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Arnold Schoenberg, Los Angeles, 1948
Arnold Schoenberg, Los Angeles, 1948

Arnold Schoenberg (pronounced [ˈaːrnɔlt ˈʃøːnbɛrk]) (13 September 1874 – 13 July 1951) was an Austrian and later American composer, associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art, and leader of the Second Viennese School. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance The Second Viennese School is the term generally used in English -speaking countries to denote the group of Composers that comprised Arnold Schoenberg He used the spelling Schönberg until after his move to the United States in 1934 (Steinberg 1995, 463), "in deference to American practice" (Foss 1951, 401), though one writer claims he made the change a year earlier (Ross 2007, 45). Schoenberg was known for extending the traditionally opposed German Romantic traditions of both Brahms and Wagner, and also for his pioneering innovations in atonality—during the rise of the Nazi party in Austria, his music was labeled, alongside swing and jazz, as degenerate art. For the general context see Romanticism. In the Philosophy, Art, and Culture of German -speaking countries German Romanticism Johannes Brahms ( pronounced ˈbʁaːms (May 7 1833 &ndash April 3 1897 was a German Composer Atonality in its broadest sense describes Music that lacks a tonal center, or key. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Degenerate art is the English translation of the German entartete Kunst, a term adopted by the Nazi He famously developed twelve-tone technique, a widely influential compositional method of manipulating an ordered series of all twelve notes in the chromatic scale. Twelve-tone technique (also dodecaphony, especially in British usage twelve-note composition) is a method of musical composition devised by Arnold In Music, a tone row or note row ( German: Reihe or Tonreihe) also series and set, refers to a non-repetitive He also coined the term developing variation, and was the first modern composer to embrace ways of developing motives without resorting to the dominance of a centralized melodic idea. In music composition, developing variation is a formal technique in which the concepts of development and variation are united in that variations In Music, a motif or motive is a perceivable or salient recurring fragment or succession of notes that may be used to construct the entirety or parts

Schoenberg was also a painter, an important music theorist, and an influential teacher of composition; his students included Alban Berg, Anton Webern, and later John Cage, Lou Harrison, and David Van Vactor. Music theory is the field of study that deals with the Mechanics of music and how Music works Alban Maria Johannes Berg (February 9 1885 &ndash December 24 1935 was an Austrian Composer. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Anton Webern (December 3 1883 &ndash September 15 1945 was an Austrian Composer WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> John Milton Cage Jr Lou Silver Harrison ( May 14, 1917 &ndash February 2, 2003) was an American David Van Vactor (b Plymouth, Indiana, May 8, 1906; d Los Angeles, California, March 24, 1994) Many of Schoenberg's practices, including the formalization of compositional method, and his habit of openly inviting audiences to think analytically, are echoed in avant-garde musical thought throughout the 20th century. Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard His often polemical views of music history and aesthetics were crucial to many of the 20th century's significant musicologists and critics, including Theodor Adorno, Charles Rosen, and Carl Dahlhaus. Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno ( September 11, 1903 &ndash August 6, 1969) was a German -born international sociologist Charles Rosen (born May 5 1927 is an American Pianist and music theorist. Carl Dahlhaus ( June 10 1928 – March 13, 1989) a Musicologist from Berlin, has been one of the major contributors to the

Schoenberg's archival legacy is collected at the Arnold Schönberg Center in Vienna. The Arnold Schönberg Center, established in 1998 in Vienna, is a unique repository of Arnold Schoenbergs archival Legacy and a cultural center that is open Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria.

