Jules Gabriel Verne ( February 8 1828 &ndash March 24 1905) was a French Author who pioneered the science-fiction Edward John Moreton Drax Plunkett 18th Baron of Dunsany ( 24 July 1878 &ndash 25 October 1957) was an Anglo-Irish writer and William Olaf Stapledon ( May 10, 1886 &ndash September 6, 1950) was a British philosopher and author of several influential works Stephen Baxter (born 13 November 1957 is a British Hard science fiction Author. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British Order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. Sri Lankabhimanya (The Pride of Sri Lanka is the highest National Honour of Sri Lanka awarded by the President of Sri Lanka on behalf the Government of Sri Lanka Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common British people, or Britons, are the native inhabitants of Great Britain and their descendants or citizens of the United Kingdom, of the An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created An inventor is a person who creates or discovers a new method form device or other useful means Futures Studies, Foresight, or Futurology is the science art and practice of postulating possible probable and preferable futures and the worldviews For other uses see 2001 A Space Odyssey. 2001 A Space Odyssey ( 1968) is a Science fiction Novel 2001 A Space Odyssey is a 1968 Science fiction film directed by Stanley Kubrick, written by Kubrick and Arthur C Arthur C Clarke's Mysterious World was an acclaimed thirteen part television series looking at unexplained phenomena from around the world [2][3]

Clarke served in the Royal Air Force as a radar instructor and technician from 1941-1946, proposed satellite communication systems in 1945[4][5] which won him the Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Gold Medal in 1963 and a nomination in 1994 for a Nobel Prize, and 1999 for literature [6], and became the chairman of the British Interplanetary Society from 1947-1950 and again in 1953. Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships This article is about artificial satellites For natural satellites also known as moons see Natural satellite. This article is about the science museum in Philadelphia For the Boston school see Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology. Charles Stuart Ballantine (September 22 1897 - May 7 1944 better known as Stuart Ballantine, was a noted American Inventor. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature The British Interplanetary Society (BIS founded in 1933 by Mr [7] Later, he helped fight for the preservation of lowland gorillas[8][9]. Gorillas, the largest of the living Primates are ground-dwelling Herbivores that inhabit the Forests of Africa. He won the UNESCO-Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science in 1961. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 The Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science is an Award given by UNESCO for exceptional skill in presenting scientific ideas to lay people. [10]

Clarke was knighted in 1998. The rank of Knight Bachelor is a part of the British honours system. [11] He emigrated to Sri Lanka in 1956 largely to pursue his interest in scuba diving,[12] and lived there until his death. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Scuba diving is swimming underwater, or taking part in another activity while using a Scuba set.

Contents

Biography

Clarke was born in Minehead, Somerset, England. Minehead is a coastal Town and Civil parish in the west of the the English county of Somerset. Somerset ( or) is a county in south west England The County town is Taunton, which is in the south of the county England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland [13] As a boy he enjoyed stargazing and reading old American science fiction pulp magazines. Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Pulp magazines (or pulp fiction; often referred to as "the pulps" were inexpensive Fiction magazines After secondary school and studying at Huish's Grammar School, Taunton, he was unable to afford a university education and got a job as an auditor in the pensions section of the Board of Education. Richard Huish College is named after Richard Huish who originally established the college as a Grammar school for boys in the 18th century A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects The most general definition of an audit is an evaluation of a person organization system process project or product A pension is a steady income given to a person upon Retirement, typically in the form of a guaranteed annuity. A board of education or a school Board or school committee is the title of the Board of directors of a school local School district [14]

During the Second World War he served in the Royal Air Force as a radar specialist and was involved in the early warning radar defence system, which contributed to the RAF's success during the Battle of Britain. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships The Battle of Britain (German ''Luftschlacht um England'' is the name given to the sustained strategic effort by the German Luftwaffe during the summer and Clarke spent most of his wartime service working on Ground Controlled Approach (GCA) radar as documented in the semi-autobiographical Glide Path, his only non-science-fiction novel. In Aviation a ground-controlled approach (GCA is a type of service provided by air-traffic controllers whereby they guide aircraft to a safe landing in adverse weather conditions Glide Path is a novel by Arthur C Clarke, published in 1963 Clarke's only non- Science fiction novel it is set during World War II Although GCA did not see much practical use in the war, it proved vital to the Berlin Airlift of 1948–1949 after several years of development. The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 11 May 1949 was one of the first major international crises of the Cold war. Clarke initially served in the ranks, and was a Corporal instructor on radar at No 9 Radio School, RAF Yatesbury. Corporal is a rank in use in some form by most militaries and also by some police forces or other uniformed organizations Yatesbury is a village adjacent to Cherhill, 1 mile north of the A4 road between Calne and Marlborough in Wiltshire, England. He was commissioned as a Pilot Officer (Technical Branch) on 27 May 1943. Pilot Officer ( Plt Off officially in the RAF PLTOFF in the RAAF and RNZAF P/O in the former RCAF and frequently in the RAF is the lowest commissioned Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [15] He was promoted Flying Officer on 27 November 1943. Flying Officer ( Fg Off in the RAF FLGOFF in the RAAF FGOFF in the RNZAF F/O in the former RCAF and frequently in the RAF is a junior commissioned Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [16] He was appointed chief training instructor at RAF Honiley and was demobilised with the rank of Flight Lieutenant. RAF Honiley was a Royal Air Force station located in Wroxall Warwickshire seven miles (11 km southwest of Coventry, England. Demob redirects here For the television series see Demob (TV series. Flight Lieutenant ( Flt Lt in the RAF; FLTLT in the RAAF and RNZAF, F/L in the former RCAF) is a junior After the war he earned a first-class degree in mathematics and physics at King's College London. A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of Higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. King's College London is a British Higher education institution and co-founding constituent college of the federal University of London.

