Armoured warfare or tank warfare is the use of armoured fighting vehicles in modern warfare. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units Military history is a Humanities discipline within the scope of general historical recording of armed conflict in the history of humanity Prehistoric warfare is War conducted in the era before Writing, and before the establishments of large social entities like States Historical warfare sets Ancient warfare is War as conducted from the beginnings of recorded History to the end of the ancient period Medieval Warfare is the warfare of the Middle Ages. In Europe technological cultural and social developments had forced a dramatic transformation in the character Early Modern warfare is associated with the start of the widespread use of Gunpowder and the development of suitable weapons to use the explosive Industrial warfare is a period in the History of warfare ranging roughly from the start of the Industrial Revolution to the beginning of the Information Age Modern warfare, although present in every Historical period of Military history, is generally used to refer to the concepts, methods and Battlespace is a unified strategy to integrate and combine Armed forces for the Military theatre of operations, including air, information Air power redirects here for electrical and mechanical energy supplied by air movement see Wind power Information warfare is the use and management of information in pursuit of a competitive advantage over an opponent Land warfare, sometimes also called ground combat is the term used to describe military operations eventuating in Combat that take place predominantly on the land surface of Naval warfare is Combat in and on Seas Oceans or any other major bodies of water such as large Lakes and wide Rivers History Space warfare is combat that takes place in Outer space, ie outside the Atmosphere. A weapon is a Tool used either in Hunting, or attack or defence in Combat for the purpose of subduing enemy personnel or to destroy enemy weapons Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine Biological warfare (BW — known as a germ warfare, biological weapons and bioweaponry — is the use of any Pathogen ( Bacterium The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. Electronic warfare ( EW) is the use of the Electromagnetic spectrum to effectively deny the use of this medium by an adversary while optimizing its use by friendly The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. 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List of battles (alphabetical gives a global list See also Military History Antiquity Albania Agron ( 250 BC - 230 BC) The first king to unite the Illyrian This is a list of missions operations and projects Missions in support of other missions are not listed independently A Siege is a prolonged Military Assault and Blockade on a City or Fortress with the intent of conquering by force or Attrition See also List of military writers. Friedrich von Bernhardi Ivan Bloch John Boyd, inventor of the OODA Loop This is a listing of lists of Wars, sorted by country date region and type of conflict This article lists and summarizes War crimes committed since the Hague Convention of 1907. There is a bewildering array of Weapons far more than would be useful in list form This is a list of military writers, alphabetical by last name An armoured fighting vehicle ( AFV) is a military Vehicle, protected by armour and armed with Weapons Most AFVs are equipped for driving in rugged Modern warfare, although present in every Historical period of Military history, is generally used to refer to the concepts, methods and It is a major component of modern methods of war. Military Science is the process of translating National defence policy to produce Military capability by employing Military scientists including The premise of armoured warfare rests on the ability of troops to penetrate conventional infantry-held defensive lines through use of manoeuvre of vehicles that offer protection from infantry weapons, and are able to defeat enemy supporting artillery with their own weapons included in the design, commonly a high velocity gun and machine guns. Maneuver, manoeuvre (or seldomly manoeuver) may be Military or naval movement Military maneuver aka Military exercise

Much of the application of armoured warfare depends on the designs of these vehicles, commonly known as tanks, and on the designs of vehicles used by other supporting Arms variously known as armoured infantry and self-propelled artillery, as well as combat engineers that usually use vehicles derived from the tank or infantry fighting vehicle (IFV) designs. A tank is a tracked, Armoured fighting vehicle designed for Front-line combat which combines Operational mobility and tactical Self-propelled Artillery (also called mobile artillery or locomotive artillery) vehicles are a way of giving mobility to Artillery. An infantry fighting vehicle ( IFV, also known as (mechanized infantry combat vehicle, (MICV) is a type of Armoured fighting vehicle (AFV

The doctrine of armoured warfare was developed to break the static nature of WW1 trench warfare and return to the 19th century school of thought that advocated manoeuvre warfare and "decisive battle" outcome in military strategy. Doctrine (Latin doctrina) is a codification of beliefs or "a body of teachings quot or "instructions" taught principles or positions as the Trench warfare is a form of warfare where both combatants have fortified positions and fighting lines are static Maneuver warfare, also spelled manoeuvre warfare, is the term used by military theorists for a concept of Warfare that advocates attempting to Military strategy is a National defence policy implemented by Military organisations to pursue desired strategic goals Derived from the Greek

History

First World War and development of tank warfare

Prior to World War I, horse-mounted cavalry performed what is now the role of tanks; manoeuvring and breaking through enemy infantry to attack army lines of communication in the rear. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on A line of communication (or communications) is the route that connects an operating Military unit with its Supply base. Strategic use of tanks was slow to develop during and immediately after World War I, partly due to technical limitations but also due to the prestige role traditionally accorded to horse-mounted cavalry.

