Aromanians Armãnji - Rrãmãnj
Total population
100,000 (estimated from the below) up to 700,000 [1]
Regions with significant populations
Greece 39,855 (1951 census) - 200,000 (est. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) [2][3]  Albania 4,249 (1955 census) – 50,000 (1994 est. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. ) [4]  Romania 26,500 (2006 est. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania ) [5]  Serbia 15,000 (est. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country ) [6]  Bulgaria 10,566 (2001 census) [7] Republic of Macedonia 9,695 (2001 census) - 100,000 (est. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The Republic of Macedonia (Република ) [8][9]
Languages
Aromanian and other languages in the areas in which they live
Religions
Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism

Aromanians (or Macedo-Rumans; in Aromanian they call themselves Armãnji, Rrãmãnji) are a people living throughout the southern Balkans, especially in northern Greece, Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria, and as an emigrant community in Romania (Dobruja). Aromanian ( limba armãneascã, armãneshce or armãneashti) also known as Macedo-Romanian, Arumanian or Vlach in most The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Aromanian ( limba armãneascã, armãneshce or armãneashti) also known as Macedo-Romanian, Arumanian or Vlach in most Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. The Republic of Macedonia (Република The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania They are the second most populous group of Vlachs, behind modern-day Romanians. Vlachs is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni

They speak the Aromanian language, a Romance language related to Romanian, sometimes classified as a dialect of it. Aromanian ( limba armãneascã, armãneshce or armãneashti) also known as Macedo-Romanian, Arumanian or Vlach in most The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance ^[10] Due to the common language foundations, dating from the times of Latin language, historians believe that the language link with Romanian was interrupted between the 7th and 9th century, after the most important features of the Proto-Romanian language were formed. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Proto-Romanian (also known as "Common Romanian" româna comună or "Ancient Romanian" străromâna) is a hypothetical Language considered

Contents 1 Names and Classification 2 Origins 3 History 4 Culture 4.1 Traditional Culture 5 Aromanians today 5.1 In Greece 5.2 In Albania 5.3 In the Republic of Macedonia 5.4 In Bulgaria 5.5 In Romania 5.6 In Serbia 5.7 Diaspora 6 Self-Identification 6.1 Byzantine period 6.2 Ottoman period 6.3 Awakening of the Aromanian identity, and Romanian sponsorship 6.4 Interbellum and World War II 6.5 Post-war situation in Greece 7 See also 8 References and footnotes 9 Further reading 10 External links

Names and Classification

Main article: Names of the Aromanians

Part of a series of articles on Aromanians Culture Caloian · List of Aromanians Etymology By region or country Greece · Albania Macedonia · Bulgaria Romania · Serbia Settlements Kruševo · Moscopole Metsovo  · Pindus Language History Self Identification Principality of Pindus and Voivodship of Macedonia Related Groups Romanians  · Morlachs Megleno-Romanians Istro-Romanians v • d • e

The name Armãn - EN Aromanian, just as Romanian, derives directly from Latin Romanus ("Roman") through regular sound changes. There are several names of the Aromanians used throughout the Balkans both Autonyms (like armân) and Exonyms (like Vlach) Aromanians (or Macedo-Rumans; in Aromanian they call themselves Armãnji, Rrãmãnji) are a people living throughout the southern Balkans For the king see king golopov Caloian is a Rain ritual in Romania, similar in some ways with Paparuda. This is a list in progress of world famous or important Aromanians and people having Aromanian ancestry There are several names of the Aromanians used throughout the Balkans both Autonyms (like armân) and Exonyms (like Vlach) Aromanians (or Macedo-Rumans; in Aromanian they call themselves Armãnji, Rrãmãnji) are a people living throughout the southern Balkans Aromanians (or Macedo-Rumans; in Aromanian they call themselves Armãnji, Rrãmãnji) are a people living throughout the southern Balkans Aromanians (or Macedo-Rumans; in Aromanian they call themselves Armãnji, Rrãmãnji) are a people living throughout the southern Balkans Aromanians (or Macedo-Rumans; in Aromanian they call themselves Armãnji, Rrãmãnji) are a people living throughout the southern Balkans Vlachs ( Endonym: Rumâni, Serbian: Власи or Vlasi) are an ethnic group of Serbia, culturally and linguistically Kruševo (Крушево; Crushuva also spelt Krushevo, is a Town in Republic of Macedonia. History Although located in a rather isolated place in the mountains of southern Albania the city rose to become the most important center of the Aromanians Metsovo (Μέτσοβο Aminciu formerly Metsovon, is a town in Epirus on the mountains of Pindus in northern Greece, between Ioannina This article is about the mountain range called Pindus for other uses of these names see Pindus (disambiguation The Pindus (Πίνδος Aromanian ( limba armãneascã, armãneshce or armãneashti) also known as Macedo-Romanian, Arumanian or Vlach in most This article is about the history of the Aromanians. For the history of Northern Vlachs ( Romanians) see History of Romania. Aromanians (or Macedo-Rumans; in Aromanian they call themselves Armãnji, Rrãmãnji) are a people living throughout the southern Balkans The Principality of Pindus and Voivodship of Macedonia (also Pindo or Pindos, sometimes Pindus and Moglena; Principato del Pindo Printsipat di la The Principality of Pindus and Voivodship of Macedonia (also Pindo or Pindos, sometimes Pindus and Moglena; Principato del Pindo Printsipat di la Vlachs is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni Morlachs (in Serbian Morlaci or Морлаци in Greek Μαυροβλάχοι Mavrovlachi or Mauro-Vlachs, meaning "Black Vlachs " in The Megleno-Romanians or Meglen Vlachs ( Megleno-Romanian Vlashi; Greek Βλαχομογλενίτες Vlachomoglenítes) are Istro-Romanians ( Ethnonym: Vlaşi, also proper Rumâri and Rumêri; called Ćiribiri / Ćići by the local Slavic The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Adding "a" in front of certain words that begin with a consonant is a feature of the Aromanian language. In Albania, the most common form is rrãmãnji or rrãmenji.