In the postwar years, Clarke became the chairman of the British Interplanetary Society from 1947-1950 and again in 1953. [6][17] Although he was not the originator of the concept of geostationary satellites, one of his most important contributions may be his idea that they would be ideal telecommunications relays. A geosynchronous satellite is a Satellite whose orbital track on the Earth repeats regularly over points on the Earth over time He advanced this idea in a paper privately circulated among the core technical members of the BIS in 1945. The concept was published in Wireless World in October of that year. Wireless World was the pre-eminent British Magazine for Radio and Electronics enthusiasts [18][19][20] Clarke also wrote a number of non-fiction books describing the technical details and societal implications of rocketry and space flight. The most notable of these may be The Exploration of Space (1951) and The Promise of Space (1968). In recognition of these contributions the geostationary orbit 36,000 kilometres (22,000 mi) above the equator is officially recognized by the International Astronomical Union as a "Clarke Orbit". A geostationary orbit (GEO is a Geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth 's Equator (0° Latitude) with a period equal to the Earth's [21]

In 1953 Clarke met and quickly married Marilyn Mayfield, a 22-year-old American divorcee with a young son. Divorcée, or Divorcee, refers to a woman whose marriage ended in Divorce, a legal dissolution of marriage before death of either spouse They separated permanently after six months, although the divorce was not finalised until 1964. [22] "The marriage was incompatible from the beginning", says Clarke. [22] Clarke never remarried but was close to Leslie Ekanayake, who died in 1977. Journalists who inquired of Clarke whether he was gay were told, "No, merely mildly cheerful. A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends "[23] However, Michael Moorcock has written, "Everyone knew he was gay. Michael John Moorcock (born 18 December 1939, in London) is an English writer primarily of Science fiction and fantasy who has also In the 1950s I'd go out drinking with his boyfriend. "[24]

Writing career

While Clarke had a few stories published in fanzines, between 1937 and 1945, his first professional sales appeared in Astounding Science Fiction in 1946: "Loophole" was published in April, while "Rescue Party", his first sale, was published in May. A fanzine (see also Zine) is a nonprofessional publication produced by fans of a particular cultural phenomenon (such as a literary or musical genre for the pleasure Analog Science Fiction and Fact is an American Science fiction Magazine. Loophole is a Science fiction Short story written by Arthur C " Rescue Party " is a Short story by Arthur C Clarke, first published in Astounding Science Fiction in May 1946 Along with his writing Clarke briefly worked as Assistant Editor of Science Abstracts (1949) before devoting himself to writing full-time from 1951 onward. The first issue of Science Abstracts was published in January 1898 Clarke also contributed to the Dan Dare series published in Eagle, and his first three published novels were written for children. Dan Dare is a classic British Science fiction comic hero created by illustrator Frank Hampson.

Clarke corresponded with C. S. Lewis in the 1940s and 1950s and they once met in an Oxford pub, The Eastgate, to discuss science fiction and space travel. Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963 The Eastgate Hotel (aka The Eastgate locally was originally a 17th century Coaching inn on the south side of the High Street in central Oxford Clarke, after Lewis's death, voiced great praise for him, saying the Ransom Trilogy was one of the few works of science fiction that could be considered literature. The Space Trilogy, Cosmic Trilogy or Ransom Trilogy is a Trilogy of three Science fiction novels by

In 1948 he wrote "The Sentinel" for a BBC competition. " The Sentinel " is a Short story by Arthur C Clarke, famous for being expanded (and extensively modified into the novel and movie 2001 A Space Though the story was rejected it changed the course of Clarke's career. Not only was it the basis for A Space Odyssey, but "The Sentinel" also introduced a more mystical and cosmic element to Clarke's work. 2001 A Space Odyssey is a 1968 Science fiction film directed by Stanley Kubrick, written by Kubrick and Arthur C Many of Clarke's later works feature a technologically advanced but prejudiced mankind being confronted by a superior alien intelligence. In the cases of The City and the Stars (and its original version, Against the Fall of Night), Childhood's End, and the 2001 series, this encounter produces a conceptual breakthrough that accelerates humanity into the next stage of its evolution. The City and the Stars (1956 is a Science fiction novel by Arthur C Childhood's End is a Science fiction novel by Sir Arthur C Clarke, dealing with the role of Mind in the cosmos and the plausible implications In Clarke's authorized biography, Neil McAleer writes that: "many readers and critics still consider [Childhood's End] Arthur C. Clarke's best novel. "[22]