Contents

Biography

Arnold Schoenberg was born to an Ashkenazi Jewish family in the Leopoldstadt district (in earlier times a Jewish ghetto) in Vienna, at "Obere Donaustraße 5" Although his mother Pauline, a native of Prague, was a piano teacher (his father Samuel, a native of Bratislava, was a shopkeeper), Arnold was largely self-taught, taking only counterpoint lessons with the composer Alexander von Zemlinsky, who was to become his first brother-in-law (Beaumont 2000, 87). Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ This article is about a district of Vienna Leopoldstadt is also the German name for the town Leopoldov in Slovakia A ghetto is described as a "portion of a city in which members of a minority group live especially because of social legal or economic pressure Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading A shopkeeper is an individual who owns a shop. Generally shop employees are not shopkeepers but are often incorrectly referred to as shopkeepers In Music, counterpoint is the relationship between two or more voices that are independent in contour and Rhythm, and interdependent in Harmony Alexander Zemlinsky or Alexander von Zemlinsky ( October 14, 1871 – March 15, 1942) was an Austrian Composer In his twenties, he lived by orchestrating operettas while composing works such as the string sextet Verklärte Nacht ("Transfigured Night") in 1899. Operetta is a genre of light Opera, light in terms both of music and subject matter Verklärte Nacht, Op 4 ("Transfigured Night" 1899 a String sextet in one movement is regarded as the earliest important work of Arnold Schoenberg Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common He later made an orchestral version of this, which has come to be one of his most popular pieces. An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well Both Richard Strauss and Gustav Mahler recognized Schoenberg's significance as a composer; Strauss when he encountered Schoenberg's Gurre-Lieder, and Mahler after hearing several of Schoenberg's early works. Richard Georg Strauss (11 June 1864 &ndash 8 September 1949 was a German Composer of the late Romantic era and early modern era particularly noted The Gurre-Lieder form a massive oratorio for 5 soloists narrator chorus and orchestra composed by Arnold Schoenberg, on poem texts by Danish novelist Jens Strauss turned to a more conservative idiom in his own work after 1909 and at that point dismissed Schoenberg, but Mahler adopted Schoenberg as a protégé and continued to support him even after Schoenberg's style reached a point which Mahler could no longer understand, and Mahler worried about who would look after him after his death. Schoenberg, who had initially despised and mocked Mahler's music, was converted by the "thunderbolt" of Mahler's 3rd symphony, which he considered a work of genius, and afterwards "even spoke of Mahler as a saint" (Stuckenschmidt 1977, 103; Schoenberg 1975, 136). Despite his Jewish background, in 1898 he converted to Lutheranism. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther He would remain Lutheran until 1933.

Schoenberg began teaching harmony, counterpoint and composition in 1904. His first students were Paul Pisk, Anton Webern, and Alban Berg; Webern and Berg would become the most famous of his many pupils. Paul Amadeus Pisk ( May 16, 1893, Vienna - January 12, 1990, Los Angeles) was an Austria-born Composer and WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Anton Webern (December 3 1883 &ndash September 15 1945 was an Austrian Composer Alban Maria Johannes Berg (February 9 1885 &ndash December 24 1935 was an Austrian Composer.

The summer of 1908, during which his wife Mathilde left him for several months for a young Austrian painter, Richard Gerstl (who committed suicide after her return to her husband and children), marked a distinct change in Schoenberg's work. Richard Gerstl ( September 14 1883 &ndash November 4 1908) was an Austrian painter and draughtsman known for his expressive psychologically It was during the absence of his wife that he composed "You lean against a silver-willow" (German: Du lehnest wider eine Silberweide), the thirteenth song in the cycle Das Buch der Hängenden Gärten, op. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. 15, based on the collection of the same name by the German mystical poet Stefan George; this was the first composition without any reference at all to a key (Stuckenschmidt 1977, 96). Stefan Anton George ( July 12, 1868 &ndash December 4, 1933) was a German Poet, editor and Translator Also in this year he completed one of his most revolutionary compositions, the String Quartet No. 2, whose first two movements, though chromatic in color, use traditional key signatures, yet whose final two movements, also settings of Stefan George, weaken the links with traditional tonality daringly (though both movements end on tonic chords, and the work is not yet fully non-tonal) and, breaking with previous string-quartet practice, incorporate a soprano vocal line. The Austrian Composer Arnold Schoenberg published four String quartets, distributed over his lifetime Stefan Anton George ( July 12, 1868 &ndash December 4, 1933) was a German Poet, editor and Translator

During the summer of 1910, Schoenberg wrote his Harmonielehre (Theory of Harmony, Schoenberg 1922), which to this day remains one of the most influential music-theory books.

