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Arnold of Brescia, (c. 1090–1155), also known as Arnaldus (Italian: Arnaldo da Brescia), was a monk from Italy who called on the Church to renounce ownership of property, participated in the Commune of Rome, and was hanged by the Church. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Commune of Rome was briefly established in Rome in the 12th century from 1144 in opposition to the temporal power of the higher nobles and the Though as a religious reformer no less than a political leader Arnold failed,[1] his teachings on apostolic poverty continued potent after his death, among "Arnoldists" and more widely among Waldensians and the Spiritual Franciscans, though no written word of his has survived the official condemnation. General description The earliest Waldensians believed in poverty and austerity promoting true poverty public preaching and the personal study of the scriptures The Fraticelli, sometimes confusingly called Fratricelli, were medieval Roman Catholic groups that could trace their origins to the Franciscans, but [2] Protestants rank him among the precursors of the Reformation. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time [3]

Contents

Life

Born in Brescia, Arnold became an Augustinian canon and then prior of a monastery in Brescia. Brescia ( Lombard: Brèsa) is a city in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy. The Augustinians, named after Saint Augustine of Hippo (died AD 430) are several Catholic Monastic orders and congregations He became very critical of the temporal powers of Catholic Church that involved it in a land struggle in Brescia against the count-bishop of Brescia. He called on the Church to renounce ownership of the property and return it to the city government, so as not to be tainted by possession, one aspect of a renunciation of worldliness that he preached. He was condemned at the Second Lateran Council, in 1139, and forced from Italy. The Second Lateran and tenth Ecumenical council was held by Pope Innocent II in April 1139, and was attended by close to a thousand clerics

Life in France

According to the chronicler Otto of Freising, he studied in Paris under the tutelage of the reformer and philosopher Pierre Abélard. Otto von Freising ( Otto Frisingensis) (c 1114 in Klosterneuburg – September 22, 1158) was a German Bishop and chronicler Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language He took to Abélard's philosophy of reform ways. Reform Movement redirects here For specific organizations by that name see Reform Movement (disambiguation A reform movement is a kind The issue came before the Synod of Sens in 1141 and both Arnold and Abélard's positions were overruled by Bernard of Clairvaux. Bernard of Clairvaux, OCist ( 1090 - August 20, 1153) was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian monastic order [4] Arnold stood alone against the church's decision after Abélard's capitulation; he returned to Paris, where he continued to teach and preach against Bernard. He was then commanded to silence and exiled by Pope Innocent II as a consequence. He took refuge first in Zurich then probably in Bavaria. [5] His writings were also condemned to be burned as a further measure, though the condemnation is the only evidence that he had actually written anything. Book burning (a category of biblioclasm or book destruction is the practice of destroying often ceremoniously, one or more copies of a book or other written material Arnold continued to preach his radical ideas concerning apostolic poverty.

Life and death in Rome

Arnold of Brescia burned at the stake at the hands of the Papal guards.
Arnold of Brescia burned at the stake at the hands of the Papal guards.

Arnold, who is known only from the vituperative condemnation of his foes, was declared to be a demagogue; his motives were impugned. Demagogy (also demagoguery) ( Ancient Greek δημαγωγία from dēmos "people" and agein "to lead" refers to a political

Arnold having returned to Italy after 1143, he made his peace in 1145 with Pope Eugene III, who ordered him to submit himself to the mercy of the Church in Rome (CE). Pope When he arrived, he found that Giordano Pierleoni's followers had asserted the ancient rights of the commune of Rome taken control of the city from papal forces and founded a republic, the Commune of Rome. Giordano (or Jordan) Pierleoni (in contemporary Latin, Jordanus filius Petrus Leonis) was the son of the Consul Pier Leoni Communes in Europe in the Middle Ages were sworn allegiances of mutual defense (both physical defense and of traditional freedoms among community members of a town or city A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its The Commune of Rome was briefly established in Rome in the 12th century from 1144 in opposition to the temporal power of the higher nobles and the Arnold sided with the people immediately and, upon Pierleoni's deposition, soon rose to the intellectual leadership of this radical new group, calling for liberties and democratic rights. Arnold taught that clergy while owning property had no power to perform the Sacraments. A sacrament, as defined in Hexam's Concise Dictionary of Religion is "a Rite in which God is uniquely active He succeeded in driving Pope Eugene into exile in 1146, for which he was excommunicated, 15 July 1148. Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final When Pope Eugene returned to the city in 1148, Arnold continued to lead the blossoming republic despite his excommunication. In summing up these events, Caesar Baronius called Arnold "the father of political heresies", while the Protestant view is expressed by Edward Gibbon, who found that "the trumpet of Roman liberty was first sounded by Arnold. Venerable Cesare Baronio (also known as Caesar Baronius; August 30, 1538 &ndash June 30, 1607) was an Italian Edward Gibbon ( April 27, 1737 January 16, 1794) was an English historian and Member of Parliament. "

After Eugene's death, Pope Adrian IV swiftly took steps to regain control of Rome, inviting Frederick Barbarossa, who took Rome by force in 1155, after a Holy Week interdict, forced Arnold again into exile. Pope Adrian IV (or Hadrian IV – c 1100&ndash 1 September, 1159) born Nicholas Breakspear or Breakspeare, was Pope Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 &ndash 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned Holy Week ( Latin: Hebdomada Sancta or Maior Hebdomada, "Greater Week" in Christianity is the last week before Easter. In the Roman Catholic Church, the word interdict (in’tér-dikt usually refers to an Ecclesiastical penalty He was seized by Imperial forces and was finally tried by the Roman Curia as a rebel. The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central governing body of the entire Roman Catholic Church, together with the Pope Importantly, he was never accused of heresy. Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief As a result of his conviction for rebellion, he was hanged and his body burnt. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. Faced with the stake, he refused to recant any of his positions; since he remained a hero to large sections of the Roman people and the minor clergy, his ashes were cast into the Tiber, to prevent his burial place becoming venerated as the shrine of a martyr. The Tiber ( Latin Tiberis, Italian Tevere) is the third-longest River in Italy, rising in the Apennine mountains A shrine, from the Latin scrinium (‘box’ also used as a desk like the French bureau) was originally a container usually made of precious materials used The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom

In 1882, after the collapse of Papal temporal powers, the city of Brescia erected a monument to its native son.

References

See also

References

  1. ^ Greenaway 1931:162. Arnoldists were a Christian Sect in the 12th century, named after Arnold of Brescia who criticized the great wealth and possessions of the The History of the city of Rome spans 2800 years of the existence of a city that grew from a small Italian village in the 9th century BC into the center
  2. ^ Arnold's life depends for its sources on Otto of Freising and a chapter in John of Salisbury's Historia Pontificalis. Otto von Freising ( Otto Frisingensis) (c 1114 in Klosterneuburg – September 22, 1158) was a German Bishop and chronicler John of Salisbury (c 1120 &ndash 1180 English author diplomat and Bishop of Chartres, was born at Salisbury.
  3. ^ Rosalind B. Brooke. The Coming of the Friars (1974) sets Arnold in the broader intellectual history that culminated in the thirteenth-century institutions of the mendicant friars. The mendicant orders are religious orders which depend directly on the charity of the people for their livelihood
  4. ^ Constant J. Mews, "The Council of Sens (1141): Abelard, Bernard, and the Fear of Social Upheaval" Speculum 77. 2 (April 2002:342-382).
  5. ^ Reginald L. Poole, "John of Salisbury at the Papal Court" The English Historical Review 38 No. 151 (July 1923:321-330) p. 323f.
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