Clarke lived in Sri Lanka from 1956 until his death in 2008, having emigrated there when it was still called Ceylon, first in Unawatuna on the south coast, and then in Colombo. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Unawatuna is a Beach Resort, located on the southern Coast of Sri Lanka. Colombo ( Sinhala:, ˈkoləmbə Tamil: கொழும்பு is the largest city and commercial capital of Sri Lanka. [23] Clarke held citizenship of both the UK and Sri Lanka. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island [25] He was an avid scuba diver and a member of the Underwater Explorers Club. Harold Penman was a Businessman and founder of The Underwater Explorers Club The Underwater Explorers Club collapsed when Harold Penman ran out of money and many Living in Sri Lanka afforded him the opportunity to visit the ocean year-round. It also inspired the locale for his novel The Fountains of Paradise in which he described a space elevator. The Fountains of Paradise is a 1979 novel by Arthur C Clarke. A space elevator is a proposed structure designed to transport Material from a celestial body 's Surface into space. This, he believed, ultimately will be his legacy, more so than geostationary satellites, once space elevators make space shuttles obsolete. [26]

His many predictions culminated in 1958 when he began a series of essays in various magazines that eventually became Profiles of the Future published in book form in 1962. A timetable[27] up to the year 2100 describes inventions and ideas including such things as a "global library" for 2005.

Early in his career Clarke had a fascination with the paranormal and stated that it was part of the inspiration for his novel Childhood's End. Paranormal is an Umbrella term used to describe unusual Phenomena or experiences that lack an obvious Scientific explanation He also said that he was one of several who were fooled by a Uri Geller demonstration at Birkbeck College. Uri Geller (אורי גלר born György Gellér ( Hungarian name December 20, 1946) is an Israeli British performer Birkbeck University of London, sometimes referred to by its former (and still legal name Birkbeck College or by the abbreviation BBK, is a constituent college Although he eventually dismissed and distanced himself from nearly all pseudoscience he continued to advocate research into psychokinesis and similar phenomena. Pseudoscience is defined as a body of knowledge methodology belief or practice that is claimed to be Scientific or made to appear scientific but does not adhere to the The term psychokinesis (from the Greek ψυχή, "psyche" meaning mind soul heart or breath; and κίνησις, "kinesis"

Last years

In the early 1970s Clarke signed a three-book publishing deal, a record for a science-fiction writer at the time. The first of the three was Rendezvous with Rama in 1973, which won him all the main genre awards and has spawned sequels that, along with the 2001 series, formed the backbone of his later career. Rendezvous with Rama is a novel by Arthur C Clarke first published in 1972.

In 1975 Clarke's short story "The Star" was not included in a new high school English textbook in Sri Lanka because of concerns that it might offend Roman Catholics even though it had already been selected. "The Star" is a science fiction short story by Arthur C English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island The same textbook also caused controversy because it replaced Shakespeare's work with that of Bob Dylan, John Lennon and Isaac Asimov. William Shakespeare ( baptised Bob Dylan (born Robert Zimmerman, May 24 1941 in Duluth, Minnesota) is an American singer-songwriter author poet and painter who has been a major John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (born Isaac Asimov (c January 2 1920 &ndash April 6 1992 ˈaɪzək ˈæzɪmʌv originally Исаак Озимов but now transcribed into Russian as, was a Russian

In the 1980s Clarke became well known to many for his television programmes Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World, Arthur C. Clarke's World of Strange Powers and Arthur C. Arthur C Clarke's Mysterious World was an acclaimed thirteen part television series looking at unexplained phenomena from around the world Arthur C Clarke's World of Strange Powers was a popular thirteen part television series looking at strange worlds of the paranormal Clarke's Mysterious Universe.

In 1986 he was named a Grand Master by the Science Fiction Writers of America. The Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award is an Award given by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. Science Fiction Writers of America, or SFWA (ˈsɪfwə or /ˈsɛfwə/ was founded in 1965 by Damon Knight. [28]

In 1988 he was diagnosed with post-polio syndrome, having originally contracted polio in 1959, and needed to use a wheelchair most of the time thereafter. Post-polio syndrome ( PPS) sometimes termed Middle age onset Post-polio syndrome is a condition that affects survivors of Poliomyelitis, a viral Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute viral Infectious disease spread from person to person primarily via [23] Sir Arthur C Clarke was for many years a Vice Patron of the British Polio Fellowship. [29]

In the 1989 Queen's Birthday Honours Clarke was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) "for services to British cultural interests in Sri Lanka". The Queen's Birthday Honours (or King's Birthday Honours when the monarch is male is a civic occasion on the celebration of the Queen's Official Birthday in which The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British Order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. [30] The same year he became the first Chancellor of the International Space University, serving from 1989 to 2004 and he also served as Chancellor of Moratuwa University in Sri Lanka from 1979 to 2002. International Space University is a private University founded in 1987 by Peter Diamandis, Todd B The University of Moratuwa, located on the banks of the Bolgoda Lake in Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, is the top technical university in Sri Lanka Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island

In 1994, Clarke appeared in a science fiction film; he portrayed himself in the telefilm Without Warning, an American production about an apocalyptic alien first contact scenario presented in the form of a faux newscast. This article is about the 1994 science fiction made-for-TV film

On 26 May 2000 he was made a Knight Bachelor "for services to literature" at a ceremony in Colombo. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The rank of Knight Bachelor is a part of the British honours system. [31] The award of a knighthood had been announced in the 1998 New Year Honours,[32] but investiture with the award had been delayed, at Clarke's request, because of an accusation, by the British tabloid The Sunday Mirror, of paedophilia. The British honours system is a means of rewarding individuals' personal bravery achievement or service to the United Kingdom. The Daily Mirror, often referred to simply as The Mirror, is a British Tabloid daily Newspaper founded in 1903 [33] [34] The charge was subsequently found to be baseless by the Sri Lankan police. [35][36][37][38][39][40] According to The Daily Telegraph (London), the Mirror subsequently published an apology. For "The Daily Telegraph" in Australia see The Daily Telegraph (Australia. [41] Clarke was then duly knighted.

