33 germanium ← arsenic → selenium P ↑ As ↓ Sb Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	arsenic, As, 33
Chemical series	metalloids
Group, Period, Block	15, 4, p
Appearance	metallic grey
Standard atomic weight	74.92160(2)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 5
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	5. Germanium (dʒɚˈmeɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ge and Atomic number 32 Selenium (səˈliniəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic number 34 represented by the chemical symbol Se, an atomic mass of 78 Phosphorus, (ˈfɒsfərəs is the Chemical element that has the symbol P and Atomic number 15 Antimony (IPA (Received Pronunciation, /ˈæntɪmoʊni/ (US is a Chemical element with the symbol Sb (stibium meaning "mark" and This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Metalloid is a term used in Chemistry when classifying the Chemical elements On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties nearly every element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic A period 4 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. See also Electron configuration The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other This article pertains to the chemical element For other uses see Argon (disambiguation. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 727  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	5. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 22  g·cm−3
Melting point	1090 K (817 °C, 1503 °F)
Boiling point	subl. 887 K (614 °C, 1137 °F)
Critical temperature	1673 K
Heat of fusion	(grey) 24. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid Sublimation of an element or compound is a transition from the Solid to Gas phase with no intermediate liquid stage The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The critical temperature, Tc of a material is the Temperature above which distinct Liquid and Gas phases do not exist The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 44  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	? 34. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required 76  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity	(25 °C) 24. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 64  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 553 596 646 706 781 874
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	rhombohedral
Oxidation states	5, 3, 1,[1] -3 (mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	2. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 18 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st:  947. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 0  kJ·mol−1
	2nd:  1798  kJ·mol−1
	3rd:  2735  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	115  pm
Atomic radius (calc. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth )	114  pm
Covalent radius	119  pm
Van der Waals radius	185 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	no data
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 333 n Ω·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 50. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. Van der Waals Volume The van der Waals volume, V, also called the atomic volume or molecular volume, is the atomic property most directly In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 2  W·m−1·K−1
Young's modulus	8  GPa
Bulk modulus	22  GPa
Mohs hardness	3. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 5
Brinell hardness	1440  MPa
CAS registry number	7440-38-2
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of arsenic iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 73As syn 80.3 d ε - 73Ge γ 0. The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation Hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter loaded on a material test-piece CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Although Arsenic ( As) has multiple Isotopes, only one of these isotopes is stable as such it is considered a monoisotopic element Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in To help compare Orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 106 seconds and 107 seconds (approximately 11 A day (symbol d is a unit of Time equivalent to 24 Hours and the duration of a single Rotation of planet Earth with respect to the Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the Germanium (dʒɚˈmeɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ge and Atomic number 32 Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions 05D, 0. Delayed nuclear radiation can occur in a Nuclear decay. It happens when an Isotope decays into a very short-lived isotope and then decays again to a relatively long-lived 01D, e - 74As syn 17.78 d ε - 74Ge β+ 0. A conversion electron is a term used to describe an Electron which results from the Internal conversion process A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in To help compare Orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 106 seconds and 107 seconds (approximately 11 Germanium (dʒɚˈmeɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ge and Atomic number 32 Positron emission is a type of Beta decay, sometimes referred to as " beta plus " (&beta+ 941 74Ge γ 0. Germanium (dʒɚˈmeɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ge and Atomic number 32 595, 0. 634 - β- 1. In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted 35, 0. 717 74Se 75As 100% 75As is stable with 42 neutrons
References

Arsenic (pronounced /ˈɑrs^ənɪk/) is a chemical element that has the symbol As and atomic number 33. Selenium (səˈliniəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic number 34 represented by the chemical symbol Se, an atomic mass of 78 Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton Arsenic was first written about by Albertus Magnus (Germany) in 1250^[2]. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Its Atomic Mass is 74. 92. Its position in the periodic table is shown at right. This is a notoriously poisonous metalloid that has many allotropic forms: yellow (molecular non-metallic) and several black and grey forms (metalloids) are a few that are seen. Metalloid is a term used in Chemistry when classifying the Chemical elements On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties nearly every element Allotropy (Gr allos, other and tropos, manner is a behavior exhibited by certain Chemical elements these elements can exist in two or more different Three metalloidal forms of arsenic with different crystal structures are found free in nature (the minerals arsenic sensu stricto and the much rarer arsenolamprite and pararsenolamprite), but it is more commonly found as arsenide and arsenate compounds. Several hundred such mineral species are known. Arsenic and its compounds are used as pesticides, herbicides, insecticides and various alloys. A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. A herbicide is used to kill unwanted Plants Selective herbicides kill specific targets while leaving the desired Crop relatively unharmed An insecticide is a Pesticide used against Insects in all developmental forms An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has