Another of his most important works from this atonal or pantonal period is the highly influential Pierrot Lunaire, op. Dreimal sieben Gedichte aus Albert Girauds 'Pierrot lunaire ("three times seven poems from Albert Giraud's 'Pierrot lunaire'" commonly known as Pierrot Lunaire 21, of 1912, a novel cycle of expressionist songs set to a German translation of poems by the Belgian-French poet Albert Giraud. Albert Giraud ( June 23 1860 &ndash December 26 1929) was a Belgian poet writing in the French language. Utilizing the technique of Sprechstimme, or speak-singing recitation, the work pairs a female singer with a small ensemble of 5 musicians. Sprechgesang and Sprechstimme ( German for spoken-song and spoken-voice) are musical terms used to refer to an expressionist vocal The ensemble, which is now commonly referred to as the Pierrot ensemble, consists of flute (doubling on piccolo), clarinet (doubling on bass clarinet), violin (doubling on viola), violoncello, speaker-singer, and piano. A Pierrot ensemble is a Musical ensemble comprised of Flute, Clarinet, Violin, Cello and Piano, frequently augmented by The flute is a Musical instrument of the Woodwind family Unlike other woodwind instruments a flute is a Reedless wind instrument that produces its The piccolo is a small Flute. Like the flute the piccolo is normally pitched in the key of C one octave above the concert flute (making it effectively a sopranino The clarinet is a Musical instrument in the Woodwind family The name derives from adding the suffix -et meaning little to the Italian word The bass clarinet is a Musical instrument of the Clarinet family The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member The viola is a bowed String instrument. It is the middle voice of the Violin family, The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers

World War I brought a crisis in his development. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Military service disrupted his life. He was never able to work uninterrupted or over a period of time, and as a result he left many unfinished works and undeveloped "beginnings". So, at the age of 42 he found himself in the army. On one occasion, a superior officer demanded to know if he was "this notorious Schoenberg, then"; Schoenberg replied: "Beg to report, sir, yes. Nobody wanted to be, someone had to be, so I let it be me" (Schoenberg 1975, 104) (according to Norman Lebrecht (2001), this is an obvious reference to Schoenberg's apparent "destiny" as the "Emancipator of Dissonance"). Norman Lebrecht (born 11 July, 1948) is a British commentator on music and cultural affairs and also a novelist The emancipation of the dissonance was a concept or goal put forth by Arnold Schoenberg (composer of Atonal music and the inventor of the Twelve tone technique

Later, Schoenberg was to develop the most influential version of the dodecaphonic (also known as twelve-tone) method of composition, which in French and English was given the alternative name serialism by René Leibowitz and Humphrey Searle in 1947. Twelve-tone technique (also dodecaphony, especially in British usage twelve-note composition) is a method of musical composition devised by Arnold In Music, serialism is a technique for composition that uses sets to describe musical elements, and allows the manipulation of those René Leibowitz (17 February 1913 &ndash 29 August 1972 was a French composer conductor music theorist and teacher born in Warsaw, Poland. Humphrey Searle ( August 26, 1915 - May 12, 1982) was a British Composer. This technique was taken up by many of his students, who constituted the so-called Second Viennese School. The Second Viennese School is the term generally used in English -speaking countries to denote the group of Composers that comprised Arnold Schoenberg They included Anton Webern, Alban Berg and Hanns Eisler, all of whom were profoundly influenced by Schoenberg. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Anton Webern (December 3 1883 &ndash September 15 1945 was an Austrian Composer Alban Maria Johannes Berg (February 9 1885 &ndash December 24 1935 was an Austrian Composer. Hanns Eisler ( July 6, 1898 &ndash September 6, 1962) was a German and Austrian Composer. He published a number of books, ranging from his famous Harmonielehre (Theory of Harmony) to Fundamentals of Musical Composition (Schoenberg 1967), many of which are still in print and still used by musicians and developing composers.

Schoenberg's grave in the Zentralfriedhof, Vienna.
Schoenberg's grave in the Zentralfriedhof, Vienna. The Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery is situated in the district of Simmering, Simmeringer Hauptstraße 230–244 Vienna 1110 Austria, and is the