Nominated according to the geographic area, Aromanians are grouped into several "branches": "Pindians" (Aromanian "Pindenji" concentrated in and around the Pindus Mountains of Northern and Central Greece, Western region of Macedonia, and Southern Albania) "Gramustians" (Aromanian "Yrãmushcianji" from Gramos Mountains, an isolated area in the western most region of the Greek province of Macedonia near the borders with Epirus), "Muzachiars" (Aromanian "Muzachirenji" from Muzachia) "Farsherots" (Aromanian "Fãrsherotii" from Pharsala, concentrated in Epirus), "Moscopolitans" (Aromanian "Moscopoleanji" from the City of Moscopole; once an important urban center of the Balkans). Aromanian ( limba armãneascã, armãneshce or armãneashti) also known as Macedo-Romanian, Arumanian or Vlach in most This article is about the mountain range called Pindus for other uses of these names see Pindus (disambiguation The Pindus (Πίνδος Aromanian ( limba armãneascã, armãneshce or armãneashti) also known as Macedo-Romanian, Arumanian or Vlach in most For the community in the Kastoria Prefecture, see Gramos Greece Gramos or Grammos (Γράμος is a Mountain range in the northeastern Aromanian ( limba armãneascã, armãneshce or armãneashti) also known as Macedo-Romanian, Arumanian or Vlach in most Muzachia ( Aromanian Muzachia, Albanian Muzaqi) a part of modern day Albania was a place predominantly inhabited by Aromanians Aromanian ( limba armãneascã, armãneshce or armãneashti) also known as Macedo-Romanian, Arumanian or Vlach in most Farsala or Pharsala (Φάρσαλα known in Antiquity as Pharsalus, is a city in southern Thessaly, in Greece. Aromanian ( limba armãneascã, armãneshce or armãneashti) also known as Macedo-Romanian, Arumanian or Vlach in most History Although located in a rather isolated place in the mountains of southern Albania the city rose to become the most important center of the Aromanians The first three groups call themselves Armãnj, while the Farsherots (with a distinct dialect) call themselves Rrãmãnj. Most are called Vlahi in Greek. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Vlachs was a term used in the Medieval Balkans, as an exonym for all the Romanic people of the region, but nowadays, it is commonly used only for the Aromanians and Meglenites, the Romanians being named Vlachs only in historical context (mostly because of Wallachia). Vlachs is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe An exonym (from Greek el ἔξω exo = out el ὄνομα onoma = name is a name for a place that is not used within that place by the local The Megleno-Romanians or Meglen Vlachs ( Megleno-Romanian Vlashi; Greek Βλαχομογλενίτες Vlachomoglenítes) are The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni The term Vlach has had its form changed into the following languages: Macedonian: Vlasi, Albanian: Vllehe and Turkish: Ulahlar. Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco - Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Interesting to note that the term Vlach also meant "bandit" or "rebel" in medieval historiography. Vlach was further a name used by the Ottomans to denote Christians in Bosnia. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Historically and geographically the Region known as Bosnia (natively Bosna; Cyrillic: Босна lies mainly in the Dinaric Alps, ranging

The Gramustians and Pindians are nicknamed in Greece Koutsovlachs meaning "lazy vlachs" in Greek. (This name has been noticed also among the Slavic peoples, especially in the folk stories cf. Marko Cepenkov). Marko Kostov Cepenkov or Marko Tsepenkov (Марко Костов Цепенков Марко Костов Цепенков (born in Prilep, Ottoman Empire Another name used to refer to the Aromanians (mainly in the Slavic countries such as Serbia and Bulgaria) is "tsintsar" (also spelled tzintzar, cincar or similar), which is derived from the way the Aromanians pronounce the word meaning "five": "tsintsi". Some Vlachs are called "Arvanitovlachoi" (usually for the Farsherots, Moscopolitans and Muzachiars), meaning Albanian Vlachs, referring to their place of origin. Albanians also call them "Chobans" (from Turkish Çoban meaning shepherd), a word also used to refer to them in Greek ("chobani", "τσομπάνοι"). Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages.

Origins

It is hypothesized that these Vlachs originated from the Roman colonisation of the Balkans and are the descendants of Latinised native peoples and Roman legionaries who had settled in the Balkans. Romanization may also refer to linguistics see Romanization. Romanization was a gradual process of Cultural assimilation, in which The fact that the Roman colonisation of Epirus and Macedonia began earlier and lasted longer than that of Dacia would suggest that the Aromanian Vlachs may have preceded the Romanians in Balkan history.

There are many theories regarding the origins of the Aromanians. In Greece, they are believed to be descended from a local Greek population that was Latinised immediately following the Roman conquest of Greece, or later, during the first centuries of the Byzantine Empire when Latin continued to be the official language. Roman Greece is the period of Greek history (of Greece proper as opposed to the other centers of Hellenism in the Roman world following the Roman victory over On the contrary, in other neighboring countries they are considered to be the descendants of Latinised Illyrian and Thracian peoples who moved into the mountains of the south balkans after the Avar and Slavic invasions. Some Byzantine chroniclers have described them as descending from Thracian tribes;one of them being the Bessi,^[11].

In total, the main theories regarding the origins of Aromanians describe them as descendants of the romanized Thracians and or Illyrians, or the descendants of Roman colonizers and soldiers, who would receive agricultural lands as payments for their services, or Latinized Greeks. The term Thraco-Roman refers to the culture and language of the Thracian peoples who were incorporated into the Roman Empire and ultimately fell under the Roman Illyrians has come to refer to a broad ill-defined " Indo-European " group of peoples who inhabited the western Balkans ( Illyria, roughly Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions

It is clear, however, that until the 7th or 9th century, Romanians and Aromanians spoke the same eastern variant of Vulgar Latin, often known as Proto-Romanian. Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin Proto-Romanian (also known as "Common Romanian" româna comună or "Ancient Romanian" străromâna) is a hypothetical Language considered This term was not accepted by the Greek linguists because it denoted a form of only Romanian language, thus supporting only the Romanian theory. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance This in fact puts the other two languages which developed from this form of Vulgar Latin: Megleno-Romanian and the Istro-Romanian in the same position as Aromanian. Megleno-Romanian (known as Vlăheşte by speakers and Moglenitic, Meglenitic or Megleno-Romanian by linguists is a Romance language Istro-Romanian is an Eastern Romance language, or a Dialect of the Romanian language. Modern linguists believe that the Istro-Romanians migrated to their present region of Istria about 1,000 (or 600) years ago from Transylvania. Istro-Romanians ( Ethnonym: Vlaşi, also proper Rumâri and Rumêri; called Ćiribiri / Ćići by the local Slavic ^[12][13]

History

Main article: History of the Aromanians

The Roman Empire and its Latin language strongly influenced some of the ancient tribes of the Balkans. This article is about the history of the Aromanians. For the history of Northern Vlachs ( Romanians) see History of Romania. This was achieved by the construction of the Via Egnatia and the founding of Roman colonies. The Latinized peoples that originated from this region of the Roman Empire eventually retired into the vastness and security of the mountainous terrain and became specialized in nomadic pastoralism.

In the Middle Ages, Aromanians created semi-autonomous states on the territory of modern Greece, such as Great Wallachia, Small Wallachia and Upper Wallachia. Great Wallachia ( Greek: Megáli Vlachía; Romanian: Vlahia Mare) also Thessaly Wallachia, was a medieval state ( 12th Benjamin of Tudela, a Spanish Jew who travelled through south-eastern Europe and the Middle East between 1159 and 1173, alludes to the Vlachs in The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela. He claimed that they enjoyed some measure of independence on their Valachian mountain tops.

Aromanians played an important role in the independence wars of various Balkan countries: Bulgaria, Albania and Greece, against the Ottoman Empire. The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829 also commonly known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish But also in 1905 the Aromanians were acknowledged as a separate nation (millet) of the Ottoman Empire, allowing them to have their own schools and liturgy in their own Aromanian language. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish This happened during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid the Second, when the Aromanians even got their own representatives in the Great Gate. Abdülhamid II His Imperial Majesty Sultan of the Ottoman Empire ( Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد ثانی `Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i sânî, İkinci Abdülhamit The day of the signing of the so-called Aromanian Iradeo or Turkish Irade, 23 of May is celebrated as the National Day of the Aromanians from the whole world and is celebrated as an official holiday in Macedonia. Aromanian ( limba armãneascã, armãneshce or armãneashti) also known as Macedo-Romanian, Arumanian or Vlach in most Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. The Republic of Macedonia (Република

In 1941, after the Nazi occupation of Greece, some Aromanian nationalists created an autonomous Vlach state under Fascist Italian control: the Principality of Pindus and Voivodship of Macedonia. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Principality of Pindus and Voivodship of Macedonia (also Pindo or Pindos, sometimes Pindus and Moglena; Principato del Pindo Printsipat di la

After the fall of Communism, the Aromanian nation formed its own cultural and political societies in the Balkans and started its new national re-awakening.

