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Mind-body interventions - edit
NCCAM classifications
  1. Alternative Medical Systems
  2. Mind-Body Intervention
  3. Biologically Based Therapy
  4. Manipulative Methods
  5. Energy Therapy
See also

Aromatherapy is a form of alternative medicine that uses volatile liquid plant materials, known as essential oils (EOs), and other aromatic compounds from plants for the purpose of affecting a person's mood or health. Mind-body interventions is the precise name of a US National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM classification that covers a variety of techniques designed The Alexander Technique is a discipline with a focus on the self-perception of movement and is aimed at alleviating pain promoting rehabilitation improving breathing and decreasing The term autosuggestion is used for positive or negative physical Symptoms explained by the thoughts and beliefs of a person Autogenic training is a relaxation technique developed by the German psychiatrist Johannes Schultz and first published in 1932 The Feldenkrais Method is an educational system centered on movement aiming to expand and refine the use of the self through awareness Hypnotherapy is therapy that is undertaken with a subject in Hypnosis. In Alternative medicine, a Medical Intuitive is a person who uses their intuition to find the cause of a physical or emotional condition Meditation is a mental discipline by which one attempts to get beyond the conditioned "thinking" mind into a deeper state of relaxation or awareness Mindfulness is concentrated awareness of one's thoughts actions or motivations Qigong (or ch'i kung) refers to a wide variety of traditional cultivation practices that involve methods of accumulating circulating and working with Qi or energy Somatic Psychology, also referred to as Body psychotherapy, is an Interdisciplinary field involving the study of therapeutic and Holistic approaches Sophrology was created by Dr Alfonso Caycedo in the 1960s It is a branch of neurological medicine that studies the human Consciousness and its positive Tai chi chuan (is an internal Chinese martial art often practiced for Health reasons The Trager® Approach is a mind-body approach to movement education See Yoga for the family of spiritual practices that originated in India. This is a glossary for terms and concepts being used in Complementary and Alternative Medicine ( CAM) an umbrella term for a large number of practices that fall The term alternative medicine, as used in the modern western world encompasses any healing practice "that does not fall within the realm of conventional Medicine. This is a glossary for terms and concepts being used in Complementary and Alternative Medicine ( CAM) an umbrella term for a large number of practices that fall The term alternative medicine, as used in the modern western world encompasses any healing practice "that does not fall within the realm of conventional Medicine. An essential oil is a concentrated Hydrophobic Liquid containing volatile Aroma compounds from Plants They are also known as volatile Essential oils differ in chemical composition from other herbal products because the distillation process only recovers the lighter phytomolecules. A(n herb (ˈhɝb or /ˈɝb/ see pronunciation differences) is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties flavor scent or the like Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture For this reason essential oils are rich in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, as well as other VOC substances (esters, aromatic compounds, non-terpene hydrocarbons, some organic sulfides etc. Monoterpenes are a class of Terpenes that consist of two Isoprene units and have the molecular formula C10H16 Sesquiterpenes are a class of Terpenes that consist of three Isoprene units and have the molecular formula C15H24 This article describes a highly specialized aspect of its subject in the "Terminology and legal definitions" section Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least Terpenes are a large and varied class of Hydrocarbons, produced primarily by a wide variety of plants particularly Conifers though also by some insects such In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. The term sulfide ( sulphide in British English) refers to several types of Chemical compounds containing Sulfur in its lowest Oxidation ).

Aromatherapy is a generic term that refers to any of the various traditions that make use of essential oils sometimes in combination with other alternative medical practices and spiritual beliefs. Popular use of these products include massaging products, medicine, or any topical application that incorporates the use of essential oils to their products. An essential oil is a concentrated Hydrophobic Liquid containing volatile Aroma compounds from Plants They are also known as volatile [1] It has a particularly Western currency and persuasion. Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin Medical treatment involving aromatic compounds may exist outside of the West, but may or may not be included in the term 'aromatherapy'.

Contents

History

Aromatherapy had been around for 6000 years or more. The Greeks, Romans, and ancient Egyptians all used aromatherapy oils. The Egyptian physician Imhotep recommended fragrant oils for bathing, massage, and for embalming their dead nearly 6000 years ago. Imhotep (sometimes spelled Immutef, Im-hotep, or Ii-em-Hotep, circa ( fl Imhotep is the Egyptian god of medicine and healing. Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, used aromatherapy baths and scented massage. He used aromatic fumigations to rid Athens of the plague.