Following the 1924 death of composer Ferruccio Busoni, who had served as Director of a Master Class in Composition at the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin, Schoenberg was appointed to this post the next year, but because of health reasons was unable to take up his post until 1926. Ferruccio Dante Michelangiolo Benvenuto Busoni (April 1 1866 &ndash July 27 1924 was an Italian Composer, Pianist, musical educator and conductor. The Akademie der Künste Berlin ( Academy of the Arts Berlin) is an arts institution in Berlin, Germany. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Among his notable students during this period were the composers Roberto Gerhard, Nikos Skalkottas, and Josef Rufer. Nikos Skalkottas (Nίκος Σκαλκώτας ( 21 March, 1904 &ndash 19 September, 1949) was one of Schoenberg continued in his post until the election of Adolf Hitler and the Nazis in 1933, when he was dismissed and forced into exile. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German He emigrated to Paris, where he reaffirmed his Jewish faith[1] and then to the United States. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut The United States of America —commonly referred to as the His first teaching position in the United States was at the Malkin Conservatory in Boston. He was then wooed to Los Angeles, where he taught at the University of Southern California and the University of California, Los Angeles, both of which later named a music building on their respective campuses Schoenberg Hall. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West The University of Southern California (commonly referred to as USC, SC, Southern California, and incorrectly The University of California Los Angeles (generally known as UCLA) is a public research university located in Westwood Los Angeles, California, United [2][3] He settled in Brentwood Park, where he befriended fellow composer (and tennis partner) George Gershwin and began teaching at University of California, Los Angeles, where he resided for the rest of his life. Brentwood is an affluent district in western Los Angeles, California, United States; it is not to be confused with Brentwood California, in George Gershwin (September 26 1898 &ndash July 11 1937 was an American Composer. The University of California Los Angeles (generally known as UCLA) is a public research university located in Westwood Los Angeles, California, United The noted film composer Leonard Rosenman studied with Schoenberg at this time. Leonard Rosenman ( September 7 1924 – March 4 2008) was an American Academy Award and Emmy Award winning film television

During this final period he composed several notable works, including the difficult Violin Concerto, op. The Violin Concerto ( Op 36 by Arnold Schoenberg dates from Schoenberg's time in the United States of America, where he had moved in 1933 to 36 (1934/36), the Kol Nidre, op. Kol Nidre ( Aramaic: כל נדרי) is a Jewish prayer recited in the Synagogue at the beginning of the evening service on Yom Kippur 39, for chorus and orchestra (1938), the Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte, op. 41 (1942), the haunting Piano Concerto, op. Arnold Schoenberg 's Piano Concerto, Op 42 (1942 consists of one movement with four sections Andante Molto allegro Adagio and Giocoso 42 (1942), and his memorial to the victims of the Holocaust, A Survivor from Warsaw, op. A Survivor from Warsaw Op 46 is a work for Narrator, men's chorus, and Orchestra written by the Austrian Composer 46 (1947). He was unable to complete his opera Moses und Aron (1932/33), which was one of the first works of its genre to be written completely using dodecaphonic composition. Moses und Aron (Moses and Aaron is a two-act Opera by Arnold Schoenberg with a third act unfinished Twelve-tone technique (also dodecaphony, especially in British usage twelve-note composition) is a method of musical composition devised by Arnold In 1941, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Naturalization is the acquisition of Citizenship or Nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born During this period, his notable students included John Cage, Lou Harrison, and H. Owen Reed. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> John Milton Cage Jr Lou Silver Harrison ( May 14, 1917 &ndash February 2, 2003) was an American Herbert Owen Reed (born June 17, 1910) is an American Composer, conductor, and Author.

Schoenberg experienced triskaidekaphobia (the fear of the number 13), which possibly began in 1908 with the composition of the thirteenth song of the song cycle Das Buch der Hängenden Gärten op. Triskaidekaphobia (from Greek tris=three kai=and deka=ten is an irrational fear of the number 13; it is a Superstition and related to a specific fear Das Buch der Hängenden Gärten ( The Book of the Hanging Gardens) is a fifteen-part Song cycle composed by Arnold Schoenberg between 15 (Stuckenschmidt 1977, 96). Moses und Aron was originally spelled Moses und Aaron, but when he realised this contained 13 letters, he changed it. His superstitious nature may have triggered his death. According to friend Katia Mann, he feared he would die during a year that was a multiple of 13 (quoted in Lebrecht 1985, 294). He so dreaded his sixty-fifth birthday in 1939 that a friend asked the composer and astrologer Dane Rudhyar to prepare Schoenberg's horoscope. An astrologer practices one or more forms of Astrology. Typically an astrologer draws a Horoscope for the time of an event such as a person's birth and interprets Dane Rudhyar ( March 23, 1895, in Paris – September 13, 1985, in San Francisco) born Daniel Chennevière In Astrology, a horoscope is a chart or diagram representing the positions of the Sun Moon planets the Astrological aspects, and sensitive angles Rudhyar did this and told Schoenberg that the year was dangerous, but not fatal. But in 1950, on his seventy-sixth birthday, an astrologer wrote Schoenberg a note warning him that the year was a critical one: 7 + 6 = 13 (Nuria Schoenberg-Nono, quoted in Lebrecht 1985, 295). This stunned and depressed the composer, for up to that point he had only been wary of multiples of 13 and never considered adding the digits of his age. On Friday, 13 July 1951, Schoenberg stayed in bed—sick, anxious and depressed. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January In a letter to Schoenberg's sister Ottilie, dated 4 August 1951, his wife, Gertrud, reported "About a quarter to twelve I looked at the clock and said to myself: another quarter of an hour and then the worst is over. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Then the doctor called me. Arnold's throat rattled twice, his heart gave a powerful beat and that was the end" (Stuckenschmidt 1977, 521). Gertrud Schoenberg reported the next day in a telegram to her sister-in-law Ottilie that Arnold died at 11:45pm (Stuckenschmidt 1977, 520).