The most common oxidation states for arsenic are -3 (arsenides: usually alloy-like intermetallic compounds), +3 (arsenates(III) or arsenites, and most organoarsenic compounds), and +5 (arsenates(V): the most stable inorganic arsenic oxycompounds). In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. Arsenic also bonds readily to itself, forming, for instance, As-As pairs in the red sulfide realgar and square As₄^3- ions in the arsenide skutterudite. Realgar, α -As4S4 is an Arsenic Sulfide mineral It is a soft sectile mineral occurring in Monoclinic crystals or in In the +3 oxidation state, the stereochemistry of arsenic is affected by possession of a lone pair of electrons. lone pair is a (valence electron pair without bonding or sharing with other Atoms They are found in the outermost Electron shell of an atom so lone pairs The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J

Contents 1 Notable characteristics 2 Applications 3 History 4 Occurrence 5 Toxicity 5.1 Arsenic in drinking water 6 Compounds 7 Isotopes 8 Notes 9 References 10 See also 11 External links

Notable characteristics

Arsenic is very similar chemically to its predecessor, phosphorus. Phosphorus, (ˈfɒsfərəs is the Chemical element that has the symbol P and Atomic number 15 Like phosphorus, it forms colourless, odourless, crystalline oxides As₂O₃ and As₂O₅ which are hygroscopic and readily soluble in water to form acidic solutions. Arsenic trioxide is the most important commercial compound of Arsenic, and the main starting material for arsenic chemistry Arsenic pentoxide, As2O5 is an important commercial compound of Arsenic. Hygroscopy is the ability of a substance to attract Water Molecules from the surrounding environment through either absorption or Adsorption Arsenic (V) acid, like phosphorous acid, is a weak acid. Arsenic acid is the Chemical compound with the formula H3AsO4 Like phosphorus, arsenic forms an unstable, gaseous hydride: arsine (AsH₃). Arsine is the chemical compound with the formula As[[hydrogen H]]3 The similarity is so great that arsenic will partly substitute for phosphorus in biochemical reactions and is thus poisonous. Arsenic Poisoning kills by Allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic Enzymes, leading to death from multi-system However, in subtoxic doses, soluble arsenic compounds act as stimulants, and were once popular in small doses as medicinals by people in the mid 18th century. Stimulant drugs are Drugs that temporarily increase alertness and awareness

When heated in air it oxidizes to arsenic trioxide; the fumes from this reaction have an odor resembling garlic. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Arsenic trioxide is the most important commercial compound of Arsenic, and the main starting material for arsenic chemistry Allium sativum L, commonly known as garlic, is a species in the Onion family Alliaceae. This odor can be detected on striking arsenide minerals such as arsenopyrite with a hammer. Arsenopyrite is an iron arsenic Sulfide (FeAsS It is a hard ( Mohs 5 Arsenic (and some arsenic compounds) sublimes upon heating at atmospheric pressure, converting directly to a gaseous form without an intervening liquid state. Sublimation of an element or compound is a transition from the Solid to Gas phase with no intermediate liquid stage The liquid state appears at 20 atmospheres and above, which explains why the melting point is higher than the boiling point ^[3]. Elemental arsenic is found in many solid forms: the yellow form is soft, waxy and unstable, and is made of tetrahedral As₄ molecules similar to the molecules of white phosphorus. The grey, black or 'metallic' forms have somewhat layered crystal structures with bonds extending throughout the crystal. They are brittle semiconductors with a metallic luster. A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that The density of the yellow form is 1. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 97 g/cm³; rhombohedral 'grey arsenic' is much denser with a density of 5. 73 g/cm³; the other metalloidal forms are similarly dense.