In September 2007, he provided a video greeting for NASA's Cassini probe's flyby of Iapetus (which plays an important role in 2001: A Space Odyssey). The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program Cassini–Huygens is a joint NASA / ESA / ASI Robotic spacecraft mission currently studying the planet Saturn and its TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Iapetus (aɪˈæpɨtəs, or as in Greek For other uses see 2001 A Space Odyssey. 2001 A Space Odyssey ( 1968) is a Science fiction Novel [42]

In December 2007 on his 90th birthday, Clarke recorded a video message to his friends and fans bidding them good-bye. [43]

Clarke died in Sri Lanka on 19 March 2008 after suffering from breathing problems, according to Rohan de Silva, one of his aides,[44][45][23][46] only a few days after he had reviewed the final manuscript of his latest work, The Last Theorem, co-written with Frederik Pohl. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The Last Theorem is an Arthur C Clarke Science fiction novel co-written with author Frederik Pohl, published on August 5 Frederik George Pohl Jr (born November 26, 1919) is a American Science fiction writer, editor and fan, with a career [47] He was buried in Colombo in traditional Sri Lankan fashion on March 22, with his younger brother, Fred Clarke, and his Sri Lankan adoptive family among the thousands in attendance. Colombo ( Sinhala:, ˈkoləmbə Tamil: கொழும்பு is the largest city and commercial capital of Sri Lanka. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. [48]

Position on religion

Themes of religion and spirituality appear in much of Clarke's writing. In 2000, Clarke told the Sri Lankan newspaper, The Island, "I don't believe in God or an afterlife,"[49] and he identifies himself as an atheist. [50] He was honoured as a Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism. [51] He has also described himself as a "crypto-Buddhist", insisting that Buddhism is not a religion. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices [52] He displayed little interest about religion early in his life, for example, only discovering a few months after marrying his wife, that she had strong Presbyterian beliefs. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity

In a three-day interview described as "a dialogue on man and his world" with Alan Watts, Clarke said that he could not forgive religions for the atrocities and wars over time and admitted a bias against religion in a 1972 interview. Alan Wilson Watts ( January 6, 1915 &ndash November 16, 1973) was a British Philosopher, Writer, speaker and Bias is a term used to describe a Tendency or Preference towards a particular perspective, Ideology or result especially when the tendency interferes [53]

In a reflection of the dialogue where he more broadly stated "mankind", his introduction to the penultimate episode of Mysterious World, entitled, Strange Skies, Clarke said,

I sometimes think that the universe is a machine designed for the perpetual astonishment of astronomers.

Near the very end of that same episode, the last segment of which covered the Star of Bethlehem, he stated that his favourite theory was that it might be a pulsar. See also Star of Bethlehem (plant. The Star of Bethlehem, also called the Christmas Star, is a star in Christian tradition Pulsars are highly magnetized rotating Neutron stars that emit a beam of Electromagnetic radiation in the form of radio waves Given that pulsars were discovered in the interval between his writing the short story, The Star (1955), and making Mysterious World (1980), and given the more recent discovery of pulsar PSR B1913+16, he said,

How romantic, if even now, we can hear the dying voice of a star, which heralded the Christian era. "The Star" is a science fiction short story by Arthur C PSR B1913+16 (also known as J1915+1606 is a Pulsar in a Binary star system, in orbit with another star around a common center of mass

Clark left written instructions for a funeral that stated:

Absolutely no religious rites of any kind, relating to any religious faith, should be associated with my funeral. A funeral is a Ceremony marking a person's Death. Funerary customs comprise the complex of Beliefs and practices used by a Culture to remember [54]

Themes, style, and influences

Clarke's work is marked by an optimistic view of science empowering mankind's exploration of the solar system. His early published stories would usually feature the extrapolation of a technological innovation or scientific breakthrough into the underlying decadence of his own society.

"The Sentinel" (1948) introduced a religious theme to Clarke's work, a theme that he later explored more deeply in The City and the Stars (and its earlier version, Against the Fall of Night). " The Sentinel " is a Short story by Arthur C Clarke, famous for being expanded (and extensively modified into the novel and movie 2001 A Space His interest in the paranormal was influenced by Charles Fort and embraced the belief that humanity may be the property of an ancient alien civilisation. Paranormal is an Umbrella term used to describe unusual Phenomena or experiences that lack an obvious Scientific explanation Charles Hoy Fort ( 6 August, 1874 &ndash 3 May, 1932) was a Dutch-American writer and researcher into anomalous phenomena Surprisingly for a writer who is often held up as an example of hard science fiction's obsession with technology, three of Clarke's novels have this as a theme. Another theme of "The Sentinel" was the notion that the evolution of an intelligent species would eventually make them something close to gods, which was also explored in his 1953 novel Childhood's End. Childhood's End is a Science fiction novel by Sir Arthur C Clarke, dealing with the role of Mind in the cosmos and the plausible implications He also briefly touched upon this idea in his novel Imperial Earth. This idea of transcendence through evolution seems to have been influenced by Olaf Stapledon, who wrote a number of books dealing with this theme. William Olaf Stapledon ( May 10, 1886 &ndash September 6, 1950) was a British philosopher and author of several influential works Clarke has said of Stapledon's 1930 book Last and First Men that "No other book had a greater influence on my life . Last and First Men A Story of the Near and Far Future is a Science fiction novel written in 1930 by the British author Olaf Stapledon. . . [It] and its successor Star Maker (1937) are the twin summits of [Stapledon's] literary career". [55]

