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Art exhibitions are traditionally the space in which art objects (in the most general sense) meet an audience. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Brooklyn Book Festival crowd by David Shankbonejpg|thumb|An audience at the Brooklyn Book Festival in New York City. The exhibit is universally understood to be for some temporary period unless, as is rarely true, it is stated to be a "permanent exhibition". In American English, they may be called "exhibit", "exposition" (the French word) or "show". In UK English, they are always called "exhibitions" or "shows", and an individual item in the show is an "exhibit".

Such expositions may present pictures, drawings, video, sound, installation, performance, interactive art or sculptures by individual artists, groups of artists or collections of a specific form of art. An image (from Latin imago) or picture is an artifact usually two-dimensional that has a similar appearance to some subject &mdashusually Drawing is a Visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium The art works may be presented in museums, art halls, art clubs or private art galleries, or at some place the principal business of which is not the display or sale of art, such as a coffeehouse. A museum is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development open to the public which acquires conserves researches communicates and exhibits the An art gallery or art museum is a space for the exhibition of art, usually Visual art. A coffeehouse ( French / Portuguese: café; Spanish: cafetería; Italian: caffè An important distinction is noted between those exhibits where some or all of the works are for sale, normally in private art galleries, and those where they are not. Sometimes the event is organized on a specific occasion, like a birthday, anniversary or commemoration.

Contents

Types of exhibitions

There are different kinds of art exhibitions, for example retrospectives, which look back over the work of a single artist, individual expositions, group expositions, or expositions on a specific theme or topic. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Retrospective (from Latin retrospectare, "look back" generally means to take a look back at events that already have taken place Art exhibitions can be juried, invitational, or open. A juried exhibition, such as the Iowa Biennial, has an individual or group which acts as judge of submitted artworks and chooses which are to be shown. The Iowa Biennial Exhibition and Archive (TIBEA began in 2004 as an international survey of contemporary miniature printmaking with its initial exhibition held at the University In an invitational exhibition, such as the Whitney Biennial, the organizer of the show asks certain artists to supply artworks and exhibits them. The Whitney Biennial is a biennial exhibition of contemporary American art typically by young and lesser known artists on display at the Whitney Museum of American An open or "non-juried" exhibition, such as the Kyoto Triennial [1], allows anybody to enter artworks and shows them all. A type of exhibition that is practically by definition non-juried is a mail art exhibition. Mail art is Art which uses the Postal system as a medium The term mail art can refer to an individual message the medium through which it is sent or

Preservation Issues

Main article: Preservation: Library and Archival Science

Preservation issues, though often disregarded due to other priorities, should be considered during exhibitions, so that possible damage to the collection could be minimize or limited. Preservation is a branch of Library and information science concerned with maintaining or restoring access to artifacts documents and records through the study diagnosis treatment A Museum is distinguished by a collection of often unique objects that forms the core of its activities for exhibitions Education, Research As all objects on the exhibition are unique, rare, and valuable, it is essential to care objects without any damage. When exhibited objects are especially archival artifacts or paper-based ones, preservation considerations would be more emphasized because damage and change in paper-based objects are cumulative and irreversible. An archive refers to a collection of historical records and also refers to the location in which these records are kept A standard, American National Standard Z39. 79-2001, Environmental Conditions for Exhibiting Library and Archival Materials,[2] establishes criteria to minimize the effect of environmental factors on deterioration of library and archival materials on the exhibition. There are four main categories to be considered on preservation issues during the exhibition: Environmental concerns of the exhibition space; Length of the exhibition; Individual cases; and Display methods used on individual objects.

Environmental Concerns of the Exhibition Space

Main concerns of exhibition environments include light, relative humidity, and temperature. This is a list of sources of Light, including both natural and artificial sources and both processes and devices. Relative humidity is a measurement of the amount of Water vapor that exists in a gaseous mixture of air and water Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature

The intensity of visible light should be low not to deteriorate objects, but it needs to be bright enough for viewing. This is a list of sources of Light, including both natural and artificial sources and both processes and devices. Visible light levels are set at between 50 lux and 100 lux depending on the light sensitivity of objects. LUX is the principal centre for the promotion and distribution of experimental Film and Video works in the UK. LUX is the principal centre for the promotion and distribution of experimental Film and Video works in the UK. Light levels shall be measured when the light is set for the exhibition. Invisible radiation, such as UV, should be prevented from falling on the exhibited objects. Radiation, as in Physics, is Energy in the form of waves or moving Subatomic particles emitted by an atom or other body as it changes from a higher energy Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays It is recommended that UV light should be limited no more than 75 microwatts per lumen at 10 to 100 lux. Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays The watt (symbol W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one Joule of energy per Second. The lumen (symbol lm) is the SI unit of Luminous flux, a measure of the perceived power of Light. LUX is the principal centre for the promotion and distribution of experimental Film and Video works in the UK. Only artificial light sources are recommended for the exhibition. This is a list of sources of Light, including both natural and artificial sources and both processes and devices. Exposure to natural light is undesirable because of its intensity and high UV content. Sublight Records was started in 2004 and ran until June 2007 Based out of Winnipeg, Canada. When exposure to natural light is inevitable, any measures to control UV, including using UV-filtering films or UV-filtering panels in windows or cases, are required. Sublight Records was started in 2004 and ran until June 2007 Based out of Winnipeg, Canada. Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays Among artificial light sources, incandescent lamps are most suitable for the exhibition because they give off little or no UV. This is a list of sources of Light, including both natural and artificial sources and both processes and devices. The incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is a source of electric Light that works by Incandescence, (a general Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays Fluorescent lamps, common in most institutions, are unsuitable for the exhibition since they can not be dimmed and they emit UV. A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a Gas-discharge lamp that uses Electricity to excite mercury Vapor. Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays Even though tungsten-halogen lamps are currently one of favorite artificial lighting sources and can be dimmed, yet, they still give off significant amounts of UV. The incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is a source of electric Light that works by Incandescence, (a general This is a list of sources of Light, including both natural and artificial sources and both processes and devices. Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays Lights should be turned off when visitors are not in the space.

The relative humidity (RH) should be set between 35% and 50%, inclusive. Relative humidity is a measurement of the amount of Water vapor that exists in a gaseous mixture of air and water Relative humidity is a measurement of the amount of Water vapor that exists in a gaseous mixture of air and water The maximum acceptable variation should be 5% on either side of the set point. Seasonal changes of 5% are also allowed. The control of relative humidity is especially critical for objects on vellum and on wood, which are extremely sensitive to changes in relative humidity. Relative humidity is a measurement of the amount of Water vapor that exists in a gaseous mixture of air and water Vellum (from the Old French Vélin for "calfskin" is mammal skin prepared for writing or printing on single pages scrolls codices or books Relative humidity is a measurement of the amount of Water vapor that exists in a gaseous mixture of air and water

For preservation purposes, cooler temperatures are recommended, but the temperature of the exhibition should be set not to exceed 72°F. Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature A lower temperature, down to 50°F, should be considered safe for majority of objects. The maximum acceptable temperature variation is 5°F, which means that temperature should not go above 77°F and below 45°F. As temperature and relative humidity are interdependent, temperature should be reasonably constant so that relative humidity could be maintained as well. Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature Relative humidity is a measurement of the amount of Water vapor that exists in a gaseous mixture of air and water Relative humidity is a measurement of the amount of Water vapor that exists in a gaseous mixture of air and water Controlling the environment with 24-hour art conditioning and dehumidification would be the most effective way of protecting an exhibition.

Length of the Exhibition

Any objects on the exhibition are exposed to harmful environmental conditions during the period of exhibition. The longer exposed to the environment, the more likely deteriorated. Many museums or libraries have permanent exhibitions, which means installed exhibitions would be on the view without any changes for, sometimes, years. A museum is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development open to the public which acquires conserves researches communicates and exhibits the A library is a collection of information sources resources and services and the structure in which it is housed it is organized for use and maintained by a public body an institution This practice is not good for exhibited objects at all. Damage from the long exhibition is usually caused by light. The degree of deterioration would be different from each object, yet, the suggested maximum length of time that any paper-based objects should be on display is three months per year or 42 kilolux hours of light per year, whichever comes first. LUX is the principal centre for the promotion and distribution of experimental Film and Video works in the UK. An exhibition log report, including records of the length of the exhibition time and the light level of the display, could prevent objects from being too frequently on display. It would be also suggested that the copies in high quality could be displayed for a certain amount of time during the long exhibition.

