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Die Partei, Breker's statue representing the spirit of the Nazi Party
Die Partei, Breker's statue representing the spirit of the Nazi Party

Arno Breker (July 19, 1900 – February 13, 1991) was a German sculptor, best known for his public works in Nazi Germany, which were endorsed by the authorities as the antithesis of so-called "degenerate art". Art competitions formed part of the modern Olympic Games during its early years from 1912 to 1948 The 1936 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad, an International Multi-sport event which was held in 1936 in Berlin Art competitions were held as part of the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Degenerate art is the English translation of the German entartete Kunst, a term adopted by the Nazi

He was born in Elberfeld, now Wuppertal and died in Düsseldorf. See also Elberfeld Indiana. For the baseball player with this name see Kid Elberfeld. ||-||} Wuppertal (ˈvʊpɐtaːl is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Düsseldorf (ˈdʏsəldɔɐf is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Contents

Life

Breker was born in Elberfeld, in the north of Germany, the son of a stone mason. He began to study architecture, along with stone-carving and anatomy, and at age 20 was accepted to the Düsseldolf Academy of Arts where concentrated on sculpture. He first visited Paris in 1924, shortly before finishing his studies. There he met with Jean Cocteau, Jean Renoir, Pablo Picasso, Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, and Alfred Flechtheim. Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (5 July 1889 &ndash 11 October 1963 was a French Poet, Novelist, Dramatist, Designer, Boxing Jean Renoir (French ʁəˈnwaʁ ( September 15, 1894 – February 12, 1979) born in the Montmartre district of Paris Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler ( June 25, 1884 - January 11, 1979) born in Germany, was an art historian an art collector and one of the In 1927 he moved to Paris, which he thereafter considered to be his home. He was quickly accepted by the art dealer Alfred Flechtheim. He also established close relationships with important figures in the art world, including Charles Despiau, Isamu Noguchi, Maurice de Vlaminck and André Dunoyer de Segonzac, of all of whom he later made portraits. Charles Despiau ( November 4 1874 – October 30 1946) was a French sculptor was a prominent Japanese American Artist and landscape architect whose artistic career spanned six decades from the 1920s onward Maurice de Vlaminck ( April 4, 1876 &ndash October 11, 1958) was a French painter. André Dunoyer de Segonzac ( July 7, 1884 – September 17, 1974) was a French painter and graphic artist He travelled to North Africa, producing lithographs which he published under the title "Tunisian Journey". Lithography is a method for Printing using a plate or stone with a completely smooth surface He also visited Aristide Maillol, who was later to describe Breker as "Germany's Michelangelo". Aristide Maillol ( December 8 1861 &ndash September 27 1944) was a French Catalan sculptor and painter

Bust of Richard Wagner in Bayreuth.
Bust of Richard Wagner in Bayreuth.

In 1932 he was awarded a prize by the Prussian Ministry of Culture, which allowed him to stay in Rome for a year. In 1934 he returned to Germany on the advice of Max Liebermann. Max Liebermann ( July 20 1847 &ndash February 8 1935) was a German painter and Printmaker in Etching and At this time Alfred Rosenberg, editor of the Nazi newspaper Völkischer Beobachter, actually denounced Breker as a degenerate artist. (12 January 1893 16 October 1946 was an early and intellectually influential member of the Nazi Party. The Völkischer Beobachter (" Völkisch Observer" or less strictly "People's Observer" was the newspaper of the National Degenerate art is the English translation of the German entartete Kunst, a term adopted by the Nazi However, Breker was supported by many Nazi leaders, especially Adolf Hitler. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately He took commissions from the Nazis from 1933 through 1942, for example participating in a show of his work in occupied Paris in 1942, where he met Jean Cocteau, who appreciated his work. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (5 July 1889 &ndash 11 October 1963 was a French Poet, Novelist, Dramatist, Designer, Boxing He maintained personal relationships with Albert Speer and with Hitler. Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer, commonly known as Albert Speer ( 19 March 1905 - 1 September 1981 was an Architect, author and for part of World In 1936 he won the commission for two sculptures representing athletic prowess, intended for the 1936 Olympic games, one represented a Decathlete (“Zehnkämpfer”) and the other The Victress (“Die Siegerin”). The decathlon is an Athletic event consisting of ten Track and field events In 1937 he married Demetra Messala, a Greek model, and also joined the Nazi Party to smooth the way for further patronage from Hitler. The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 "[1]