Applications

Lead hydrogen arsenate was used well into the 20th century as an insecticide on fruit trees. Lead hydrogen arsenate, also called lead arsenate, acid lead arsenate or LA, chemical formula PbHAsO4 is an inorganic Insecticide An insecticide is a Pesticide used against Insects in all developmental forms A fruit tree is a Tree bearing Fruit &mdash the structures formed by the ripened ovary of a Flower containing one or more Seeds. Its use sometimes resulted in brain damage to those working the sprayers. Brain damage, or Acquired brain injury, is the destruction or degeneration of Brain cells. In the last half century, monosodium methyl arsenate (MSMA), a less toxic organic form of arsenic, has replaced lead arsenate's role in agriculture. Monosodium methyl arsenate ( MSMA) is an Arsenic -based Herbicide and Fungicide.

Scheele's Green, a copper arsenate, was used in the 19th century as a coloring agent in sweets. Scheele's Green, also called Schloss Green, is chemically a cupric hydrogen Arsenite (also called copper arsenite or acidic copper arsenite A food coloring is any substance that is added to Food or Drink to change its Color. Confectionery is a set of Food items that are rich in Sugar; modern usage may include substances rich in artificial sweeteners as well

The application of most concern to the general public is probably that of wood treated with chromated copper arsenate, also known as CCA or Tanalith. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs Chromated copper arsenate ( CCA) is a Wood preservative used for Timber treatment since the mid-1930's Chromated copper arsenate ( CCA) is a Wood preservative used for Timber treatment since the mid-1930's The vast majority of older pressure-treated wood was treated with CCA. Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or CCA lumber is still in widespread use in many countries, and was heavily used during the latter half of the 20th century as a structural and outdoor building material. For other kinds of building materials see Hardware, Biology, Star formation. It was commonly used in situations where rot or insect infestation was a possibility. The Aviation term ROT stands for rate one turn, also known as a standard rate turn. Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Although the use of CCA lumber was banned in many areas after studies showed that arsenic could leach out of the wood into the surrounding soil (from playground equipment, for instance), a risk is also presented by the burning of older CCA timber. Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel The direct or indirect ingestion of wood ash from burnt CCA lumber has caused fatalities in animals and serious poisonings in humans; the lethal human dose is approximately 20 grams of ash. Scrap CCA lumber from construction and demolition sites may be inadvertently used in commercial and domestic fires. Protocols for safe disposal of CCA lumber do not exist evenly throughout the world; there is also concern in some quarters about the widespread landfill disposal of such timber. For other uses see Water treatment and Land reclamation. A landfill, also known as a dump (and historically as

During the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, a number of arsenic compounds have been used as medicines, including arsphenamine (by Paul Ehrlich) and arsenic trioxide (by Thomas Fowler). Arsphenamine, also known as Salvarsan and 606, is a drug that was used to treat Syphilis and trypanosomiasis. Paul Ehrlich ( March 14, 1854 &ndash August 20, 1915) was a German Scientist who won the 1908 Nobel Arsenic trioxide is the most important commercial compound of Arsenic, and the main starting material for arsenic chemistry Thomas Fowler (born 1777 in Great Torrington, Devon, England &ndash died March 31 1843) was an English Inventor Arsphenamine as well as Neosalvarsan was indicated for syphilis and trypanosomiasis, but has been superseded by modern antibiotics. Neosalvarsan is a synthetic Chemotherapeutic that is an Organoarsenic compound. Syphilis is a Sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochetal Bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum. Trypanosomiasis or trypanosomosis is the name of several diseases in Vertebrates caused by parasitic Protozoan Trypanosomes of the genus In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa Arsenic trioxide has been used in a variety of ways over the past 200 years, but most commonly in the treatment of cancer. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled The US Food and Drug Administration in 2000 approved this compound for the treatment of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia that is resistant to ATRA. Acute promyelocytic leukemia is a subtype of Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML a Cancer of the Blood and Bone marrow. Tretinoin is the acid form of Vitamin A and so also known as all-trans retinoic acid or ATRA. ^[4] It was also used as Fowler's solution in psoriasis. Thomas Fowler (born 1777 in Great Torrington, Devon, England &ndash died March 31 1843) was an English Inventor Psoriasis (səˈraɪəsɪs ( suh-RI-uh-sus) is a non-contagious disorder which affects the Skin and Joints It commonly causes red scaly ^[5]