Adapted screenplays

2001: A Space Odyssey

Clarke's first venture into film was the Stanley Kubrick directed 2001: A Space Odyssey. 2001 A Space Odyssey is a 1968 Science fiction film directed by Stanley Kubrick, written by Kubrick and Arthur C Kubrick and Clarke had met in 1964 to discuss the possibility of a collaborative film project. As the idea developed, it was decided that the story for the film was to be loosely based on Clarke's short story "The Sentinel", written in 1948 as an entry in a BBC short story competition. " The Sentinel " is a Short story by Arthur C Clarke, famous for being expanded (and extensively modified into the novel and movie 2001 A Space Originally, Clarke was going to write the screenplay for the film, but this proved to be more tedious than he had estimated. Instead, Kubrick and Clarke decided it would be best to write a novel first and then adapt it for the film upon its completion. However, as Clarke was finishing the book, the screenplay was also being written simultaneously.

Clarke's influence on the directing of 2001: A Space Odyssey is also felt in one of the most memorable scenes in the movie when astronaut Bowman shuts down HAL by removing modules from service one by one. HAL 9000 ( Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic Computer is a fictional Computer in Arthur C As this happens, we witness HAL's consciousness degrading. By the time HAL's logic is completely gone, he begins singing the song Daisy Bell. This song was chosen based on a visit by Clarke to his friend and colleague John Pierce at the Bell Labs Murray Hill facility. John Robinson Pierce ( March 27, 1910 &ndash April 2, 2002) was an American Engineer and Author. Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the Research organization Murray Hill is an unincorporated area within portions of both Berkeley Heights and New Providence, located in Union County in north-central A speech synthesis demonstration by physicist John Larry Kelly, Jr was taking place. Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. John Larry Kelly Jr (1923 &ndash 1965 was a scientist who worked at Bell Labs. Kelly was using an IBM 704 computer to synthesise speech. The IBM 704, the first mass-produced Computer with Floating point arithmetic hardware was introduced by IBM in April 1954. His voice recorder synthesiser vocoder reproduced the vocal for Daisy Bell, with musical accompaniment from Max Mathews. A vocoder, ˈvoʊkoʊdər (a Portmanteau of vox/voc ( voice) and encoder) is an analysis / synthesis system mostly used for speech in which the input is Max Vernon Mathews (* November 13, 1926, in Columbus, Nebraska) is a pioneer in the world of Computer music. Arthur C. Clarke was so impressed that he later told Kubrick to use it in this climactic scene. [56]

Due to the hectic schedule of the film's production, Kubrick and Clarke had difficulty collaborating on the book. Clarke completed a draft of the novel at the end of 1964 with the plan to publish in 1965 in advance of the film's release in 1966. After many delays the film was released in the spring of 1968, before the book was completed. The book was credited to Clarke alone. Clarke later complained that this had the effect of making the book into a novelisation, that Kubrick had manipulated circumstances to downplay Clarke's authorship. A novelization is a Novel that is written based on some other media story form rather than as an original work For these and other reasons, the details of the story differ slightly from the book to the movie. The film contains little explanation for the events taking place. Clarke, on the other hand, wrote thorough explanations of "cause and effect" for the events in the novel. James Randi later recounted that upon seeing 2001 for the first time, Clarke left the movie theatre during the first break crying because he was so upset about how the movie had turned out. [57] Despite their differences, both film and novel were well received. [58][59][60]

In 1972, Clarke published The Lost Worlds of 2001, which included his account of the production and alternate versions of key scenes. The "special edition" of the novel A Space Odyssey (released in 1999) contains an introduction by Clarke, documenting his account of the events leading to the release of the novel and film. For other uses see 2001 A Space Odyssey. 2001 A Space Odyssey ( 1968) is a Science fiction Novel

2010

In 1982 Clarke continued the 2001 epic with a sequel, 2010: Odyssey Two. 2010 Odyssey Two is a best-selling Science fiction novel by Arthur C This novel was also made into a film, 2010, directed by Peter Hyams for release in 1984. 2010 is a Science fiction film released in 1984 directed by Peter Hyams. Peter Hyams (born July 26, 1943) is an American Screenwriter, director and Cinematographer, probably best known for directing Due to the political environment in America in the 1980s, the novel and film present a Cold War theme, with the looming tensions of nuclear warfare. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The film was not considered to be as revolutionary or artistic as 2001, but the reviews were still positive.

Clarke's email correspondence with Hyams was published in 1984. Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, or originally eMail, is a Store-and-forward method of writing sending receiving [61][62] Titled The Odyssey File: The Making of 2010, and co-authored with Hyams, it illustrates his fascination with the then-pioneering medium of email and its use for them to communicate on an almost daily basis at the time of planning and production of the film while living on different continents. The book also includes Clarke's list of the best science-fiction films ever made.