The neoclassical nature of his work, with titles like Comradeship, Torchbearer, and Sacrifice, typified Nazi ideals, and suited the characteristics of Nazi architecture. Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and Nazi architecture was an architectural plan and integral part of the Nazi party 's plans to create a Cultural and On closer inspection, though, the proportions of his figures, the highly colouristic treatment of his surfaces (the strong contrasts between dark and light accents), and the melodramatic tension of their musculatures perhaps invites comparison with the Italian Mannerist sculptors of the 16th century. Mannerism is a period of European art which emerged from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520. This Mannerist tendency to Breker's neoclassicism may suggest closer affinities to concurrent expressionist tendencies in German Modernism than is acknowledged. Expressionism is the tendency of an artist to distort reality for an Emotional effect it is a subjective art form Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century

His twin sculptures The Party and The Army held a prominent position at the entrance to the Reich Chancellery. The Reich Chancellery ( German Reichskanzlei) was the traditional name of the office of the German Chancellor

Breker was a professor of visual arts in Berlin, until the fall of the Third Reich. While nearly all of his sculptures survived WWII, more than 90% of his public work was destroyed by the allies after the war.

Arno Breker's Grave in Düsseldorf
Arno Breker's Grave in Düsseldorf

In 1948 Breker was designated as a "fellow traveller" of the Nazis and was fined. At this time he returned to Düsseldorf, which remained his base, with periods of residence in Paris. During this time he worked as an architect. However, he continued to receive commissions for sculptures, producing a number of works in his familiar classical style, working for businesses and individual patrons. He also produced many portrait sculptures. In 1970 he was commissioned by the king of Morocco to produce work for the United Nations Building in Casablanca, but the work was destroyed. Casablanca (in Standard Arabic: الدار البيضاء ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ; Moroccan Arabic: dar beïda الدار البيضا Many other portrait works followed, including Anwar Sadat and Konrad Adenauer. Konrad Hermann Josef Adenauer ( 5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967 was a German Statesman. Breker's rehabilitation continued, culminating in plans for the creation of a Breker museum, funded by the Bodenstein family, who set aside the castle of Nörvenich, between Aachen and Cologne for the purpose. The Arno Breker Museum was inaugurated in 1985.

Breker's rehabilitation led to backlashes from anti-Nazi activists, including controversy in Paris when some of his works were exhibited at the Pompidou Center in 1981. Centre Georges Pompidou (constructed 1971–1977 and known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement In the same year anti-Breker demonstrations accompanied an exhibition in Berlin. Breker's admirers insisted that he had never been a supporter of Nazi ideology (despite being a member of the Nazi Party), but had simply accepted their patronage.

Breker's last major work was a monumental sculpture of Alexander the Great intended to be located in Greece. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ'

Portraits (mostly in bronze)

Sculptures 1935–1945

Reliefs

Books by and on Arno Breker

Films / Video

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich in Power, 2005, pp. Nazi architecture was an architectural plan and integral part of the Nazi party 's plans to create a Cultural and The Art of the Third Reich, the officially approved art produced in Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945 was characterized by a style of Romantic realism based on Josef Thorak (b 7 February 1889 at Salzburg, Austria; d 26 February 1952 at Hartmannsberg, Germany Werner Peiner ( Dusseldorf, 20 July, 1897 &ndash Leichlingen, 19 August, 1984) was a German painter Adolf Wissel ( 19 April 1894 – 17 November 1973) was a German painter. Conrad Hommel ( Mainz, 1883 &ndash 1971 was a German painter. Professor Richard Evans (born 1947 is a British Historian of Germany. 167-168

External links

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