Copper acetoarsenite was used as a green pigment known under many different names, including 'Paris Green' and 'Emerald Green'. For the drug referred to as "pigment" see Black tar heroin. This article is about the chemical called Paris Green or Emerald Green. It caused numerous arsenic poisonings. Arsenic Poisoning kills by Allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic Enzymes, leading to death from multi-system

Other uses;

• Various agricultural insecticides, termination and poisons. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture
• Used in animal feed, particularly in the US as a method of disease prevention and growth stimulation.
• Gallium arsenide is an important semiconductor material, used in integrated circuits. Gallium arsenide ( GaAs) is a compound of two elements Gallium and Arsenic. A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that Microchipsjpg|right|thumb|200px|Microchips ( EPROM memory with a transparent window showing the integrated circuit inside Circuits made using the compound are much faster (but also much more expensive) than those made in silicon. Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 Unlike silicon it is direct bandgap, and so can be used in laser diodes and LEDs to directly convert electricity into light. In Semiconductor Physics, a direct Bandgap means that the minimum energy of the Conduction band lies directly above the maximum energy of the A laser diode is a Laser where the active medium is a Semiconductor similar to that found in a Light-emitting diode. Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700
• Also used in bronzing and pyrotechny. Bronzing is a process by which a Bronze -like surface is applied to other materials (metallic or non-metallic A firework is classified as a low explosive pyrotechnic device used primarily for aesthetic and entertainment purposes

Recently new research has been done in locating tumours using arsenic-74 (a positron emitter). The advantages of using this isotope instead of the previously used iodine-124 is that the signal in the PET scan is clearer as the iodine tends to transport iodine to the thyroid gland producing a lot of noise. Iodine (ˈaɪədaɪn ˈaɪədɪn or /ˈaɪədiːn/ from ιώδης iodes "violet" is a Chemical element that has the symbol I and Atomic Positron emission tomography ( PET) is a Nuclear medicine imaging technique which produces a three-dimensional image or map of functional processes in the ^[6]

Occupational Exposures

Exposure to higher-than-average levels of arsenic can occur in some occupations placing workers at risk. Industries that use inorganic arsenic and its compounds include wood preservation, glass production, nonferrous metal alloys, and electronic semiconductor manufacturing. Inorganic arsenic is also found in coke oven emissions associated with the smelter industry. ^[7]

History

The word arsenic is borrowed from the Persian word زرنيخ Zarnikh meaning "yellow orpiment". Orpiment, As2S3, is a common Monoclinic Arsenic Sulfide mineral Zarnikh was borrowed by Greek as arsenikon, which means masculine or potent. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Arsenic has been known and used in Persia and elsewhere since ancient times. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. As the symptoms of arsenic poisoning were somewhat ill-defined, it was frequently used for murder until the advent of the Marsh test, a sensitive chemical test for its presence. Arsenic Poisoning kills by Allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic Enzymes, leading to death from multi-system Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries The Marsh test is a highly sensitive method in the detection of Arsenic, especially useful in the field of Forensic toxicology when arsenic was used as a Poison (Another less sensitive but more general test is the Reinsch test. The Reinsch test is an initial indicator to detect the presence of one or more of the following Heavy metals in a biological sample and is often used by Toxicologists ) Due to its use by the ruling class to murder one another and its potency and discreetness, arsenic has been called the Poison of Kings and the King of Poisons.