Culture

Traditional Culture

See also:

• Caloian
• List of prominent Aromanians

To be completed

Aromanians today

In Greece

In Greece, Aromanians are not regarded as an ethnic minority, but are considered "Latin-speaking Greeks" (i. For the king see king golopov Caloian is a Rain ritual in Romania, similar in some ways with Paparuda. This is a list in progress of world famous or important Aromanians and people having Aromanian ancestry The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions e. Greeks that speak a Romance language), as cognate with the South Slavic speaking minorities which are called "Slavophone Greeks" (i. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all e. Greeks that speak a Slavic language, or the Arvanites which have been called "Albanophone Greeks" (i. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages e. Albanian-speaking Greeks), since most of them express Greek national identity. Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco - Generally, the use of the minority languages has been discouraged,^[14] although recently, there have been efforts from the Greek presidency to preserve endangered languages (including Aromanian).

It is difficult to estimate the exact number of Aromanians, as no Greek census has recorded mother tongue statistics since 1951. Estimates on the number of Aromanians in Greece range between 40,000. ^[15] to 200,000. ^[16]

The majority of the Aromanian population lives in northern and central Greece. The main areas inhabited by these populations are the Pindus Mountains, around the mountains of Olympus and Vermion, and around the Prespa Lakes near the border with Albania. The Vermion Mountains are a mountain range in between Imathia and Kozani Prefecture in west-central Greek region of Macedonia. Some Aromanians can still be found in isolated rural settlements such as Samarina, Perivoli, and Gramos. Samarina (Σαμαρίνα is a village in the Grevena Prefecture, Greece. Perivoli or Perivolion may refer to Perivoli Corfu Perivoli (Grevena Greece Perivolion (Karditsa Greece There are also Aromanians(Vlachs) in the cities and towns such as Thessaloniki, Veria, Ioannina and Metsovo. Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia Veria (officially transliterated as Veroia, Greek Βέροια or Βέρροια also Φέροια in Classical Greek - Βέροια being Ioannina (Ιωάννινα, often el Γιάννενα or el Γιάννινα / is a city of Epirus, north-western Greece, with a metropolitan population of Metsovo (Μέτσοβο Aminciu formerly Metsovon, is a town in Epirus on the mountains of Pindus in northern Greece, between Ioannina

The Aromanians today have a representative in the European Bureau for Lesser Spoken Languages in Greece.

In Albania

The second largest Aromanian community lives in Albania, counting between 100,000 and 200,000 people. The scholar Dr. Tom Winnifrith of the University of Warwick in England, placed the number of Albanian Vlachs at up to 200,000. There are currently timid attempts to establish education in their native language in the town of Divjaka. The Aromanians, under the name "Vlachs", are a recognized national minority in the Albanian constitution.

For the last years there seems to be a renewal of the former policies of supporting and sponsoring of Romanian schools on the behalf of the Vlachs of Albania. As a recent article in the Romanian media points out, the kindergarten, primary and secondary schools in the Albanian town of Divjaka where the local Vlach pupils are taught classes both in Aromanian and Romanian were granted substantial help directly from the Romanian government. The only Aromanian language church in Albania, the 'Schimbarea la fata' of Korçë (Curcea in Aromanian) was given 2 billion lei help from the Romanian government too. Korçë (Korçë or Korça is a major city in the Korçë District of south-eastern Albania, located at near the border with Many of the Albanian Aromanians have immigratted to Greece as homogeneis, since they are considered part of the Greek minority in Albania.

Fatos Nano, the former Albanian prime-minister is supposed to have aromanian origins. Fatos Thanas Nano (born September 16, 1952 in Tirana) is a Member of the Albanian Parliament, representing Sarandë constituency ^[17]

In the Republic of Macedonia

Further information: Aromanians of the Republic of Macedonia

According to official government figures (census 2002), there are 9,695 Aromanians, or Vlachs as they are officially called, in Macedonia, even though other sources estimate their numbers as high as 100,000 according to their associations and other estimates[3]. The Republic of Macedonia (Република Aromanians are recognized as an ethnic minority, and are hence represented in Parliament and enjoy ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious rights and the right to education in their language.

They have also received financial support from the Romanian government, which made recognition of Macedonia's independence conditional on the extension of minority rights to the Aromanians. There are Aromanian cultural societies and associations such as the Union for Aromanian Culture from Macedonia, The Aromanian League of Macedonia, The International League of Aromanians, Comuna Armãneascã ("Frats Manachia", The Aromanian Community Manachia Brothers in Bitola), Partia-a Armãnjlor di tu Machedonia (The Party of the Aromanians from Macedonia) and Unia Democraticã-a Armãnjlor di tu Machedonia (The Democratic Union of the Aromanians from Macedonia).

There are Aromanian classes provided in primary schools and the state funds some Aromanian published works (magazines and books) as well as works that cover Aromanian culture, language and history. The latter is mostly done by the first Aromanian Scientific Society, "Constantin Belemace" in Skopje, which has organized symposiums on Aromanian history and has published papers from them. According to the last census, there were 9,596 Aromanians (0. 48% of the total population). There are concentrations in Krusevo 1020 (11%), Stip 2074 (4. Kruševo (Крушево; Crushuva also spelt Krushevo, is a Town in Republic of Macedonia. 3%), Bitola 1270 (1. Bitola (Битола; known also by several alternative names) is a city in the southwestern part of the Republic of Macedonia. 3%), Struga 656 (1%), Sveti Nikole 238 (1. Struga (Струга; Strugë is a Town situated in the south-western region of the Republic of Macedonia, lying on the shore of Lake Ohrid. Sveti Nikole (Свети Николе) (literally meaning Saint Nicholas) is a town in the Republic of Macedonia. 4%), Kisela Voda 647 (1. Kisela Voda (Кисела Вода is one of 10 municipalities of Skopje, the capital of the Republic of Macedonia. 1%) and Skopje 2557 (0. Skopje (Скопје; Shkup or Shkupi is the Capital and largest city in the Republic of Macedonia, with more than a quarter of the population 5%). ^[18]