Rendezvous with Rama

Clarke's award-winning 1972 novel Rendezvous with Rama was optioned many years ago, but is currently in "development hell". Rendezvous with Rama is a novel by Arthur C Clarke first published in 1972. "Development hell" is media-industry Jargon for a Film, Television Screenplay, Computer program, Concept, or Director David Fincher is assigned to the project together with actor Morgan Freeman. David Leo Fincher (born August 28, 1962) is an American film and Music video director known for his dark and stylish portraits of Morgan Porterfield Freeman Jr (born June 1 1937 is an Academy Award -winning American actor Film director and Narrator.

Beyond 2001

2001: A Space Odyssey, Clarke's most famous work, goes well beyond the 1968 movie, and its 1984 sequel (2010). There were two more sequels that have not been adapted to the cinema: 2061: The Third Odyssey and 3001: The Final Odyssey. In 2061: The Third Odyssey, Halley's Comet swings back to nearby Earth, and Sir Arthur uses the event as an excuse to take an aged Dr. Halley's Comet, officially designated 1P/Halley and also referred to as Comet Halley after Edmond Halley, is a Comet that can be seen every EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 Heywood Floyd on a romp through the solar system, visiting the comet before crash-landing on Europa, where he discovers the fates of Dave Bowman, HAL 9000, and the Europan lifeforms which have been protected by the Monoliths. The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity. A comet is a small Solar System body that orbits the Sun and when close enough to the Sun exhibits a visible coma (atmosphere or a tail — TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Europa (jʊˈroʊpə; or as HAL 9000 ( Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic Computer is a fictional Computer in Arthur C A monolith is a geological feature such as a Mountain, consisting of a single massive stone or rock or a single piece of rock placed as or within a monument

With 3001: The Final Odyssey, Clarke returns to examine the character of astronaut Frank Poole, believed killed outside Discovery by HAL in the original novel and film.

Essays and short stories

Most of Clarke's essays (from 1934 to 1998) can be found in the book Greetings, Carbon-Based Bipeds! (2000). Most of his short stories can be found in the book The Collected Stories of Arthur C. Clarke (2001). The Collected Stories of Arthur C Clarke, (ISBN 0-575-07065-X first published in 2001 is a collection of almost every Science fiction story shorter than novel Another collection of early essays was published in The View from Serendip (1977), which also included one short piece of fiction, "When the Twerms Came". When the Twerms Came, is a short story by British author Arthur C He wrote short stories under the pseudonyms of E. G. O'Brien and Charles Willis. He also wrote a story called "The Secret. "

Concept of the geostationary communications satellite

Geostationary orbit
Geostationary orbit
Main article: Geostationary orbit

Clarke's most important scientific contribution may be his idea that geostationary satellites would be ideal telecommunications relays. A geostationary orbit (GEO is a Geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth 's Equator (0° Latitude) with a period equal to the Earth's A geostationary orbit (GEO is a Geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth 's Equator (0° Latitude) with a period equal to the Earth's A geosynchronous satellite is a Satellite whose orbital track on the Earth repeats regularly over points on the Earth over time He described this concept in a paper titled Extra-Terrestrial Relays — Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?, published in Wireless World in October 1945. Wireless World was the pre-eminent British Magazine for Radio and Electronics enthusiasts The geostationary orbit is now sometimes known as the Clarke Orbit or the Clarke Belt in his honour. A geostationary orbit (GEO is a Geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth 's Equator (0° Latitude) with a period equal to the Earth's A geostationary orbit (GEO is a Geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth 's Equator (0° Latitude) with a period equal to the Earth's A geostationary orbit (GEO is a Geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth 's Equator (0° Latitude) with a period equal to the Earth's

However, it is not clear that this article was actually the inspiration for the modern telecommunications satellite. John R. Pierce, of Bell Labs, arrived at the idea independently in 1954 and he was actually involved in the Echo satellite and Telstar projects. John Robinson Pierce ( March 27, 1910 &ndash April 2, 2002) was an American Engineer and Author. Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the Research organization The Echo satellites were NASA 's first passive Communications satellite experiment Telstar was the first active Communications satellite (launched in 1962 and the first Satellite designed to transmit telephone and high-speed data communications Moreover, Pierce stated that the idea was "in the air" at the time and certain to be developed regardless of Clarke's publication. Nevertheless, Clarke described the idea so thoroughly that his article has been cited as prior art in judgements denying patents on the concept. Prior art (also known as or State of the art, which also has other meanings in most systems of Patent law constitutes all Information that

Though different from Clarke's idea of telecom relay, the idea of communicating with satellites in geostationary orbit itself had been described earlier. For example, the concept of geostationary satellites was described in Hermann Oberth's 1923 book Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen[63](The Rocket into Interplanetary Space) and then the idea of radio communication with those satellites in Herman Potočnik's (written under the pseudonym Hermann Noordung) 1928 book Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums — der Raketen-Motor (The Problem of Space Travel — The Rocket Motor) section: Providing for Long Distance Communications and Safety [64] published in Berlin. Hermann Julius Oberth ( June 25, 1894 &ndash December 28, 1989) was a Austro-Hungarian -born German ( Transylvanian Herman Potočnik ( Pseudonym Hermann Noordung) ( December 22, 1892 - August 27, 1929) was a Slovene rocket Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Clarke acknowledged the earlier concept in his book Profiles of the Future. [65]