Aromatherapy has roots in antiquity with the use of aromatic oils. However, as currently defined, aromatherapy involves the use of distilled plant volatiles, a twentieth century innovation. The word "aromatherapy" was first used in the 1920s by French chemist René-Maurice Gattefossé, who devoted his life to researching the healing properties of essential oils after an accident in his perfume laboratory. Perfume is a mixture of fragrant Essential oils and Aroma compounds Fixatives and Solvents used to give the human body animals objects and living In the accident, he set his arm on fire and thrust it into the nearest cold liquid, which happened to be a vat of NOx Ph232 or more commonly known as lavender oil. Lavender oil is an Essential oil obtained by Distillation from the flower spikes of certain species of Lavender. Immediately he noticed surprising pain relief, and instead of requiring the extended healing process he had experienced during recovery from previous burns—which caused redness, heat, inflammation, blisters, and scarring--this burn healed remarkably quickly, with minimal discomfort and no scarring. Jean Valnet continued the work of Gattefossé. During World War II Valnet used essential oils to treat gangrene in wounded soldiers. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Please do not add warnings to this page about the pictures Wikipedia is not censored for taste and has a guideline preventing such warnings - WikipediaNo disclaimers in articles

Modes of application

The modes of application of aromatherapy include:

Materials

Some of the materials employed include:

Theory

Aromatherapy is the treatment or prevention of disease by use of essential oils. The Almond ( Prunus dulcis, syn Prunus amygdalus Batsch Amygdalus communis L An essential oil is a concentrated Hydrophobic Liquid containing volatile Aroma compounds from Plants They are also known as volatile Two basic mechanisms are offered to explain the purported effects. One is the influence of aroma on the brain, especially the limbic system through the olfactory system. The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain The limbic system, or Paleomammalian brain is a term for a set of brain structures including the Hippocampus and Amygdala and anterior thalamic nuclei and a limbic The Olfactory helps and relates sense of smell. The olfactory system is the Sensory system used for Olfaction. The other is the direct pharmacological effects of the essential oils[2]. An essential oil is a concentrated Hydrophobic Liquid containing volatile Aroma compounds from Plants They are also known as volatile While precise knowledge of the synergy between the body and aromatic oils is often claimed by aromatherapists, the efficacy of aromatherapy remains to be proven. Synergy (from the Greek el-Latn syn-ergo, el συνεργός meaning working together is the term used to describe a situation where the final outcome However, some preliminary clinical studies show positive effects. [3] [4]

In the English-speaking world, practitioners tend to emphasize the use of oils in massage. Aromatherapy tends to be regarded as a complementary modality at best and a pseudoscientific fraud at worst. Pseudoscience is defined as a body of knowledge methodology belief or practice that is claimed to be Scientific or made to appear scientific but does not adhere to the [5]

On the continent, especially in France, where it originated, aromatherapy is incorporated into mainstream medicine. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. There, the use of the antiseptic, antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial properties of oils in the control of infections is emphasized over the approaches familiar to North Americans. In France some essential oils are regulated as prescription drugs, and thus administered by a physician. A prescription drug is a licensed medicine that is regulated by legislation to require a prescription before it can be obtained A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health French doctors use a technique called the aromatogram to guide their decision on which essential oil to use. First the doctor cultures a sample of infected tissue or secretion from the patient. Next the growing culture is divided among petri dishes supplied with agar. A Petri dish is a shallow Glass or Plastic Cylindrical lidded dish that biologists use to culture cells It was named after Agar or agar agar is a Gelatinous substance derived from Seaweed. Each petri dish is inoculated with a different essential oil to determine which have the most activity against the target strain of microorganism. The antiseptic activity manifests as a pattern of inhibited growth. [6][7]

In many countries essential oils are included in the national pharmacopoeia, but up to the present moment aromatherapy as science has never been recognized as a valid branch of medicine in the United States, Russia, Germany, or Japan. Pharmacopoeia (literally the art of the drug compounder in its modern technical sense is a book containing directions for the identification of samples and the preparation of compound The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.