In Bulgaria

In Bulgaria most Aromanians were concentrated in the region south-west of Sofia, in the region called Pirin, formerly part of the Ottoman Empire until 1913. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Sofia (София ˈsɔfija is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Bulgaria, with a population of 1395568 in the Capital Municipality The Pirin Mountains (Пирин are a Mountain range in southwestern Bulgaria, with Vihren (2914 m high the highest peak situated at Due to this reason, a large part of these Aromanians moved to the Southern Dobruja, part of the Kingdom of Romania since the Treaty of Bucharest of 1913, and after its reinclusion in Bulgaria with the Treaty of Craiova of 1940, moved to Northern Dobruja. Southern Dobruja ( Южна Добруджа Yuzhna Dobrudzha in Bulgarian, Dobrogea de sud or Cadrilater in Romanian) See also Kings of Romania The Kingdom of Roumania (or ' Romania ' in post-1969 and also current spelling was the old Romanian state based on a form of The Treaty of Bucharest was concluded on August 10, 1913, by the delegates of Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro The Treaty of Craiova (Крайовска спогодба Tratatul de la Craiova was signed on 7 September 1940 between the Kingdom of Bulgaria Northern Dobruja (Dobrogea Северна Добруджа Severna Dobrudzha) is the part of Dobruja within the borders of Romania. Another group moved to northern Greece. Nowadays, the largest group of Aromanians in Bulgaria is found in the southern mountainous area, around Peshtera. Peshtera (Пещера) is a town in southwestern Bulgaria, part of Pazardzhik Province, located in the Upper Thracian Lowlands at the foot of the Besides Aromanians, in the northern part, Bulgaria also hosts an ethnic Romanian minority, along the Danube, from Vidin to Rousse. Vidin (Видин is a town on the southern bank of the Danube in northwestern Bulgaria. Rousse (also transliterated as Ruse or Russe; Русе) is the fifth-largest city in Bulgaria with a population of near 175600 To the border with Serbia, there are other groups of Vlachs (see Vlachs of Serbia), who speak a language identical to modern Romanian, although they prefer to call it "Vlach" (see Vlach language (Serbia)). Vlachs ( Endonym: Rumâni, Serbian: Власи or Vlasi) are an ethnic group of Serbia, culturally and linguistically Status Serbian statistics list Vlach and Romanian languages separately depending of what people declared in census

After the fall of communism in 1989, Aromanians, Romanians and Vlachs have started initiatives to organize themselves under one common association. ^[19][20][21]

According to the 1926 official census, there were: 69. 080 Romanians, 5. 324 Aromanians, 3. 777 Cutzovlachs, and 1. 551 "Tsintsars".

According to the 2001 census, there are 1088 Romanians and 10,566 Vlachs in Bulgaria [4]. The last figure includes Romanian and Aromanian speakers.

In Romania

Since the Middle Ages, due to the Turkish occupation and the destruction of their cities, such as Moscopole, Gramostea, Linotopi and later on Krushevo, many Aromanians fled their native homelands in the Balkans to settle the Romanian principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, which had a similar language and a certain degree of autonomy from the Turks. History Although located in a rather isolated place in the mountains of southern Albania the city rose to become the most important center of the Aromanians Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians These immigrant Aromanians were more or less assimilated into the Romanian population.

In 1925, 47 years after Dobruja was incorporated into Romania, King Carol II of Romania gave the Aromanians land and privilleges to settle in this region, in order to achieve relative majority of vlach-speakers in a region formerly inhabited mostly by Bulgarians, which resulted in a significant migration of Aromanians into Romania. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Carol II of Romania ( 15 October / 16 October 1893 &ndash 4 April 1953) reigned as King of Romania from June 8 Today, the 25% of the population of the region are descendants of Aromanian immigrants (especially from Thessaly, Epirus, Greek Macedonia and Vardar Macedonia). Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. Macedonia ( Μακεδονία, Makedonía,) is a geographical and historical region of Greece in southeastern Europe Vardar Macedonia ( Macedonian and Serbian: Вардарска Македонија, Vardarska Makedonija Bulgarian: Вардарска

There are currently between 50,000 and 100,000 Aromanians in Romania, most of which are concentrated in Dobruja. According to the Union for Aromanian Language and Culture there are some 100,000 Aromanians in Romania. Some Aromanian associations even place the total number of people of Aromanian descent in Romania as high as 250,000. Due to their cultural closeness to ethnic Romanians, most of them do not consider themselves to be a distinct ethnic minority but rather a "cultural minority". The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni

Recently, there has been a growing movement in Romania, both by Aromanians and by Romanian lawmakers, to recognize the Aromanians either as a separate cultural group or as a separate ethnic group, and extend to them the rights of other minorities in Romania, such as mother-tongue education and representatives in parliament. Results of 2002 census : 25943 Constanta county - 16300 Tulcea county -3550 Bucharest -3274 Ilfov county - 1151 Ialomita county -665

In Serbia

There are currently 15,000 Aromanians in Serbia. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The majority of Aromanians in Serbia do not speak Aromanian.

Diaspora

Except for the Balkan countries, there are also communities and groups of Aromanian emigrants living in the United States, Canada, France and Germany. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

In Germany, at Freiburg, is situated one of the most important Aromanian organisations, the Union for Culture and Language of the Aromanians, and one of the largest libraries in Aromanian language.

In the United States, The Society Fărşărotul, is one of the oldest and most known associations of Aromanians, founded in 1903 by Nicolae Cican, an Aromanian native of Albania.

In France, the Aromanians are grouped in the Trâ Armânami cultural association.

Self-Identification

Aromanians have played a major role in the history of almost all modern Balkan states, especially Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, and of course Romania. Prominent Aromanians include Pitu Guli, also known as "Peter the Vlach", (Macedonian revolutionary), Ioannis Kolettis (Prime minister of Greece), Georgios Averoff (Greek magnate), Evangelos Averoff (Defence Minister of Greece), Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople, Andrei Şaguna, (Romanian Orthodox Metropolitan of Transylvania and Romanian patriot), the Ghica family (Wallachian and Moldavian voivodes and Romanian Prime Ministers), etc. Pitu Guli ( Cyrillic: Питу Гули (1865 Kruševo &mdash 1903 Kruševo Ottoman Empire was an ethnic Aromanian revolutionary in Ottoman Ioannis Kolettis (Ιωάννης Κωλέττης (1773 - 1847 was a Greek politician of Vlach origin who played a significant role in Greek affairs from the George M Averoff (1815-1899 alternately Georgios Averof (In Greek: Γεώργιος Αβέρωφ was a Greek businessman and philanthropist Evangelos Averoff-Tositsas ( April 17, 1910 - January 2, 1990) was a distinguished liberal Greek politician and a prominent Author. Aristocles Spyrou / Αριστοκλής Σπύρου) ( March 25, 1886 - July 7, 1972) was the 268th Ecumenical Patriarch of Andrei Şaguna ( 20 January 1809, Miskolc, Hungary &mdash 28 June 1873, Sibiu) was a Metropolitan bishop The Romanian Orthodox Church ( Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is a Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian The Ghicas were a Noble family, ruling Wallachia and Moldavia for much of the period from the 17th century through the 19th century This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians (See List of prominent Aromanians). This is a list in progress of world famous or important Aromanians and people having Aromanian ancestry

In Greece there has been development of a Greco-Vlach identity on the part of many Aromanians. Aromanians from outside Greece sometimes view this as a result of a longstanding government-supported process of linguistic assimilation; some Greek Aromanians, at the same time, dispute this, often describing themselves as 'Latin-speaking Greeks'.

Besides the geographical/linguistic classification, another classification here divides the Aromanians into two branches: an anti-Greek and a philo-Greek faction. The graecophiles have been pejoratively called by the rest of the Aromanians as Grecomans respective "cataoni", "katchani" or "caciauni". Grecomans ( Bulgarian: Гъркомани Garkomani, Macedonian: Гркомани Grkomani, Romanian: Grecomani, Interesting to note is that the Sarakatsani, according to Romanian scholars, are a tribe of Aromanians, completely Hellenised at some point in the 18th and 19th centuries. The Sarakatsani (Σαρακατσάνοι are a group of Greek transhumant shepherds in Greece. They themselves, however, tend to reject any such connection to the Aromanians.

As opposed to the Greek influence, the Romanian influence has been regarded as a problem in Macedonia, and the Aromanians who support the propaganda coming from Bucharest have been called valahuts or rumanofilji. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania.