Arnold Schoenberg was grandfather of the lawyer E. Randol Schoenberg. E Randol Schoenberg (born 1966) is a US Attorney, based in Los Angeles California. His daughter, Nuria Dorothea, married fellow composer Luigi Nono in 1955. Luigi Nono ( January 29, 1924 – May 8, 1990) was an Italian Avant-garde Composer of Classical music

Music

Works and ideas

His Drei Klavierstücke op. 11, no. 1
His Drei Klavierstücke op. Drei Klavierstücke Op 11 (or Three Piano Pieces) is a set of pieces for solo piano written by the Austrian composer Arnold Schönberg, written 11, no. 1

Schoenberg's significant compositions in the repertory of modern art music extend over a period of more than 50 years. Traditionally they are divided into three periods though this division "obscures as much as it reveals" as the music in each of these periods is considerably varied. The idea that his twelve-tone period "represents a stylistically unified body of works is simply not supported by the musical evidence" (Haimo 1990, 4), and important musical characteristics—especially those related to motivic development—transcend these boundaries completely. The first of these periods, 1894–1907, is identified in the legacy of the high-Romantic composers of the late nineteenth century, as well as with "expressionist" movements in poetry and art. Expressionism is the tendency of an artist to distort reality for an Emotional effect it is a subjective art form The second, 1908–1922, is typified by the abandonment of key centers, a move often described (though not by Schoenberg) as "free atonality. " The third, from 1923 onward, commences with Schoenberg's invention of dodecaphonic, or "twelve-tone" compositional method. Schoenberg's most well-known students Hans Eisler, Alban Berg, and Anton Webern, followed Schoenberg faithfully through each of these intellectual and aesthetic transitions, though not without considerable experimentation and variety of approach.

Beginning with songs and string quartets written around the turn of the century, Schoenberg's concerns as a composer positioned him uniquely among his peers, in that his procedures exhibited characteristics of both Brahms and Wagner, who for most contemporary listeners, were considered polar opposites, representing mutually exclusive directions in the legacy of German music. Schoenberg's Six Songs, op. 3 (1899–1903), for example, exhibit a conservative clarity of tonality organization typical of Brahms and Mahler, reflecting an interest in balanced phrases and an undisturbed hierarchy of key relationships. @@@ main@@@ - title Hierarchy@@@ keywords structure; sociology; information@@@ review@@@ - However the songs also explore unusually bold incidental chromaticism, and seem to aspire to a Wagnerian "representational" approach to motivic identity. In Music, chromaticism is a Compositional technique interspersing the primary Diatonic pitches and chords with other pitches of the Chromatic The synthesis of these progressive and conservative approaches reaches an apex in his Verklärte Nacht, op. Verklärte Nacht, Op 4 ("Transfigured Night" 1899 a String sextet in one movement is regarded as the earliest important work of Arnold Schoenberg 4 (1899), a programmatic work for string sextet that develops several distinctive "leitmotif"-like themes, each one eclipsing and subordinating the last. Programme music is a form of Art music intended to evoke extra-musical ideas images in the mind of the listener by musically representing a scene image or mood In classical music, a string sextet is a composition written for six String instruments, or a group of six musicians who perform such a composition A leitmotif (ˌlaɪtmoʊˈtiːf (also leitmotiv; lit "leading motif" is a recurring Musical theme, associated with a particular person place The only motivic elements that persist throughout the work are those that are perpetually dissolved, varied, and re-combined, in a technique, identified primarily in Brahms's music, that Schoenberg called "developing variation. Johannes Brahms ( pronounced ˈbʁaːms (May 7 1833 &ndash April 3 1897 was a German Composer " Schoenberg's procedures in the work are organized in two ways simultaneously; at once suggesting a Wagnerian narrative of stable motivic ideas, as well as a Brahmsian approach to motivic development and tonal cohesion.