Individual Cases

Library or archival materials are usually displayed in cases or frames. Frame and panel construction (also called "rail and stile" is a Woodworking technique often used in the making of Doors wainscoting, and Cases are to provide a physically as well as chemically secure environment. Vertical cases are well suitable for small or single-sheet items. Horizontal cases can be used for a variety of objects, including three-dimensional objects, opened books, closed books, or flat paper items. All these objects can be arranged in one horizontal case at the same time under the unified theme. Materials used for case construction should be chosen carefully because component materials of cases can become a significant source of pollutants affecting objects displayed. Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort Pollutants may cause visible deteriorations of objects, including discoloration of surfaces and corrosion. Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings Wood, often used for cases, poses great danger for paper. The wood, even if sealed, may still give off vapors, which are destructive to objects within the case. It is important that collection materials should not be placed in direct contact with wood. Sealing the wood may reduce gaseous emissions. In choosing sealant, it is recommended to avoid oil-based products. A sealant is a viscous material that changes state to become solid once applied and is used to prevent the penetration of Air, Gas, Noise, Dust If the case is to be painted, it is also recommended to avoid oil paint and to use acrylic or latex paint. Acrylic paint is fast-drying Paint containing pigment suspended in an acrylic polymer Emulsion. Latex is a name collectively given to a group of similar preparations consisting of stable Dispersions of Polymer Microparticles in a liquid matrix However, acrylic or latex paints can not be used as sealers because they are too porous to seal well. Acrylic paint is fast-drying Paint containing pigment suspended in an acrylic polymer Emulsion. Latex is a name collectively given to a group of similar preparations consisting of stable Dispersions of Polymer Microparticles in a liquid matrix Other materials to be used as sealers should be chosen with care as well. All materials should be evaluated before use. Examples of the evaluation criteria could be outgassing or contact-transfer potential of harmful substances, water solubility or dry-transfer potential of dyes, the dry-texture of paints, pH, and abrasiveness. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. Even if cases are made of safe materials and well sealed, there are still pollutant or temperature and relative humidity problems. Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort Relative humidity is a measurement of the amount of Water vapor that exists in a gaseous mixture of air and water Using internal buffers and pollutant absorbers, exampled as silica gel, activated carbon, or zeolite, is a good way to control RH and pollutants. Silica gel is a granular porous form of Silica made synthetically from Sodium silicate. Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal or activated coal, is a form of Carbon that has been processed to make it extremely porous and thus to Zeolites (Greek zein, "to boil" lithos, "a stone" are hydrated Aluminosilicate Minerals and have a micro-porous structure Relative humidity is a measurement of the amount of Water vapor that exists in a gaseous mixture of air and water Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort Buffers and absorbers would be placed out of sight in the base or behind the backboard of a case.

Display Methods

There are two kinds of objects displayed at the library and archival exhibition, bound materials and unbound materials. Bound materials include books and pamphlets, and unbound materials include manuscripts, cards, drawings, and other two-dimensional items. A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together A pamphlet is an unbound Booklet (that is without a hard cover or binding) A manuscript is any Document that is Written by hand as opposed to being printed or reproduced in some other way Drawing is a Visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium Display considerations should be made in order to minimize any potential physical damage.

Unbound materials, usually single-sheet items, unless matted or encapsulated, need to be attached securely to the mounts. It is recommended to use photo corners or polyethylene or polyester film straps to hold the object to the support. Polyethylene or polythene ( IUPAC name poly(ethene) is a Thermoplastic commodity heavily used in consumer products (notably the Polyester is a category of Polymers which contain the Ester Functional group in their main chain Objects may also be encapsulated in polyester film. However, research at the Library of Congress reveals that acidic papers deteriorate rapidly within polyester envelopes. Polyester is a category of Polymers which contain the Ester Functional group in their main chain Thus, old and untreated acidic papers should be professionally deacidified before encapsulation. Mass deacidification is a term used in Library and Information Science for one possible measure against the degradation of Paper in old Books (the so-called Encapsulation should be carefully done because of potential slippage. When possible, encapsulation should be done with ultrasonic or heat seals. When objects need to be hung, which may require more protection than lightweight polyester film, matting would be an effective alternative. Matting, consisting of two pH-neutral or alkaline boards with a window cut in the top board which enables the object to be seen, does not offer more protection than framing. Objects in frames should be separated from harmful materials through matting, glazing, and backing layers. A picture frame is a container added to a picture in order to enhance it make it easier to display or in some cases to protect it Glazing is a transparent part of a Wall, usually made of Glass or Plastic ( acrylic and Polycarbonate) Objects should be matted before framing so that glazing should not come in direct contact with the object. Glazing is a transparent part of a Wall, usually made of Glass or Plastic ( acrylic and Polycarbonate) Backing layers of archival cardboard should be thick enough to protect objects. Frames should be well sealed and hung securely, allowing a space for air circulation between the frame and the wall. A picture frame is a container added to a picture in order to enhance it make it easier to display or in some cases to protect it

The most common way to display bound materials is closed and lying horizontally. If a volume is shown open, the object should be open only as much as its binding allows. Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a Book from a number of folded or unfolded sheets of Paper or other material Common practice is to open volumes no greater than 135 degrees. There are some equipments supporting volumes to be displayed open: blocks or wedges, holding a book cover to reduce stain at the book hinge; cradles, supporting bound volumes to be open without stress to the binding structure; polyester film strips, helping leaves to be open secured. Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a Book from a number of folded or unfolded sheets of Paper or other material It is recommended to turn the pages every few days in order to protect the page from exposure to light. It should be remembered that keeping a book open for long periods can damage its structure.

See also

References

External links

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