Modern armoured warfare began with the need to break the tactical, operational and strategic stalemates forced on commanders on the Western Front by the effectiveness of entrenched defensive infantry armed with machine guns - known as trench warfare. Stalemate is a situation in Chess where the player whose turn it is to move is not in check but has no legal moves Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914 the German army opened the Western Front by first invading Luxembourg and Belgium, then gaining The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists For other uses of the phrase see Machine Gun (disambiguation. Trench warfare is a form of warfare where both combatants have fortified positions and fighting lines are static Under these conditions, any sort of advance was impossibly slow and occasioned massive casualties. The development of the tank was motivated by the need to return manoeuvre to warfare.

Tanks were first developed in Britain, as a way of navigating the barbed wire and other obstacles of no-man's land while remaining protected from machine-gun fire. Barbed wire, also known as barb wire (and frequently in dialect form spelled bob or bobbed) is a type of fencing Wire constructed No man's land is a term for land that is not occupied or more specifically land that is under dispute between countries or areas that will not occupy it because of fear or uncertainty The maneouvrability of the tank would at least in theory regain armies the ability to flank enemy lines. In Military tactics, a flanking maneuver, also called a flank attack, is an attack on the sides of an opposing force In practice, tank warfare during most of World War I was hampered by mechanical failure, limited numbers, and general underutilisation.

British Mark I tanks first went to action at the Somme, on September 15, 1916,^[1] but did not manage to break the deadlock of trench warfare. The British Mark I was the world's first combat Tank, entering service in the middle of World War I, born of the need to break the domination of trenches and In the Battle of Cambrai (1917) British tanks were more successful, and broke a German trenchline system, the Hindenburg Line. The Battle of Cambrai ( 20 November - 3 December 1917) was a British campaign of World War I. A trench is a type of excavation or depression in the ground Trenches are generally defined by being deeper than they are wide (as opposed to a wider Gully or Ditch The Hindenburg Line (also known as the Siegfried Line) was a vast system of defences in northeastern France during World War I. After the disastrous final German offensive, tanks were used at the Battle of Soissons and Battle of Amiens, which ended the stalemate imposed by trench warfare on the Western Front, and thus effectively ended the war. The Battle of Soissons in 1918 was a World War I battle waged during July 18 - 22, 1918 between American and German troops The Battle of Amiens, which began on 8 August 1918 was the opening phase of the Allied offensive later known as the Hundred Days Offensive that ultimately led Trench warfare is a form of warfare where both combatants have fortified positions and fighting lines are static Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914 the German army opened the Western Front by first invading Luxembourg and Belgium, then gaining Following the First World War, the technical and doctrinal aspects of armoured warfare became more sophisticated and diverged into multiple schools of doctrinal thought.

The Interwar Period

During the 1920s, various British and French commanders who had been associated with the development of the tank were involved in developing the new ideas. The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada The significant split in philosophy can be said to be French and British in schools of thought.

The French school proposed the armoured forces to be largely an Infantry supporting Arm, demanding heavily armoured tanks armed with infantry support guns, as well as 'cavalry' tanks operating en masse to break through the enemy defensive lines. Although seen as retrograding and reminiscent of WW1 tank use, it advocated a doctrine that included a desire to introduce an element of manoeuvre without expecting collapse of the enemy infantry's defence. The British school leaned more towards more mobile and lighter designs supported by equally mobile units of infantry, artillery and sappers to replace horse-mounted cavalry. These self-contained motorised detachments would depend on the tank only to provide a way to penetrate the main enemy defensive lines, and would seek to bring about defeat of the enemy by severing the lines of communication and supply as had been done during the previous century.
Both doctrines were faced with the reality during the 1920s that the armoured vehicles (as early road transport in general) were extremely unreliable, and could not be used in sustained operations. Road transport ( British English) or road transportation ( American English) is Transport on Roads of passengers or goods