Arnold Schoenberg second string quartet, fourth movement, played by the Carmel Quartet with soprano Rona Israel-Kolatt.
Arnold Schoenberg second string quartet, fourth movement, played by the Carmel Quartet with soprano Rona Israel-Kolatt.

Schoenberg's music from 1908 onward experiments in a variety of ways with the absence of traditional keys or tonal centers. His first explicitly atonal piece was the second string quartet, op. 10, with soprano. The last movement of this piece has no key signature, marking Schoenberg's formal divorce from diatonic harmonies. Other important works of the era include his song cycle Das Buch der Hängenden Gärten, op. 15 (1908–1909), his Five Orchestral Pieces, op. 16 (1909), the ominous Pierrot Lunaire, op. 21 (1912), as well as his dramatic Erwartung, op. 17 (1909). The urgency of musical constructions lacking in tonal centers, or traditional dissonance-consonance relationships, however, can be traced as far back as his Kammersymphonie, op. 9 (1906), a work remarkable for its tonal development of quartal harmony, and its initiation of dynamic and unusual ensemble relationships, involving dramatic interruption and unpredictable instrumental allegiances; many of these features would typify the timbre-oriented chamber music aesthetic of the coming century. In Music, quartal harmony is the building of chordal and melodic structures with a distinct preference for intervals of fourths In Music, timbre (ˈtæm-bər' like timber, or, from Fr timbre tɛ̃bʁ is the quality of a Musical note or sound that distinguishes different

In the early 1920s he worked at evolving a means of order which would enable his musical texture to become simpler and clearer, and this resulted in the "method of composition with twelve tones" in which the twelve pitches of the octave are regarded as equal, and no one note or tonality is given the emphasis it occupied in classical harmony. He regarded it as the equivalent in music of Albert Einstein's discoveries in physics, and Schoenberg announced it characteristically, during a walk with his friend Josef Rufer, when he said "I have made a discovery which will ensure the supremacy of German music for the next hundred years" (Stuckenschmidt 1977, 277). Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical A number of works in this period include the Variations for Orchestra, op. 31 (1928) piano pieces, opp. 33a & b (1931), and the Piano Concerto, op. 42 (1942). Contrary to Schoenberg's reputation for strictness, many of Schoenberg's works in this period drew on freely atonal or tonal materials, including his unfinished opera Moses Und Aron, and his Fantasy for Violin and Piano, op. 47 (1949).

Ten features of Schoenberg's mature twelve-tone practice are characteristic, interdependent, and interactive[1]:

  1. Hexachordal inversional combinatoriality
  2. Aggregates
  3. Linear set presentation
  4. Partitioning
  5. Isomorphic partitioning
  6. Invariants
  7. Hexachordal levels
  8. Harmony, "consistent with and derived from the properties of the referential set"
  9. Metre, established through "pitch-relational characteristics"
  10. Multidimensional set presentations

Controversies and polemics

Understanding of Schoenberg's work has been difficult to achieve due in part to its dissimilarity to tonal music, misinformation about the system's "rules" and "exceptions", the "vastness" of the "unexplored territory", Schoenberg's secretiveness, and the widespread unavailability of his sketches and manuscripts until the late 1970s. In Music, a hexachord is a six-note segment of a scale or tone row In Music theory, the word inversion has several meanings There are inverted chords, inverted melodies, inverted intervals, and In Music using the Twelve tone technique combinatoriality is a side-effect of Derived rows where combining different segments or sets such In musical set theory, a set is a collection of discrete entities for example pitch sets duration sets and Timbre sets (DeLone et al In Music using the Twelve tone technique derivation is the construction of a row through segments A level (van der Merwe 1989 also "tonality level" Kubik's "tonal step" and John Blacking 's " Root progression " is a temporary In Western music, harmony is the use of different pitches simultaneously and chords actual or implied in Music. Meter or metre is a concept related to an underlying division of time characteristic of western music In Music, a simultaneity is more than one complete Musical texture occurring at the same time rather than in Succession. During his life he was "subjected to a range of criticism and abuse that is shocking even in hindsight" (Haimo 1990, 2–3).