Many Aromanians of Greece have locally specific ideas regarding their origin and role in Greek society and history. Many identify themselves as heirs of the Byzantine tradition, while pro-Greek vlachs argue that the Greek language of the Byzantine empire has a bearing on links to Greek culture. The early history of the Aromanians in Greece includes several struggles, usually for social reasons, and Aromanians in several countries have a tradition of rebellion and penchant for separateness and secession.

Byzantine period

According to Kekaumenos, they are descendants of Thracian tribes that became part of the Byzantine Empire. Kekaumenos is the family name of the otherwise anonymous Byzantine author of the Strategikon, a manual on military and household affairs composed In these times, their migratory lifestyle earned them a bad reputation. In 980 emperor Basil II conferred the dominion over the Vlachs of Thessaly on one Nicoulitza. Basil II, surnamed the Bulgar-slayer (Βασίλειος Β΄ Βουλγαροκτόνος Basileios II Boulgaroktonos, 958 &ndash December 15 1025 The Vlachs in Thessaly and parts of Macedonia became very numerous during the 11th century revolt of the Vlachs in 1066 under their chieftain Verivoi, as attested by the Byzantine historian Kekaumenos, would provide total independence. Kekaumenos is the family name of the otherwise anonymous Byzantine author of the Strategikon, a manual on military and household affairs composed As Kekaumenos records, a first revolt against imperial rule occurred in 1066, but it was not until after the collapse of the Empire in the Fourth Crusade that the Vlachs would set up their own, autonomous, principality - "Great Wallachia". The Fourth Crusade (1202&ndash1204 was originally designed to conquer Muslim Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Great Wallachia ( Greek: Megáli Vlachía; Romanian: Vlahia Mare) also Thessaly Wallachia, was a medieval state ( 12th ^[22] The chronicles of Nicetas Choniates, Benjamin of Tudela,^[23] Geoffroy de Villehardouin, Henri de Valenciennes, Robert de Clary, and other sources account for the existence of this state, comprising Thessaly, as opposed to other two "Wallachias", "Little Wallachia" in Acarnania and Aetolia, and an "Upper Wallachia" in Epirus. Niketas Choniates ( Greek: Νικήτας Χωνιάτης c 1155 &ndash 1215 or 1216 sometimes called Acominatus, was a Byzantine Greek Historian Benjamin of Tudela (Binyamin MeTudela was a medieval Navarrese rabbi and explorer who traveled through Europe, Asia, and Africa in the 12th Geoffrey of Villehardouin (in French Geoffroi de Villehardouin) (1160 &ndash c This coincides with the period of the first Vlachian state entities across the Balkan Peninsula: Great Wallachia, the Vlach-Bulgar Empire, Wallachia and Moldavia. Vlachs is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians Benjamin of Tudela, a Spanish Jew who visited Thessaly in 1173, describes the Vlachs as living in the mountains and coming down from them to attack the Greeks. In relation with the Byzantine Empire, he adds: "no Emperor can conquer them". ^[24] It is interesting to note that Benjamin of Tudela did not describe them as a separate ethnic group, but as a group of rebels, who may have had Jewish origins.

Ottoman period

During the Ottoman period, Aromanian culture and economic power became more evident, as Vlachs concentrated in major urban centers. For example the city of Moscopole at that time was one of the largest cities of the Balkans, having a population of 60,000 (for comparison, at that time Athens was a village inhabited by 8,000 people). History Although located in a rather isolated place in the mountains of southern Albania the city rose to become the most important center of the Aromanians Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Moscopole had its own printing houses and academies, flowing water and sewerage network. They enjoyed some degree of religious and cultural autonomy within the Greek Orthodox millet (a Turkish term for a legally protected ethnic and religious minority groups). Millet is an Ottoman Turkish term for a Confessional community in the Ottoman Empire. They enjoyed a special status, being formally exempted from the law prohibiting non-Muslims from carrying weapons,^[25] only having to pay a modest tribute to the Ottomans. A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or as was often case in historical contexts of submission In 1778 however, Moscopole was razed to the ground by the troops of Ali Pasha. Ali Pasha of Tepelen or of Yannina, the "Lion of Yannina" (1741 &ndash January 24, 1822) was the ruler ( Pasha) of the western This episode and the Orthodox religion of the Vlachs were the factors which caused a violent and energetic struggle against the Ottomans, assigning to the Vlachs a major role in the various wars and revolutions against Ottoman rule that culminated in the creation of the states which they now inhabit: Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria and Greece.

People of Aromanian origin were to be found among the protagonists of early Greek political life, as they found opportunities to establish themselves in this new state. This is explained by the fact that many Aromanians, who, as mentioned, belonged to the Greek Orthodox millet, adopted the Greek language under the influence of the Greek schools and churches, the only ones entitled by the Ottomans to function and to by maintained by the Patriarchs of Constantinople. See talk page for different periodization of the bishopric archbishopric and patriarchate Thus, in Ottoman eyes, they were practically equated with Greeks. For instance, the future Patriarch Athenagoras, born in Ottoman Epirus, was considered a Greek by descent. Aristocles Spyrou / Αριστοκλής Σπύρου) ( March 25, 1886 - July 7, 1972) was the 268th Ecumenical Patriarch of Epirus (from Ionic Greek Ήπειρος - Ēpeiros, Doric Greek: Ἅπειρος - Apeiros, in Albanian But some Vlachs wanted to preserve their language, customs and culture, and as might be expected there was a strong reaction against this policy of Hellenization. Sir Charles Eliot clearly states his work "Turkey in Europe" that ". Charles Eliot ( November 1, 1859 &ndash March 25, 1897) was a leading American Landscape architect, whose career was cut . . The Bulgarians, Serbs and Vlachs have Millets of their own and do not cooperate in the Hellenic cause" and that "we hear of Vlach bands who are said to contend (fight against) Greeks in the region of Karaferia (Veria)"". Millet is an Ottoman Turkish term for a Confessional community in the Ottoman Empire. ^[26] There was also pressure on Aromanians to become linguistically assimilated, which can be traced back to the 18th century, when assimilation efforts were encouraged by the Greek missionary Cosmas of Aetolia (1714-1779) who taught that Aromanians should speak Greek because as he said "it's the language of our Church" and established over 100 Greek schools in northern and western Greece. Cosmas of Aetolia (sometimes Kosmas of Aetolia or Cosmas/Kosmas the Aetolian) (Greek Κοσμάς Αιτωλός/Kosmas Aitolos (1714 - 1779 was a monk in The offensive of the clergy against the use of Aromanian was by no means limited to religious issues but was a tool devised in order to convince the non-Greek speakers to abandon what they regarded as a "worthless" idiom and adopt the superior Greek speech: "There we are Metsovian brothers, together with those who are fooling themselves with this sordid and vile Aromanian language. . . forgive me for calling it a language", "repulsive speech with a disgusting diction". ^[27]

Following the destruction of their major urban centers, historiography speaks about a "re-pastoralization" of the Vlachs, returning to their basic traditional occupation, animal husbandry. Several thousands of Vlachs, many of them belonging to the Aromanian intelligentsia, emigrated northward to Wallachia, Moldavia, Serbia or the Habsburg Empire (notably to Vienna and Budapest). Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political,