In Britain Liddell Hart wrote extensively on tank warfare and the theories of Colonel Fuller. Sir Basil Henry Liddell Hart ( 31 October 1895 &ndash 29 January 1970) usually known before his knighthood as Major-General John Frederick Charles Fuller, CB, CBE, DSO, commonly J The British War Office sanctioned the creation of the Experimental Mechanised Force^[2] which was formed on May 1, 1927, under Colonel R. The War Office was a former department of the British Government, responsible for the administration of the British Army between the 17th century and 1963 when Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. J. Collins. The units were entirely mobile and consisted of reconnaissance tankettes and armoured cars, a battalion of 48 Vickers medium tanks, a motorized machine gun battalion, a mechanized artillery regiment, which had one battery of fully tracked self-propelled guns capable of acting as conventional or anti-aircraft artillery (Birch guns), and a motorized company of field engineers. A tankette is a type of lightly armed and armored tracked combat vehicle resembling a small Tank roughly the size of a car mainly intended for light Infantry A military armored (or armoured) car (see spelling differences) is a wheeled armored vehicle lighter than other armored fighting vehicles primarily The Vickers Medium Mark I was a British Tank of the period between the two World Wars built by Vickers. The Birch Gun was the world's first really practical Self-propelled artillery gun built at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich The unit carried out operations on Salisbury Plain and was observed by the other major nations, the United States, Germany, and the Soviet Union. Salisbury Plain is a Chalk Plateau in central southern England covering. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Although its performance was recognised, it was disbanded in 1928.

All European states (with the exception of Germany), the USA, and Japan, would create their own experimental mechanised forces during the late 1920s, many using either French of British vehicle designs or even directly purchased vehicles, but largely borrowing from both to develop their own doctrines. Early in the 1930s after the election of the Nazi Party in Germany, German officers were sent to observe and participate in development of armoured doctrine in the USSR.

In the 1930s the British Army began the conversion of its cavalry from horse to tanks. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. Although there were differences on where British military strength should be developed, with the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy being favoured by some in power, all but a few regiments were fully converted by 1939. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service)
In the Soviet Union during the early 1930s Red Army and German officers collaborated in developing use of tanks based on 2nd generation vehicles using turreted main weapons, and experimenting with different chassis configurations and drive trains. One important acquisition for the Red Army turned out to be the purchase of a T3 chassis from an inspired US designer J. W. Christie which served as the basis of the Soviet BT series of fast tanks. ^[3] The Red Army in particular was much influenced by the theoretical works of Marshal Tukhachevsky that led to development of infantry support heavy tanks and fast 'cavalry' tanks for use in the theory of deep operations similar to the German blitzkrieg. Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (Михаи́л Никола́евич Тухаче́вский Michał Tuchaczewski ( &ndash June 12, 1937) was a Deep operations was a military doctrine developed by the Soviet Union for its armed forces during the 1920s and 1930s Blitzkrieg (German for "lightning war" is a popular name for an Offensive operational-level Military doctrine which involves an initial This development led to the intent by the Red Army to form a massive tank force of thousands of vehicles.

As Europe neared another conflict, doctrinal development of armoured warfare was still in development, opinion split between proponents of infantry as the primary combat Arm, and those arguing that Infantry was to become the supporting Arm of the more mobile armoured forces. Use of Armoured Warfare was most prominently tested during the Soviet-Japanese Border Wars conflict in 1938.

The Second World War

A knocked-out German Tiger tank (Panzer VI) of World War II. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Tiger I ( is the common name of a German heavy Tank of World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The top of the hull has been blown right off by internal explosion, and the turret has ended up resting on the wreckage. Photo by US Army Center for Military History Online.