After some understandable early difficulties, Schoenberg began to win public acceptance, with works such as the tone poem Pelleas und Melisande at a Berlin performance in 1907, and, especially, at the Vienna première of the Gurre-Lieder on 13 February 1913, which received an ovation that lasted a quarter of an hour and Schoenberg was presented with a laurel crown (Rosen 1996, 4; Stuckenschmidt 1977, 184). Pelleas und Melisande, Symphonic Poem for Orchestra, is Composer Arnold Schoenberg 's first completed orchestral work ( and his The Gurre-Lieder form a massive oratorio for 5 soloists narrator chorus and orchestra composed by Arnold Schoenberg, on poem texts by Danish novelist Jens Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Much of his work, however, was not well received. In 1907 his Chamber Symphony No. Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year 1 in E major op. 9 was premièred. When it was played again, however, in a 31 March 1913 concert which also included works by Alban Berg, Anton Webern and Alexander von Zemlinsky, thunderous applause contended with hisses and laughter during Webern's Six Pieces, op. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Alban Maria Johannes Berg (February 9 1885 &ndash December 24 1935 was an Austrian Composer. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Anton Webern (December 3 1883 &ndash September 15 1945 was an Austrian Composer Alexander Zemlinsky or Alexander von Zemlinsky ( October 14, 1871 – March 15, 1942) was an Austrian Composer 6. Though Zemlinsky's Four Maeterlinck Songs calmed the audience somewhat, according to a contemporary newspaper report, after Schoenberg's op. 9 "one could hear the shrill sound of door keys among the violent clapping and in the second gallery the first fight of the evening began". Later in the concert, during a performance of the Altenberg Lieder by Berg, fighting broke out after Schoenberg interrupted the performance to threaten removal by the police of any troublemakers (Stuckenschmidt 1977, 185). Mahler's Kindertotenlieder, which were to have concluded the concert, had to be cancelled after a police officer was called in (Rosen 1996, 5). Kindertotenlieder ( Songs on the Death of Children) is a Song cycle for voice and Orchestra by Gustav Mahler. Schoenberg's music after 1908 made a break from tonality. Tonality is a system of Music in which specific hierarchical pitch relationships are based on a key "center" or tonic.

The deteriorating relation between contemporary composers and the public led him to found the Society for Private Musical Performances (Verein für musikalische Privataufführungen in German) in Vienna in 1918. The Society for Private Musical Performances (in German the Verein für musikalische Privataufführungen) was an organisation founded in Vienna in the His aim was grandiose but scarcely selfish; he sought to provide a forum in which modern musical compositions could be carefully prepared and rehearsed, and properly performed under conditions protected from the dictates of fashion and pressures of commerce. From its inception through 1921, when it ended because of economic reasons, the Society presented 353 performances to paid members, sometimes at the rate of one per week, and during the first year and a half, Schoenberg did not allow any of his own works to be performed (Rosen 1975, 65). Instead, audiences at the Society's concerts heard difficult contemporary compositions by Scriabin, Debussy, Mahler, Webern, Berg, Reger, and other leading figures of early 20th-century music (Rosen 1996, 66). Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Скря́бин Aleksandr Nikolaevič Skrjabin; sometimes transliterated as Skriabin Achille-Claude Debussy (aʃil klod dəbysi (August 22 1862 &ndash March 25 1918 was a French Composer. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Anton Webern (December 3 1883 &ndash September 15 1945 was an Austrian Composer Alban Maria Johannes Berg (February 9 1885 &ndash December 24 1935 was an Austrian Composer. Johann Baptist Joseph Maximilian Reger ( March 19 1873 &ndash May 11 1916) was a German Composer, conductor