During the Bronze Age, arsenic was often included in bronze, which made the alloy harder (so-called "arsenical bronze"). The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus Arsenical bronze (or arsenical copper) is an Alloy in which Arsenic is added to Copper as opposed to or in addition to other constituent

Arsenic was first isolated by Geber (721-815), an Arabian alchemist. For the 12th century astronomer see Jabir ibn Aflah. For the anonymous 14th century Spanish alchemist see Pseudo-Geber. ^[8] Albertus Magnus (Albert the Great, 1193-1280) is believed to have been the first European to isolate the element in 1250. ^[2] In 1649, Johann Schröder published two ways of preparing arsenic. Johann Schröder ( 1600 - 1664) was a German physician and pharmacologist who was the first person to recognise that Arsenic was an element

In the Victorian era, 'arsenic' (colourless, crystalline, soluble 'white arsenic') was mixed with vinegar and chalk and eaten by women to improve the complexion of their faces, making their skin paler to show they did not work in the fields. Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities Vinegar is an acidic liquid processed from the Fermentation of Ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient Acetic acid (also called ethanoic acid Chalk (ʧɔːk is a soft white porous Sedimentary rock, a form of Limestone composed of the Mineral Calcite. Complexion refers to the natural color texture and appearance of the Skin, especially that of the face Arsenic was also rubbed into the faces and arms of women to 'improve their complexion'. The accidental use of arsenic in the adulteration of foodstuffs led to the Bradford sweet poisoning in 1858, which resulted in approximately 20 deaths and 200 people taken ill with arsenic poisoning. The Bradford sweets poisoning was the accidental Arsenic poisoning of more than 200 people in Bradford, England in 1858 an estimated 20 people died when

Occurrence

In 2005, China was the top producer of white arsenic with almost 50% world share followed by Chile and Peru, reports the British Geological Survey. The British Geological Survey (BGS is a partly publicly-funded body which aims to advance geoscientific knowledge of the United Kingdom landmass and its Continental

Arsenopyrite also unofficially called mispickel (FeAsS) is the most common arsenic-bearing mineral. Arsenopyrite is an iron arsenic Sulfide (FeAsS It is a hard ( Mohs 5 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific On roasting in air, the arsenic sublimes as arsenic (III) oxide leaving iron oxides.

The most important compounds of arsenic are arsenic (III) oxide, As₂O₃, ('white arsenic'), the yellow sulfide orpiment (As₂S₃) and red realgar (As₄S₄), Paris Green, calcium arsenate, and lead hydrogen arsenate. Arsenic trioxide is the most important commercial compound of Arsenic, and the main starting material for arsenic chemistry Orpiment, As2S3, is a common Monoclinic Arsenic Sulfide mineral Realgar, α -As4S4 is an Arsenic Sulfide mineral It is a soft sectile mineral occurring in Monoclinic crystals or in This article is about the chemical called Paris Green or Emerald Green. Calcium arsenate ( Ca3 ( As[[Oxygen O4]]2 is an extremely poisonous Chemical compound. Lead hydrogen arsenate, also called lead arsenate, acid lead arsenate or LA, chemical formula PbHAsO4 is an inorganic Insecticide The latter three have been used as agricultural insecticides and poisons. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture An insecticide is a Pesticide used against Insects in all developmental forms In the context of Biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, Illness, or Death to Organisms usually by Orpiment and realgar were formerly used as painting pigments, though they have fallen out of use due to their toxicity and reactivity. Although arsenic is sometimes found native in nature, its main economic source is the mineral arsenopyrite mentioned above; it is also found in arsenides of metals such as silver, cobalt (cobaltite: CoAsS and skutterudite: CoAs₃) and nickel, as sulfides, and when oxidised as arsenate minerals such as mimetite, Pb₅(AsO₄)₃Cl and erythrite, Co₃(AsO₄)₂. Arsenopyrite is an iron arsenic Sulfide (FeAsS It is a hard ( Mohs 5 Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Cobalt (ˈkoʊbɒlt is a hard lustrous silver-grey Metal, a Chemical element with symbol Co. Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 The term sulfide ( sulphide in British English) refers to several types of Chemical compounds containing Sulfur in its lowest Oxidation Mimetite, whose name derives from the Greek mimethes, meaning "imitator" is an Arsenate mineral which forms as a secondary mineral in lead deposits Erythrite or red cobalt is a secondary hydrated arsenate of Cobalt Minerals with the formula (Co3(AsO42·8H2O 8H₂O, and more rarely arsenites ('arsenite' = arsenate(III), AsO₃^3- as opposed to arsenate (V), AsO₄^3-). In addition to the inorganic forms mentioned above, arsenic also occurs in various organic forms in the environment. Inorganic arsenic and its compounds, upon entering the food chain, are progressively metabolised to a less toxic form of arsenic through a process of methylation. Food chains, also called food networks and/or trophic networks, describe the feeding relationships between species within an Ecosystem. Methylation is a term used in the chemical sciences to denote the attachment or substitution of a methyl group on various substrates. For example certain molds produce significant amounts of trimethylarsine if inorganic arsenic is present. Microascus brevicaulis is a plant pathogen Bartolomeo Gosio discovered in 1890 that under wet conditions Scopulariopsis brevicaulis produces significant amounts of Trimethylarsine is the Chemical compound with the formula (CH33As commonly abbreviated As Me 3 The organic compound arsenobetaine is found in some marine foods such as fish and algae, and also in mushrooms in larger concentrations. Arsenobetaine is a Organoarsenic compound that is the main source of Arsenic found in Fish. The average person's intake is about 10-50 µg/day. Values about 1000 µg are not unusual following consumption of fish or mushrooms. But there is little danger in eating fish because this arsenic compound is nearly non-toxic.