Awakening of the Aromanian identity, and Romanian sponsorship

Their arrival there coincided with the spreading in Europe of the ideals of the French Revolution: nationhood, equality, mother tongue and "human rights". The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an In Habsburg-occupied Transylvania, they would connect with the latinophile Romanian intelligentsia, as part of what was known as the Transylvanian School. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian The Transylvanian School ( Şcoala Ardeleană in Romanian) was a cultural movement which was founded after part of the Romanian Orthodox Church in Habsburg These intellectuals promoted the ideas which would spark the period known as the National awakening of Romania, which, after a century's time ceased to be under de jure Ottoman rule. During the period of Austro-Hungarian rule in Transylvania and Ottoman suzerainty over Wallachia and Moldavia, most Romanians were It is in these times that Aromanian personalities became prominent, such as Gheorghe Roja, the author of "Untersuchungen uber die Romanier oder sogenannten Wlachen, welche jenseits der Donau wohnen" ("Researches upon the Romanians or the so-called Vlachs, who live beyond the Danube"; Pesth, 1808). The first attempt to create a literary language for those described as "Macedo-Romanians" was Roja's "Maiestria ghiovasirii romanesti cu litere latinesti, care sant literele Romanilor ceale vechi"(Buda, 1809). Another Vlach emigrant was Mihail G. Boiagi. In 1813, he would publish in Vienna the book "Aromunisch oder Mazedowalachisch Sprachlehre" (Aromanian or Macedo-Vlach grammar). In the foreword to his work, Boiagi wrote: "Even if the Vlachs would claim, say Hotenton origin, even in that case they ought to have the right and duty to cultivate themselves in their mother tongue, as the most appropriate way to fulfill their creed". The Metsovo-born D. D. Cozacovici would publish in 1865 in Bucharest the "Gramatica Romaneasca tra Romanilii dit drepta Dunarelei lucrata de D. Athanasescu, si typarita cu spesele D. D. Cosacovici, Roman din Metsova, spre an inaugura prima scoala Romana din Macedonia" ("Romanian Grammar to serve the Romanians South of the Danube worked by D. Athanasescu and printed from the donations of D. D. Cozacovici, Romanian of Metsovo, in order to inaugurate the first Romanian school of Macedonia").

A century later, almost 100 Romanian schools were opened in the Ottoman territories of Macedonia and Albania, starting as early as 1860. It is noted that this initiative was proposed by the Aromanian Diaspora living in Bucharest. The first nucleus of the Vlach schooling in Macedonia and Pindus was to be established in 1860 and its initiators were a group of Aromanians then living in Bucharest: D. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. D. Cozacovici (native of Metsovo), Zisu Sideri, Iordache Goga (native of Klissoura) and others. Together they initiated the "Society for Macedo-Romanian Culture", under the endorsement of the then Romanian ruling class. "Societatea Culturala Macedo-Romana" ("The Macedo-Romanian Cultural Society") had as its members (together with its Aromanian founding core represented by D. D. Cozacovici, Sideri, Goga, Grandea etc. ) also the acting Prime and Foreign Ministers, as well as the Head of the Romanian Orthodox Church, and the elite of the Romanian political class: Mihail Kogălniceanu, Ion Ghica, Constantin Rosetti, etc. The Romanian Orthodox Church ( Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is a Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church Mihail Kogălniceanu ( September 6, 1817 &ndash July 1, 1891) was a Moldavian born Romanian liberal statesman lawyer Ion Ghica ( August 12, 1816 &mdash May 7, 1897) was a Romanian revolutionary mathematician diplomat and twice Prime Minister of Constantin Alexandru Rosetti ( 2 June 1816 &ndash 8 April 1885) was a Romanian literary and political leader born in Bucharest

One of the greatest figures during the Aroumanian awakening was Apostol Margarit, a native of Avdela in southern Macedonia, on the slopes of the Pindus mountains. As early as 1862, Apostol Margarit introduced the vernacular in the school of the large prosperous town of Klissoura(Vlaho-Klisura), in the Kastoria region of Macedonia. Nicepheros, the Greek bishop of Kastoria tried for many years to close down the school, but without success. In December, 1879, the first unsuccessful attempt on the life of Apostol Margarit took place. Margarit was wounded during a second attempt on his life during December of 1890. There were Vlach schools in Klissoura, Krushevo, Nizepole, Trnovo, Gopesh, Ohrid, old Avdela in the Pindus mountains and new Avdela near Veria. Later more schools were founded in Macedonia, and then a Vlach high school was established in Bitola(Monastir) in the 1880s. The Greeks were naturally alarmed by the national reawakening of the Vlachs. At their peak, just before the Balkan Wars,there were 6 secondary gymnasiums, and 113 primary schools, teaching in Vlach. The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912–1913 in the course of which the Balkan League ( Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece Due to the ongoing pressures from the Greek Church in the Ottoman provinces of Rumelia, Vlachs and their schools were viewed with suspicion. In 1880 Greek guerrillas attacked some villages near Resen because the village priests had committed the unpardonable sin of using Vlach in the church services. In the same year the Greek bishop of Kastoria had the schoolmaster in Klissoura arrested because he taught in the Vlahs'native language. A momentous date in the history of the Vlachs was May 23, 1905, when the Sultan issued a decree officially recognizing the Vlachs and affirming their rights to maintain their schools and churches. Following the proclamation of the decree, the Greek bishops, and the armed terrorist bands they supported, unleashed a campaign of terror on the Aromanians to discourage them from taking advantage of their rights. In 1905, the Vlach abbot of the Holy Archangel monastery in the Meglen region was murdered by a Greek band. In the summer of 1905 some villages near Bitola were attacked. On October 27, 1905, Greek guerillas attacked the village of Avdela in the Pindus, birthplace of Apostol Margarit, and razed it to the ground. Then in 1906, in the town of Véria(Berea), the priest Papanace was murdered as he was on his way to church to serve the Divine Liturgy in Vlach. The Romanian Vlach school in the village of Avdhela in Pindus, which was one of the first Romanian sponsored Vlach schools, active as early as 1867, was burned and razed to the ground on 27 October 1905 by Greek guerrillas. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc ^[28] This event prompted street anti-Greek demonstrations in Bucharest in the autumn of 1905 of the Aromanians living there, and a rupture of diplomatic relations between Romania and Greece. ^[29]

Romania continued to subsidize schools until 1948, when the communist regime ended all links. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. George Padioti, an Aromanian author (born and living all his life in Greece) describes one of the last liturgy services in Vlach:

“

February 1952, the Aromanian Church 'Biserica ramana Santu Dumitru', burned by German troops in spring 1944. The priest Costa Bacou officiated the last allowed liturgy in Aromanian language. Afterwards, he was not permitted anymore because he refused to forcibly officiate the divine service in Greek language. [30]

”

According to Sevold Braga in his treatise Die Aromunische Minderheit in Griechenland (Albumul Macedo-Roman II, Freiburg 1964), the Romanian help suddenly stopped with the coming of Communism. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Braga's explanation was that in fact Romania had shown its true face, having used the Aromanians for its own purposes during the Ottoman rule, but afterwards throwing them away and disowning them.

Greek historians, when mentioning the Vlachs that attended the Romanian-sponsored churches and schools of Macedonia, Epirus and parts of Albania, describe them as being victims of Romanian propaganda, for the reason that they sent their children to schools where they were taught that they are Romanians.