Schoenberg's serial technique of composition with twelve notes became one of the most central and polemical issues among American and European musicians during the mid- to late-twentieth century. Beginning in the 1940s and continuing to the present day, composers such as Pierre Boulez, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Luigi Nono and Milton Babbitt have extended Schoenberg's legacy in increasingly radical directions. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Pierre Boulez (pjɛʁ buˈlɛz (b Luigi Nono ( January 29, 1924 – May 8, 1990) was an Italian Avant-garde Composer of Classical music Milton Byron Babbitt (born May 10 1916 is an American Composer. The major cities in the USA (e. g. Los Angeles, NYC, Boston) have also been hosts for historically significant performances of Schoenberg's music, with advocates such as Babbitt in NYC and the Franco-American conductor-pianist, Jacques-Louis Monod; including the influence of Schoenberg's own pupils, who have taught at major American schools (e. Jacques-Louis Monod (born February 25, 1927) is an influential French-born, American domiciled Composer, Pianist and g. Leonard Stein at USC, UCLA and CalArts; Richard Hoffmann at Oberlin; Patricia Carpenter at Columbia; and Leon Kirchner and Earl Kim at Harvard). Leon Kirchner (born January 24, 1919 in Brooklyn, New York is an American Composer of Contemporary classical music. Others include performers associated with Schoenberg, who have had a profound influence upon contemporary music performance practice in the USA (e. g. Louis Krasner, Eugene Lehner and Rudolf Kolisch at the New England Conservatory of Music; Eduard Steuermann and Felix Galimar at the Juilliard School). Louis Krasner ( 21 June 1903 - 4 May 1995) was a violinist Krasner was born in Cherkasy, Ukraine. Eugene Lehner (1906 &ndash 13 September 1997) was a prominent Violist and music educator Rudolf Kolisch ( July 20, 1896 - August 1, 1978) was a Viennese violinist and leader of string quartets Eduard Steuermann ( June 18, 1892 in Sambir Poland (now part of Ukraine) – November 11, 1964 in New York City In Europe, the work of Hans Keller, Luigi Rognoni, and René Leibowitz has had a measurable influence in spreading Schoenberg's musical legacy outside of Germany and Austria. Hans Keller (1919-1985 was an Austrian -born British Musician and Writer who made significant contributions to Musicology and René Leibowitz (17 February 1913 &ndash 29 August 1972 was a French composer conductor music theorist and teacher born in Warsaw, Poland.

Schoenberg was not fond of Igor Stravinsky, and in 1926 wrote a poem titled "Der neue Klassizismus" (in which he derogates Neoclassicism and obliquely refers to Stravinsky as "Der kleine Modernsky"), which he used as text for the third of his Drei Satiren, op. Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (Игорь Фёдорович Стравинский) ( &ndash 6 April 1971 was a Russian born Composer, considered by many to Neoclassicism in music was a 20th century development particularly popular in the period between the two World Wars in which composers drew inspiration from music of the 18th century 28 (H. C. Schonberg 1970, 503).

Extramusical interests

Schoenberg was also a painter of considerable ability, whose pictures were considered good enough to exhibit alongside those of Franz Marc and Wassily Kandinsky (Stuckenschmidt 1977, 142). Franz Marc ( February 8, 1880 &ndash March 4, 1916) was one of the principal painters and printmakers of the German Wassily Kandinsky (Russian Василий Кандинский first name pronounced as) ( – 13 December 1944 was a Russian painter, Printmaker He was also interested in Hopalong Cassidy films, which Paul Buhle and David Wagner (2002, v–vii) attribute to the films' left-wing screenwriters—a rather odd claim in light of Schoenberg's statement that he was a bourgeois turned monarchist (Stuckenschmidt 1977, 551–52). This is a Chronological Filmography of all films featuring the character Hopalong Cassidy, always played by actor William Boyd, annotated with Film Screenwriters or scenarists are Scriptwriters who write the Screenplays from which Films and Television programs are made

Works

See also: Category:Compositions by Arnold Schoenberg

Complete list of compositions with opus numbers

Works by genre

Operas

Orchestral

Concertante

Vocal/Choral Orchestral

Band

Chamber

Keyboard

Choral

Songs

Canons

Transcriptions and arrangements

Quotes

References

Further reading

External links


Persondata
NAME Schoenberg, Arnold
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Schönberg, Arnold
SHORT DESCRIPTION Austrian-American composer
DATE OF BIRTH September 13, 1874
PLACE OF BIRTH Leopoldstadt, Vienna, Austria
DATE OF DEATH July 13, 1951
PLACE OF DEATH United States

A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This article is about a district of Vienna Leopoldstadt is also the German name for the town Leopoldov in Slovakia Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
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