See also Arsenide minerals, Arsenate minerals.

Toxicity

Main article: Arsenic poisoning

Arsenic and many of its compounds are especially potent poisons. Arsenic Poisoning kills by Allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic Enzymes, leading to death from multi-system Arsenic disrupts ATP production through several mechanisms. Adenosine-5'-triphosphate ( ATP) is a multifunctional Nucleotide that is most important as a " molecular currency" of intracellular Energy At the level of the citric acid cycle, arsenic inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase and by competing with phosphate it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, thus inhibiting energy-linked reduction of NAD+, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP synthesis. The citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle ( TCA cycle) or the Krebs cycle, (or rarely the Szent-Györgyi–Krebs cycle Pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1 is the first component Enzyme of Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC Oxidative phosphorylation is a Metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of Nutrients to produce Adenosine triphosphate (ATP Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, abbreviated NAD+, is a Coenzyme found in all living cells The compound is a dinucleotide since it consists Hydrogen peroxide production is also increased, which might form reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. These metabolic interferences lead to death from multi-system organ failure (see arsenic poisoning) probably from necrotic cell death, not apoptosis. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS, previously known as multiple organ failure (MOF, is altered organ function in an acutely ill patient requiring Arsenic Poisoning kills by Allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic Enzymes, leading to death from multi-system Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = "dead" is the name given to unnatural Death of cells and living tissue. A post mortem reveals brick red colored mucosa, due to severe hemorrhage. An autopsy, also known as a post-mortem examination, necropsy, or obduction, is a Medical procedure that consists of a thorough Examination The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular mucosa) are linings of mostly endodermal origin covered in Epithelium, which are involved in Bleeding, technically known as hemorrhaging / haemorrhaging (see American and British spelling differences) is the loss of Blood from Although arsenic causes toxicity, it can also play a protective role. ^[9].

Elemental arsenic and arsenic compounds are classified as "toxic" and "dangerous for the environment" in the European Union under directive 67/548/EEC. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification packaging and labelling

The IARC recognizes arsenic and arsenic compounds as group 1 carcinogens, and the EU lists arsenic trioxide, arsenic pentoxide and arsenate salts as category 1 carcinogens. iArc is internationally awarded Architects practice based in Seoul, South Korea, led by four partners Kerl Yoo AIA Insoo Park KIRA Jeongim Kim and Substances mixtures and exposure circumstances in this list have been classified by the IARC as Group 1: The agent (mixture is Carcinogenic to humans Arsenic trioxide is the most important commercial compound of Arsenic, and the main starting material for arsenic chemistry Arsenic pentoxide, As2O5 is an important commercial compound of Arsenic. The arsenate Ion is As[[Oxygen O]]43&minusAn arsenate (compound is any compound that contains this ion The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation

Arsenic is known to cause arsenicosis due to its manifestation in drinking water, “the most common species being arsenate [HAsO₄^2- ; As(V)] and arsenite [H₃AsO₃ ; As(III)]”. Arsenic Poisoning kills by Allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic Enzymes, leading to death from multi-system The ability of arsenic to undergo redox conversion between As(III) and As(V) makes its availability in the environment possible. According to Croal, Gralnick, Malasarn, and Newman, “[the] understanding [of] what stimulates As(III) oxidation and/or limits As(V) reduction is relevant for bioremediation of contaminated sites (Croal). The study of chemolithoautotrophic As(III) oxidizers and the heterotrophic As(V) reducers can help the understanding of the oxidation and/or reduction of arsenic. ^[10]

Arsenic in drinking water

Main article: Arsenic contamination of groundwater

Arsenic contamination of groundwater has led to a massive epidemic of arsenic poisoning in Bangladesh^[11] and neighbouring countries. See also Water pollution Arsenic contamination of groundwater is a natural occurring high concentration of Arsenic in deeper levels of Groundwater See also Water pollution Arsenic contamination of groundwater is a natural occurring high concentration of Arsenic in deeper levels of Groundwater ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially It is estimated that approximately 57 million people are drinking groundwater with arsenic concentrations elevated above the World Health Organization's standard of 10 parts per billion. Groundwater is Water located beneath the Ground surface in Soil pore spaces and in the Fractures of lithologic formations In Chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance The arsenic in the groundwater is of natural origin, and is released from the sediment into the groundwater due to the anoxic conditions of the subsurface. This groundwater began to be used after western NGOs instigated a massive tube well drinking-water program in the late twentieth century. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on This program was designed to prevent drinking of bacterially contaminated surface waters, but failed to test for arsenic in the groundwater. (2) Many other countries and districts in South East Asia, such as Vietnam, Cambodia, and Tibet, China, are thought to have geological environments similarly conducive to generation of high-arsenic groundwaters. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Arsenicosis was reported in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand in 1987, and the dissolved arsenic in the Chao Phraya River is suspected of containing high levels of naturally occurring arsenic, but has not been a public health problem due to the use of bottled water. Arsenic Poisoning kills by Allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic Enzymes, leading to death from multi-system Nakhon Si Thammarat (นครศรีธรรมราช (alternative English transliteration Nakhon Sri Thammarat from Pali Nagara Sri Dhammaraja) is a The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The Chao Phraya (แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา is a major River in Thailand, with its low alluvial river plain marking the mainland of the country ^[12]

The northern United States, including parts of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and the Dakotas are known to have significant concentrations of arsenic in ground water. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Increased levels of skin cancer has been associated with arsenic exposure in Wisconsin, even at levels below the 10 part per billion drinking water standard. ^[13]

Epidemiological evidence from Chile shows a dose dependent connection between chronic arsenic exposure and various forms of cancer, particularly when other risk factors, such as cigarette smoking, are present. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the These effects have been demonstrated to persist below 50 parts per billion. ^[14]

A study of cancer rates in Taiwan ^[15] suggested that significant increases in cancer mortality appear only at levels above 150 parts per billion.

Analyzing multiple epidemiological studies on inorganic arsenic exposure suggests a small but measurable risk increase for bladder cancer at 10 parts per billion. ^[16] According to Peter Ravenscroft, of the Department of Geography at the University of Cambridge ^[17] roughly 80 million people worldwide consume between 10 and 50 parts per billion arsenic in their drinking water. If they all consumed exactly 10 parts per billion arsenic in their drinking water, the previously cited multiple epidemiological study analysis would predict an additional 2,000 cases of bladder cancer alone. This represents a clear underestimate of the overall impact, since it does not include lung or skin cancer, and explicitly underestimates the exposure. Those exposed to levels of arsenic above the current WHO standard should weigh the costs and benefits of arsenic remmediation.