Due to the sponsoring of the schools, the Kingdom of Romania was accused by Greece of alliance with the Ottomans. The Vlachs, recognized as a separate nation by the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, were for the first time incorporated in Greece only in 1881, when Thessaly and a part of Epirus were offered to Greece by the Great Powers. Having been split into two by the new borders, the bulk of the Vlachs of these province petitioned^[31] the Great Powers of the time to be let to stay within the boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, but in vain. Greece followed a policy of creating a Greater Greece, according to the "Megali Idea". Megali Idea ( Modern Greek: Μεγάλη Ιδέα "Great Idea" was an Irredentist concept of Greek nationalism that expressed the goal Most of the Aromanians became part of the Greek state in 1913 after the rest of Epirus and parts of Macedonia became part of Greece after the First Balkan War. The First Balkan War, which lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 pitted the Balkan League ( Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and Bulgaria

Roughly at the same time, the first studies regarding the Aromanians were published by western observers. Among these, names like Rebecca West, Osbert Lancaster or Sir Charles Eliot's are worth to be mentioned. Cicely Isabel Fairfield ( December 21, 1892 - March 15, 1983) known by her pen name Rebecca West, or Dame Rebecca West Sir Osbert Lancaster ( August 4, 1908, London – July 27, 1986, Chelsea) was a Cartoonist, author art critic Charles Eliot ( November 1, 1859 &ndash March 25, 1897) was a leading American Landscape architect, whose career was cut Lancaster, who visited Greece in 1947, stated:

“

Although Metsovo, with its gigantic plane tree in the middle of the little square, its stone paved streets and abundant gardens, is typical of many a village in Epirus, in respect of its inhabitants it is unique. The Vlachs, to which race this people belong, are nomads, claiming with some degree of probability to partial descent from the Roman colonists of the Danube valley. In former times they were far more numerous than to-day, occupying the larger part of Thrace and Macedonia and establishing in the twelfth century a Bulgaro-Vlach empire in Thessaly which survived in practical independence until the coming of the Turk. Although for the most part herdsmen, horse-breeder and shepherds following their beasts from pasture to pasture and living in temporary encampments of round wattle huts, the existence of urban settlements, of which Metsovo is the most considerable, would seem to afford evidence that, their nomadism is not natural but acquired. In general they are fairer in complexion and more industrious in their habits than the Greeks whom they affect to despise. [32] The Vlachs, this very interesting people are not Greek at all but a race of nomads, who come down from the Balkan lands in the winter with their flock and pass the cold months in Greece. They are shepherd by business, and their tribal name has become a sort of synonym for an ancient profession. Generally they are a people as kindly as they are picturesque, patriarchally hospitable and good sportsmen, as many an English Consul knows, and by no means ill favoured[33]

”

The city of Metsovo (Aminciu in Aromanian) was destroyed in 1854 not only by Turkish forces, but also by the Greeks,^[34]

Interbellum and World War II

The Inter-war period is of great interest regarding Aromanian history. The main event was the immigration of the Aromanians in the first decades of the 20th century,. One of the reasons for the sudden departure of the Vlachs, had to do with the policies of the Greek state, who had to accommodate one and a half million of Greeks of Asia Minor following the 1923 exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey. The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey is the first large-scale population exchange, or agreed mutual expulsion in the 20th century In addition, the Romanian state had offered them land and privilleges, in order to populate its new province of Dobruja, soon after annexing it from Bulgaria. The 25% of the region's population still traces its origins in Greece.

The last important episode concerns the Principality of Pindus episode. The Principality of Pindus and Voivodship of Macedonia (also Pindo or Pindos, sometimes Pindus and Moglena; Principato del Pindo Printsipat di la During World War II, the Italian occupation of Greece provided an opportunity for some Aromanians to create what they called "Vlach homeland". World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Axis occupation of Greece during World War II ( Η Κατοχή, I Katochi, meaning "The Occupation" began in April This fascist puppet state would not survive even nominally past Italy's exit from the war in September 1943. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Modern Greek historiography describes the Aromanians as victims of Romanian "agents", which infiltrated Greece to spread "Italo-Romanian Propaganda".

Post-war situation in Greece

Aromanians today come after more than 50 years after the closure of the last school and church in the Vlach language. The old term "Vlachos" is still used as a "pejorative" by Greeks. ^[35]. After the Regime of the Colonels fell in 1974 however, the first local cultural organizations were formed to prevent the extinction of the language and culture. Regime of the Colonels redirects here For the Polish regime of colonels see Colonels' group. These organisations never had government support. Aromanian language had never been included in the educational curriculum of Greece, as it had always been considered a vulgar language. On the contrary, their use has been strongly discouraged. Such attitudes have led many Vlach parents to discourage their children from learning their mother tongue so to avoid similar discrimination and mistreatments. ^[36] Currently there is no education for Aromanian children in their mother tongue, and there are no public televisions or radio-stations emitting fully or partially in Aromanian. A first language (also mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth

The European Parliamentary Assembly examined a report on the Aromanians in 1997 which reported the critical situation of the Aromanian language and culture (see the report), and adopted a recommendation that the Greek government should do whatever is necessary to respect their culture and facilitate education in Aromanian and to implement its use in schools, churches and the media. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar The Panhellenic Federation of Aromanians however rejected any idea of an officially-sanctioned distinction between them and the other Greeks. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions On the other hand, there is a small minority within the community which strongly supports such efforts. On a visit to Metsovo, Epirus in 1998, the Greek President Costis Stephanopoulos called on Aromanians to speak and teach their language, so as not to be lost. Metsovo (Μέτσοβο Aminciu formerly Metsovon, is a town in Epirus on the mountains of Pindus in northern Greece, between Ioannina Epirus ( Greek: Ήπειρος Ípiros) is a periphery in northwestern Greece. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Konstantinos Stephanopoulos ( Κωνσταντίνος Στεφανόπουλος) (born August 15, 1926) is a Greek Politician To this day there are no schools or churches which teach or hold service in Aromanian language. Aromanians from outside Greece tend to prefer perspectives such as that of Panayotis Elias Dimitras, from the Greek Helsinki Monitor and Minority Rights Group :

“

Greek society and the vast majority of Greek intellectuals have yet to come to terms with the fact that Greece is not a homogenous society; that one can be a Greek citizen but have a non-Greek ethnonational identity. . (. . )For almost all Greeks, Greek citizens can freely enjoy their cultural diversity as long as they have strong Greek ethnonational identity and seek no official minority status. This is how hundred of thousands of Albanian-speaking Arvanites and Aromanian-speaking Vlachs have been "successfully" incorporated in (i. e. assimilated by) modern Greek national culture: they have been showing a strong, even extreme, degree of attachment to Greek nationalism, in exchange for which they have been allowed to keep their oral but never written or taught, ethnolinguistic "sensitivities". It requires a very sustained effort for some of the multiculturalists of Greece, which include even some government ministers, to dispel this image of Greek national policy that can be summarized in a choice between assimilation or discrimination".