Awards, honours and other recognition

Partial bibliography

Novels

Omnibus editions

Short story collections

Non-fiction

In popular culture

See also

Cited references

  1. ^ a b "Arthur C. Clarke", books and writers, 2003. This article describes the Arthur C Clarke Award For the awards that recognise British space achievement see Sir Arthur Clarke Award. Arthur C Clarke formulated the following three " laws " of Prediction: When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is The Space Odyssey series is a Science fiction series of four novels and two films created from 1948 to 1997 primarily by the writer Arthur C Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-03-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor  
  2. ^ "Mysterious World" (1980) at the Internet Movie Database
  3. ^ Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World on YouTube. YouTube is a video sharing website where users can upload view and share Video clips YouTube was created in February 2005 by three former PayPal employees Retrieved on March 23, 2008. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  4. ^ The 1945 Proposal by Arthur C. Clarke for Geostationary Satellite Communications
  5. ^ The Arthur C. Clarke Foundation
  6. ^ a b Sir Arthur's details
  7. ^ Moon Miners' Manifesto: Arthur C Clarke nominated for Nobel
  8. ^ Yahoomc: test
  9. ^ Campaign for gorilla-friendly mobiles| News | This is London
  10. ^ Summary List of UNESCO Prizes: List of Prizewinners, p. 12
  11. ^ The Arthur C. Clarke Foundation
  12. ^ Remembering Arthur C. Clarke. Retrieved on 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
  13. ^ "Science fiction author Arthur C Clarke dies aged 90", The Times, 19 March 2008. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-03-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China.  "Science fiction writer Sir Arthur C Clarke has died aged 90 in his adopted home of Sri Lanka, it was confirmed tonight. " 
  14. ^ London Gazette: no. 34321, page 5798, 8 September 1936. The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, and the most important among such official journals in the UK in which certain Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-03-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China.
  15. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36089, pages 3162–3163, 9 July 1943. The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, and the most important among such official journals in the UK in which certain Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-03-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China.
  16. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36271, page 5289, 30 November c1943. The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, and the most important among such official journals in the UK in which certain Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Retrieved on 2008-03-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China.
  17. ^ IEEE Spectrum: Audio Transcript: Interview with Arthur C. Clarke
  18. ^ Arthur C. Clarke Extra Terrestrial Relays. Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
  19. ^ Peacetime Uses for V2 (JPG). Wireless World (February 1945). Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
  20. ^ EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL RELAYS Can Rocket Stations Give World-wide Radio Coverage?. Wireless World (October 1945). Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
  21. ^ Clarke Foundation Biography. Retrieved on 2008-03-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China.
  22. ^ a b c McAleer, Neil. "Arthur C. Clarke: The Authorized Biography", Contemporary Books, Chicago, 1992. ISBN 0-8092-3720-2
  23. ^ a b c d "Arthur C. Clarke, Premier Science Fiction Writer, Dies at 90.", New York Times, March 18, 2008. Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-03-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China.  "Arthur C. Clarke, a writer whose seamless blend of scientific expertise and poetic imagination helped usher in the space age, died early Wednesday in Colombo, Sri Lanka, where he had lived since 1956. He was 90. He had battled debilitating post-polio syndrome for years. " 
  24. ^ Review section (page 3), Saturday Guardian, 2008-03-22
  25. ^ Happy Birthday Sir Arthur C. Clarke!. Sunday Observer (20051211). Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
  26. ^ Personal e-mail from Sir Arthur Clarke to Jerry Stone, Director of the Sir Arthur Clarke Awards, 1 November 2006
  27. ^ Chart of the Future. The Sir Arthur Clarke Award is a British Award given in recognition of notable contributions to space exploration particularly British achievements Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
  28. ^ SFWA Grand Masters
  29. ^ British Polio Fellowship - Home
  30. ^ a b London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 51772, page 16, 16 June 1989. The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, and the most important among such official journals in the UK in which certain Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-03-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China.
  31. ^ a b Letters Patent were issued by Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on 16 March 2000 to authorise this. Letters patent are a type of Legal instrument in the form of an Open letter issued by a Monarch or Government, granting an office right For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. (see London Gazette: no. 55796, page 3167, 21 March 2000. The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, and the most important among such official journals in the UK in which certain Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-03-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. )
  32. ^ a b London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 54993, page 2, 30 December 1997. The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, and the most important among such official journals in the UK in which certain Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Retrieved on 2008-03-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China.
  33. ^ It doesn't do any harm . . . most of the damage comes from fuss made. Sunday Mirror, Feb 1, 1998 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_19980201/ai_n14474884 Retrieved on 2008-03-24
  34. ^ SMIRK OF A PERVERT AND A LIAR. Sunday Mirror, Feb 8, 1998 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_19980208/ai_n14474575 Retrieved on 2008-03-24