Essential oils, phytoncides and other natural VOCs work in different ways. This article describes a highly specialized aspect of its subject in the "Terminology and legal definitions" section At the scent level they activate the limbic system and emotional centers of the brain. The limbic system, or Paleomammalian brain is a term for a set of brain structures including the Hippocampus and Amygdala and anterior thalamic nuclei and a limbic The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain When applied to the skin (commonly in form of "massage oils" i. e. 1-10% solutions of EO in carrier oil) they activate thermal receptors, and kill microbes and fungi. Internal application of essential oil preparations (mainly in pharmacological drugs; generally not recommended for home use apart from dilution - 1-5% in fats or mineral oils, or hydrosoles) may stimulate the immune system. An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor

Choice and purchase

Oils with standarized content of components (marked FCC, for Food Chemical Codex) have to contain a specified amount of certain aroma chemicals that normally occur in the oil. But there is no law that the chemicals cannot be added in synthetic form in order to meet the criteria established by the FCC for that oil. For instance, lemongrass essential oil has to contain 75% aldehyde to meet the FCC profile for that oil, but that aldehyde can come from a chemical refinery instead of from lemongrass. Cymbopogon is a genus of about 55 species of grasses, native to warm temperate and tropical regions of the Old World and Oceania. An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl group. To say that FCC oils are "food grade" then makes them seem natural when in fact they are not necessarily so.

Undiluted essential oils suitable for aromatherapy are termed therapeutic grade, but in countries where the industry is not regulated, therapeutic grade is based on industry consensus and is not a regulatory category. Some aromatherapists take advantage of this situation to make misleading claims about the origin and even content of the oils they use. Likewise, claims that an oil's purity is vetted by mass spectrometry or gas chromatography have limited value, since all such testing can do is show that various chemicals occur in the oil. Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC, or simply gas chromatography (GC, is a type of Chromatography in which the mobile phase is a carrier gas usually an Inert Many of the chemicals that occur naturally in essential oils are manufactured by the perfume industry and adulterate essential oils because they are cheaper. There is no way to distinguish between these synthetic additives and the naturally occurring chemicals.

The best instrument for determining whether an essential oil is adulterated is an educated nose. Many people can distinguish between natural and synthetic scents, but it takes experience.

Price

Oils vary in price based on the amount of the harvest, the country of origin, the type of extraction used (steam distillation, CO2 extract, enfleurage), and how desirable the oil is. Enfleurage is a process that uses odorless fats that are solid at room temperature to capture the fragrant compounds exuded by plants Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album) is considered more desirable than Australian Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum), based upon the aroma, and is twice as costly, mainly because the species that yields Indian Sandalwood essential oils is endangered. Santalum album is a small tropical tree of the Santalaceae family commonly known as the source of Sandalwood. Santalum spicatum, a species known as Australian sandalwood, is a tree native to semi-arid areas at the edge of Southwest Australia. Organic and wild harvested essential oils also tend to be more expensive.

Pharmacological effects attributed to essential oils

Popular uses

Efficacy

The consensus among most medical professionals is that while pleasant scents can boost relaxation and may have related benefits for patients, there is currently insufficient scientific proof of the effectiveness of aromatherapy in general. Ylang-ylang (ˈiːlæŋˈʔiːlæŋ (ee-lang ee-lang Cananga odorata, is a small flower of the Cananga tree [34] Scientific research on the cause and effect of aromatherapy is limited, although in vitro testing has revealed some antibacterial and antiviral effects and a few double blind studies have been published. [35][36]

Like many alternative therapies, few controlled, double-blind studies have been carried out—a common explanation is that there is little incentive to do so if the results of the studies are not patentable. The term alternative medicine, as used in the modern western world encompasses any healing practice "that does not fall within the realm of conventional Medicine. The blind method is a part of the Scientific method, used to prevent research outcomes from being influenced by either the Placebo effect or the Observer Within the context of a national or multilateral body of Law, an Invention is patentable if it meets the relevant legal conditions to be granted Researchers at Sloan-Kettering have found that aromatherapy significantly reduces claustrophobia attacks for patients undergoing MRI scans; however, studies of similar rigor are far from numerous. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC is a Cancer treatment and research institution founded in 1884 as the New York Cancer Hospital. Claustrophobia (from Greek κλειστο closed is the fear of enclosed spaces Some benefits that have been linked to aromatherapy, such as relaxation and clarity of mind, may arise from the placebo effect rather than from the inherent properties of the scents themselves. Placebo is a substance or procedure a patient accepts as medicine or therapy but which has no specific therapeutic activity

Skeptical literature suggests that aromatherapy is based on the anecdotal evidence of its benefits rather than proof that aromatherapy can cure diseases. The expression anecdotal evidence has two quite distinct meanings Scientists and medical professionals acknowledge that aromatherapy has limited scientific support, but critics argue that the claims of most aromatherapy practitioners go beyond the data, and/or that the studies are neither adequately controlled nor peer reviewed.

Customers should be aware that aromatherapy may be unregulated, depending on the country. The term "aromatherapy" has been applied to such a wide range of products that many are labeled "aromatherapy" products simply because they contain essential oils, although they may provide no therapeutic benefit.