”

Many Aromanians, others point out, identify themselves as both Vlachs and Greeks. At the same time, a small segment of the native Vlach inhabitants of Greece still identify themselves as a separate ethnic group than the Greeks. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions This appears to be the case of some of the more remote villages of Pindus, where, sheltered somehow from contact with the dominant Greek culture, the older generation of the Vlachs converses in a separate language and customs. Dr. Thede Kahl, whose broader perspective on the Aromanian community in Greece is questioned by members of that community, argues in his study "Ethnologica Balkanica ("The Ethnicity of Aromanians after 1990: the Identity of a Minority that Behaves like a Majority")":

“

There are still pro-Vlach Aromanians in Greece, especially in villages in which strong Vlach communities were once accepted by the Greek authorities, above all in Avdhela, Perivoli, Samarina, Vovusa, Krania, Edessa, Veria and surrounding areas, as well in a few villages in the district of Kastoria and Ioannina. On a whole, they are a minute and dwindling number of Aromanians. [37]

”

Debate and discussion continues, with differing perspectives ; Vlachs in Greece insist they are happy in practicing their dual identity. Some Vlachs outside Greece suggest difficulties may still be illustrated by the Sotiris Bletsas case [5][6]. Sotiris Bletsas ( Greek: Σωτήρης Μπλέτσας is an architect and Aromanian language activist from Greece. Bletsas distributed copies of EBLUL material covering linguistic minorities in Greece at an Aromanin festival held in Greece in 1995. He was put on trial on 2 February 2001 and was first convicted, but was subsequently cleared on 18 October 2001. ^[38]

See also

• Vlachs
• List of prominent Aromanians
• History of Aromanians

References and footnotes

Inline

General

• Adina Berciu Drăghicescu – "Românii din Balcani : cultură şi spiritualitate. Sf. Sec. XIX-începutul sec. XX"; Ed. Globus, Bucureşti 1996;
• Theodor Capidan, "Macedoromânii-Etnografie, Istorie, Limbă"; Bucureşti 1942;
• George Murnu - "The History of Romanians of Pindus - Great Wallachia" (1913, re-edited in 1984 by N. Şerban-Tanasoca);
• Sevold Braga - "Die Rechstlage der aromunischen Minderheit in Griechenland" 1964.
• Зборник на трудови од мегународниот научен симпозиум „Власите на Балканот“, Скопје 2002/2004 (Collection of papers from the International Scientific Symposium "The Aromanians on the Balkans", Skopje 2002/2004).
• Ванѓел Трпковски-Трпку „Власите на Балканот“, Скопје 1985
• Клеанти Лиаку Ановска „Влашките приказни од Крушево“, Скопје 2002

Further reading

• Capidan, Theodor (1932) Aromânii. Dialectul aromân, Academia Româna
• Friedman, Victor A. , "The Vlah Minority in Macedonia: Language, Identity, Dialectology, and Standardization" in Selected Papers in Slavic, Balkan, and Balkan Studies, ed. Juhani Nuoluoto, Martii Leiwo, Jussi Halla-aho. Slavica Helsingiensa 21. University of Helsinki, 2001. online
• Koukoudis, Asterios I. - The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora, ISBN 960-7760-86-7
• Baldaci - "The Romanians of Albania"(1924);
• Ioan Caragiani - "Historical studies about the Romanians of the Balkan Peninsula" (1891, re-edited in 1941), * Apostol Margarit - "Etudes historiques sur les Valaques du Pinde" - Constantinople (1880) and "Les Grecs, * Les Valaques, et les Albanais de l'Empire Ottoman" - Bruxelles (1886);
• V. Papacostea - "Aromanian Documents" (1860 - 1870);
• Epaminonda Balamace - "How were established the first Romanian schools of Albania" (1922);
• George Zuca - "Study on the economy of the Aromanians of Pindus" (1906);
• P. Papahagi - "Aromanian Speeches" (1905) and "The popular literature of the Aromanians " - (1900) - Vol. I & II);
• Tache Papahagi - "The Lexicon of the Aromanian Dialect" (1963, revised in 1974), "Images d'ethnographie roumaine et aroumaine" (3 vols. ) - Bucharest 1928-1934);
• Valeriu Papahagi - "The Aromanians of Moschopole" (1935);
• Th. Capidan - "The Farseroti - Linguistical study on the Romanians of Albania" (1935), "The Nomadic Romanians" Cluj (1926), "The Megleno-Romanians - Their history and speech" (vol. I) and "Their popular literature" (vol. II) - Bucharest 1925 - 1928);
• G. Papacostea-Goga - "Macedo-Romanian awakening" (1924);
• N. Zdrulla - "The movements of the Aromanians of Pindus" (1922);
• V. Diamandi-Aminceanu: "The Romanians of the Balkan peninsula" - Bucharest 1938;
• D. Caracosta - "Miorita la Aromani/Pastoral Ballades of the Aromanians – 1927;
• Matilda Caragiu-Marioteanu - "Glota und Ethos der Aromunen" (1971);
• A. N. Haciu - "The Aromanians - Comerce, Arts, Expansion, Civilization" - Putna (1936);
• C. Noe - "Les Roumains Koutzo-Valaques" - Bucharest (1913);
• N. Saramandu - "Le parler Aromun" - Bucharest (1979);
• P. N. Vaidomir - "Contributii la istoria Romanilor sud Dunareni" - Medias (1943);
• N. Batzaria - "Istoricul fundarii orasului Crusova" - (1904), Marcu Beza - "Paper on Rumanian People" (London - 1920);
• H. Candroveanu - "Caleidoscop Aroman" (1999);
• C. Burileanu - "Visiting the Romanians of Albania";
• Ioan Arginteanu - "The History of the Macedo-Romanians" (1904);
• N. Densusianu et F. Dame - "Les Roumains du Sud. Macedoine. Epirus. Thessaly" - Paris (1877), E. M. Picot - "Les roumains de la Macedoine" - Paris (1875);
• O. Randi -"Il fenomeno degli Aromuni" - Zara (1939);
• A. Rubin - "Les Roumains de Macedoine" (1913);
• B. Stuart - "The Vlakhs of Mount Pindus" - London (1868);
• R. Suster - "I Romeni del Pindo" - Roma (1930);
• Xenopol - "Une enigme historique: Les Roumains au Moyen Age" Paris 1885 (focusing largely upon Aromanians);
• Tereza Stratilesco - "From Carpathian to Pindus" - Boston (1907, re-printed 1981);
• Οι Ελληνόβλαχοι (Αρμάνοι), Συζητήσεις με τους Α. Γ. Λαζάρου, Α. Μπουσμπούκη, Κ. Χατζόπουλο, Π. Καμηλάκη, Γ. Πλατάρη, Γ. Παπαδάκη, Κ. Βίρβο, Τ. Μουσαφίρη, Χ. , Έξαρχος Γιώργης, 2001
• Οι Ελληνόβλαχοι (Αρμάνοι). Πηγές της ιστορίας και της ζωής των Αρμάνων-Βλάχων, Έξαρχος Γιώργης, 2001
• Οι Αρωμούνοι (Βλάχοι). Ο χώρος και οι άνθρωποι, Weigand Gustav, 2001
• Κατσάνης Ν. , Κ. Ντίνας, 1990, Γραμματική της κοινής Κουτσοβλαχικής. (Εισαγωγή)

External links

• farsarotul.org: The Society Farsarotul
• Bana Armâneascâ, an Aromanian newspaper
• The Folklore Association of Vlahs (Armani) in Veria
• vlachophiles.net: Aromanian - The Vanishing Tribes
• The Vlach Connection and further reflection on Roman history
• Studies on the Vlachs by Asterios Koukoudis
• The Little Vlach Corner
• Trâ Armânami.org - Association des Francais Aroumains
• Parliamentary Assembly - Council of Europe
• Tis ta munte - Aromanian-farserot song from Dobruja
• Listen to radio in Aromanian at the Romanian government supported Radio Romania International - the Aromanian section

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