Arsenic can be removed from drinking water through coprecipitation of iron minerals by oxidation and filtering. In Chemistry, coprecipitation (CPT or co-precipitation is the carrying down by a Precipitate of substances normally soluble under the conditions employed When this treatment fails to produce acceptable results, adsorptive arsenic removal media may be utilized. Several adsorptive media systems have been approved for point of service use in a study funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U. S. EPA) and the National Science Foundation (NSF). The National Science Foundation (NSF is a United States Government agency that supports fundamental Research and Education in all the non-medical

Magnetic separations of arsenic at very low magnetic field gradients have been demonstrated in point-of-use water purification with high–surface area and monodisperse magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanocrystals. Magnetite is not to be confused with Magnesite or Maghemite. Magnetite is a ferrimagnetic Mineral with chemical Using the high specific surface area of Fe₃O₄ nanocrystals the mass of waste associated with arsenic removal from water has been dramatically reduced. ^[18]

Compounds

• Arsenic acid (H₃AsO₄)
• Arsenous acid (H₃AsO₃)
• Arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃)
• Arsine (Arsenic Trihydride AsH₃)
• Cadmium arsenide (Cd₃As₂)
• Gallium arsenide (GaAs)
• Lead hydrogen arsenate (PbHAsO₄)

Arsenic also occurs in the II oxidation state, but only in the As₂⁴⁺ cation, As(II) is never found otherwise. Arsenic acid is the Chemical compound with the formula H3AsO4 Arsenous acid, also known as arsenious acid, is the Hydrolyzed form of Arsenic trioxide and has the formula As(OH3 Arsenic trioxide is the most important commercial compound of Arsenic, and the main starting material for arsenic chemistry Arsine is the chemical compound with the formula As[[hydrogen H]]3 Cadmium arsenide ( Cd 3 As 2 is a Crystalline Semiconductor with a Tetragonal structure in the II-V Gallium arsenide ( GaAs) is a compound of two elements Gallium and Arsenic. Lead hydrogen arsenate, also called lead arsenate, acid lead arsenate or LA, chemical formula PbHAsO4 is an inorganic Insecticide ^[19]

See also Arsenic compounds.

Isotopes

Main article: isotopes of arsenic

Arsenic has been proposed as a "salting" material for nuclear weapons (cobalt is another, better-known salting material). Although Arsenic ( As) has multiple Isotopes, only one of these isotopes is stable as such it is considered a monoisotopic element A cobalt bomb, a type of salted bomb is a Nuclear weapon originally proposed by physicist Leó Szilárd, who suggested that it would be capable of destroying A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Cobalt (ˈkoʊbɒlt is a hard lustrous silver-grey Metal, a Chemical element with symbol Co. A jacket of ⁷⁵As, irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, would transmute into the radioactive isotope ⁷⁶As with a half-life of 1. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 0778 days and produce approximately 1. 13 MeV of gamma radiation, significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's fallout for several hours. Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions Fallout is the residual radiation hazard from a Nuclear explosion, so named because it "falls out" of the atmosphere into which it is spread during the explosion Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used.

Notes

References

• Los Alamos National Laboratory – Arsenic

See also

• Aqua Tofana
• Arsenic poisoning
• Arsenicosis
• Fowler's solution
• Grainger challenge
• Black arsenic
• White arsenic

External links

• CTD's Arsenic page and CTD's Arsenicals page from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database
• A Small Dose of Toxicology
• ATSDR - Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Arsenic Toxicity
• Contaminant Focus: Arsenic by the EPA. Aqua Tofana (also known as Acqua Toffana and Aqua Tufania and "Manna di San Nicola" was a strong Poison that was reputedly widely used in Arsenic Poisoning kills by Allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic Enzymes, leading to death from multi-system Arsenic Poisoning kills by Allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic Enzymes, leading to death from multi-system Fowler's solution is a solution containing Potassium arsenite that once was prescribed as a Remedy or a Tonic. The Grainger challenge is a scientific competition to find an economical way to remove Arsenic from arsenic-contaminated groundwater. Arsenic trioxide is the most important commercial compound of Arsenic, and the main starting material for arsenic chemistry The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD is a public website and research tool that curates scientific data describing relationships between chemicals genes and human diseases
• Environmental Health Criteria for Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds, 2001 by the WHO.
• Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of arsenic and arsenic compounds by the IARC. iArc is internationally awarded Architects practice based in Seoul, South Korea, led by four partners Kerl Yoo AIA Insoo Park KIRA Jeongim Kim and
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Arsenic Page
• National Pollutant Inventory - Arsenic
• origen.net – CCA wood and arsenic: toxicological effects of arsenic
• WebElements.com – Arsenic
• Institute of Chemistry Karl Franzens University Austria

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