Some proponents of aromatherapy believe that the claimed effect of each type of oil is not caused by the chemicals in the oil interacting with the senses, but because the oil contains a distillation of the "life force" of the plant from which it is derived that will "balance the energies" of the body and promote healing or well-being by purging negative vibrations from the body's energy field. Vitalism, as defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary is a doctrine that the functions of a living organism are due to a vital principle distinct from physicochemical Arguing that there is no scientific evidence that healing can be achieved, and that the claimed "energies" even exist, many skeptics reject this form of aromatherapy as pseudoscience or even quackery. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena Scientific skepticism or rational skepticism ( also spelled scepticism) sometimes referred to as skeptical inquiry, is a scientific or practical Pseudoscience is defined as a body of knowledge methodology belief or practice that is claimed to be Scientific or made to appear scientific but does not adhere to the

Safety concerns

In addition, there are potential safety concerns. The term alternative medicine, as used in the modern western world encompasses any healing practice "that does not fall within the realm of conventional Medicine. Because essential oils are highly concentrated they can irritate the skin when used neat. As such, they are normally diluted with a carrier oil for topical application. Phototoxic reactions may occur with citrus peel oils such as lemon or lime [37]. Phototoxicity is a phenomenon known in live-cell where illuminating a fluorescent molecule (the fluorescently active site is called a Fluorophore) causes the selective Citrus is a common term and Genus of Flowering plants in the family Rutaceae, originating in tropical and subtropical southeast regions of The lemon ( Citrus × limon) is a hybrid in cultivated wild plants Lime is a term referring to a number of different fruits (generally Citruses, both Species and hybrids, which are typically round green to yellow Also, many essential oils have chemical components that are sensitisers (meaning that they will after a number of uses cause reactions on the skin, and more so in the rest of the body). Some oils can be toxic to some domestic animals, with cats being particularly prone. WikipediaManual of Style (spelling, articles should conform to one overall spelling style of English typically the one most linked to the article topic (if it is geographic [38][39]

Two common oils, lavender and tea tree, have been implicated in causing gynaecomastia, an abnormal breast tissue growth, in prepubescent boys. The Lavenders Lavandula are a Genus of about 25–30 species of Flowering plants in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to the Mediterranean Gynecomastia, or gynaecomastia, ˌgaɪnəkoʊˈmæstiə is the development of abnormally large Mammary glands in Males resulting in breast enlargement which [40] A child hormone specialist at the University of Cambridge claimed ". The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the . . these oils can mimic oestrogens" and "people should be a little bit careful about using these products". Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, [41]

As with any bioactive substance, an essential oil that may be safe for the general public could still pose hazards for pregnant and lactating women.

While some advocate the ingestion of essential oils for therapeutic purposes, licensed aromatherapy professionals do not recommend self prescription due the highly toxic nature of some essential oil. Some very common oils like Eucalyptus are extremely toxic when taken internally. Eucalyptus (From Greek ευκάλυπτος meaning "well covered" is a diverse Genus of Trees (and a few shrubs the members of which Doses as low as one teaspoon has been reported to cause clinically significant symptoms and severe poisoning can occur after ingestion of 4 to 5 ml. [42] A few reported cases of toxic reactions like liver damage and seizures have occurred after ingestion of sage, hyssop, thuja, and cedar. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals [43] Accidental ingestion may happen when oils are not kept out of reach of children.

Oils both ingested and applied to the skin can potentially have negative interaction with conventional medicine. For example, the topical use of methyl salicylate heavy oils like Sweet Birch and Wintergreen may cause hemorrhaging in users taking the anticoagulant Warfarin. Methyl salicylate ( Chemical formula C6H4(HOCOOCH3 also known as salicylic acid methyl ester, oil of wintergreen, Betula lenta ( Sweet Birch, also known as Black Birch, Cherry Birch, Mahogany Birch, or Spice Birch) is a species of Wintergreen is a group of plants Wintergreen once commonly referred to Plants that continue Photosynthesis (remain Green) throughout the Winter An anticoagulant is a substance that prevents coagulation; that is it stops Blood from clotting Warfarin (also known under the brand names Coumadin, Jantoven, Marevan, and Waran) is an Anticoagulant.

Adulterated oils may also pose problems depending on the type of substance used.

References

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Journals

External links

Criticism

Further reading

Dictionary

aromatherapy

-noun

  1. (medicine) The use of selected fragrances in lotions and inhalants in an effort to affect mood and promote health.
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