  35. ^ Sci-fi novelist cleared of sex charges. Retrieved on 2008-02-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu.
  36. ^ Clarke Denies Pedophile Allegations. Science Fiction News of the Week (19980206). Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
  37. ^ Arthur C. Clarke. Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
  38. ^ Arthur C. Clarke. NNDB. Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
  39. ^ File 770:123. Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
  40. ^ Child sex file could close on sci-fi writer. Irish Examiner. Retrieved on 2007-03-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China.
  41. ^ "Sir Arthur C Clarke", The Daily Telegraph, 20 March 2008. For "The Daily Telegraph" in Australia see The Daily Telegraph (Australia. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates  
  42. ^ Video greeting to NASA JPL by Arthur C. Clarke. Retrieved 24 September 2007
  43. ^ Sir Arthur C Clarke 90th Birthday reflections (2007-12-10). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Retrieved on 2008-02-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne
  44. ^ Writer Arthur C Clarke dies at 90, BBC News, 18 March 2008
  45. ^ Sci-fi guru Arthur C. Clarke dies at 90, MSNBC, 18 March 2008
  46. ^ "Arthur C. Clarke: The Wired Words", Wired Blog Network, March 18, 2008. Wired News is an online technology news Website, formerly known as HotWired, that split off from Wired magazine when the Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-03-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor.  
  47. ^ "Last odyssey for sci-fi guru Arthur C. Clarke", Agence France-Presse, March 19, 2008. Agence France-Presse ( AFP) is the oldest News agency in the world and one of the three largest with Associated Press and Reuters. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-03-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.  "Just a few days before he died, Clarke reviewed the final manuscript of his latest novel, "The Last Theorem" co-written with American author Frederik Pohl, which is to be published later this year. " 
  48. ^ "Sci-fi writer Clarke laid to rest", BBC, 2008-03-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Retrieved on 2008-03-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor.  
  49. ^ Midwee01
  50. ^ "…Stanley [Kubrick] is a Jew and I'm an atheist". Clarke quoted in Jeromy Agel (Ed. ) (1970). The Making of Kubrick's 2001: p. 306
  51. ^ The International Academy Of Humanism at the website of the Council for Secular Humanism. (Retrieved 18 October 2007).
  52. ^ Cherry, Matt (1999), “God, Science, and Delusion: A Chat With Arthur C. Clarke”, Free Inquiry (Amherst, NY: Council for Secular Humanism) 19 (2), ISSN 0272-0701, <http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=clarke_19_2>. Free Inquiry is a bi-monthly Journal of secular humanist opinion and commentary published by the Council for Secular Humanism, which is part An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication. Retrieved on 16 April 2008 
  53. ^ Clarke, Arthur C. & Watts, Alan (January), “At the Interface: Technology and Mysticism”, Playboy (Chicago, Ill. Alan Wilson Watts ( January 6, 1915 &ndash November 16, 1973) was a British Philosopher, Writer, speaker and : HMH Publishing) 19 (1): 94, ISBN 0032-1478, OCLC 3534353 
  54. ^ TIME Quotes of the Day (2008-03-19). The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Retrieved on 2008-03-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.
  55. ^ Arthur C. Clarke Quotes. Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
  56. ^ Bell Labs: Where "HAL" First Spoke (Bell Labs Speech Synthesis Web Site). Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
  57. ^ Randi shares some stories regarding his friend Arthur C. Clarke and makes a comparison of Stanley Kubrick to Steve Jobs. Retrieved on 2008-04-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
  58. ^ Box Office Mojo. Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
  59. ^ Movies. Go.com. Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
  60. ^ Amazon.com. Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
  61. ^ Arthur C. Clarke and Peter Hyams. The Odyssey File. Ballantine Books, 1984.
  62. ^ Excerpt from The Odyssey File.
  63. ^ Kelso, Dr. T. S. (1998-05-01). Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Basics of the Geostationary Orbit. Satellite Times. Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
  64. ^ Providing for Long Distance Communications and Safety. Retrieved on 2008-03-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor
  65. ^ Clarke, Arthur C. (1984). Profiles of the Future: An Inquiry Into the Limits of the Possible. New York, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Wilson, 205n. ISBN 0030697832.   "INTELSAT, the International Telecommunications Satellite Organisation which operates the global system, has started calling it the Clarke orbit. Flattered though I am, honesty compels me to point out that the concept of such an orbit predates my 1945 paper 'Extra Terrestrial Relays' by at least twenty years. I didn't invent it, but only annexed it. "
  66. ^ Arthur C. Clarke - Awards
  67. ^ Burns, John F. "Colombo Journal; A Nonfiction Journey to a More Peaceful World" New York Times, November 28, 1994
  68. ^ Wired 14.11: Very Short Stories
  69. ^ Author Arthur Clarke loses Lanka school - Sify.com

External links


Persondata
NAME Clarke, Arthur Charles
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Clarke, Arthur C.
SHORT DESCRIPTION British and Sri Lankan Author and Inventor
DATE OF BIRTH 16 December 1917
PLACE OF BIRTH Minehead, Somerset, United Kingdom
DATE OF DEATH 19 March 2008
PLACE OF DEATH Colombo, Sri Lanka
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created An inventor is a person who creates or discovers a new method form device or other useful means Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Minehead is a coastal Town and Civil parish in the west of the the English county of Somerset. Somerset ( or) is a county in south west England The County town is Taunton, which is in the south of the county The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Colombo ( Sinhala:, ˈkoləmbə Tamil: கொழும்பு is the largest city and commercial capital of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island
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