Modern armour warfare doctrine developed during the years immediately preceding World War II, in most cases with the tank seen as an infantry support weapon in the breakthrough of defence lines role. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including A fundamental key to conventional warfare is the concentration of force at a particular point on the enemy's defence line seen as either weak or offering other tactical, operational or strategic advantages. Concentration of force increases the chance of victory in a particular engagement through application of one of the Principles of War - Mass. The Principles of War were tenets originally proposed by Carl von Clausewitz in his essay Principles or War, and later enlarged in his book On War This point, if correctly chosen and exploited, assures a greater chance of success in a given tactical engagement or a small number of operational engagements which are often sufficient to win a strategically decisive battle.
The German term that later came to define the building of such a concentration at a given point is Schwerpunktbildung, which can be translated as "development of a centre of effort". ^[4]

This can be visualised when looking at two opposing defensive lines, each composed of two infantry and two armoured divisions, distributed consistently along the length of a line. A division is a large Military unit or formation usually consisting of around ten to thirty thousand soldiers A numerically equivalent attacker can win by concentrating his two armoured divisions at one point of the line with his two infantry divisions holding the rest of the line, thus increasing the chance of breaching the enemy defences, then passing through, turning the flank of the severed two halves of the defensive line, and further exploiting the numerical superiority against the smaller number of defenders on the flank to force them to retreat onto the intact part of the line, therefore widening the breach.

The defensive line could attempt to counterattack, but it is not strong at any point and although the combined infantry and armour attack of the defenders is stronger than an infantry only attack, it is not very much stronger (since the divisions are spread out along the entire line) and it is in general much easier to defend than attack due to the factor of field entrenchment and field engineering in preparation for such counterattacks. A counterattack

A major aspect of all warfare is the simple formula, known as the Lanchester's Square Law, that the combat power of a combat unit relative to the relative combat power of an enemy of a given size, all other factors being equal, is the square of the number of members of that unit:

• One tank obviously has the combat power of one tank. Lanchester's laws are mathematical Formulae for calculating the relative strengths of a predator/prey pair The term enemy combatant has historically referred to members of the armed forces of the state with which another state is at war (1² = 1)

• Two tanks have four times the relative combat power of a single tank. (2² = 4)

From this it is derived that twice as many tanks will quadruple the relative firepower — relative that is, to the amount of firepower the enemy has per member of the friendly unit; one could also express this by saying that their relative punishment from enemy action is reduced four times, which is the same thing — as not only their own absolute number is doubled, but the number of enemy tanks relative to each of their own, is thereby halved also.

Thus, concentrating two divisions into one point and attacking generates a far greater force than is achieved by spreading two divisions into a line and pushing forward on a broad front.

Concentration of force requires mobility to prevent the enemy detecting the point of attack in time to reinforce the section of the defence, and concentration of firepower to be effective in combat once concentrated. The tank embodies these two properties, and so constitutes the primary weapon in armoured warfare. A tank is a tracked, Armoured fighting vehicle designed for Front-line combat which combines Operational mobility and tactical

Forces of all participating powers during WW2 were composed predominantly of the Infantry and other combat supporting Arms (artillery, reconnaissance troops, engineers and logistics and service troops). With the possible exception of the United Kingdom, the infantry units were still highly dependent on horse-drawn vehicles, as was the artillery on horse-towed guns when operating in the field. Strategic movement was provided by the rail transport networks. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation.

British and French pre-war Doctrine

In the UK and in France, armour was accepted into the Army, but using a division of labour: some as infantry support weapons, others as cavalry replacements. As such, the UK and French infantry tanks were heavily armoured, and as a consequence slow, whereas British cavalry ("cruiser") tanks were swift, and as a result poorly armoured. Only some of the German tanks were designed for independent mobile operations and as all-around tanks: lighter, considerably more mobile, but more weakly armed and armoured than the infantry tanks. Tanks were not yet seen to be a primary anti-tank weapon.
When the German tanks actually had to fight the UK infantry tanks in 1940, they were severely discomfited--but recovered to drive the British army out of continental Europe. At the start of the German invasion, France possessed more tanks and, in one-to-one terms, better tanks, than the Germans. However, what mattered was how the tanks were used, and French command distributed half of its tanks among independent Bataillons De Chars De Combat (battle tank battalions) for infantry support, rendering them tied to decision-making of the local infantry commanders. In 1940 the German command concentrated its tanks into Panzer divisions and used them for strategic envelopment, smashing their way through the French defensive line, and driving towards The Channel, threatening to sever UK troop's communications and supply lines with the national centres of logistic support.

To counter such attacks, a mobile anti-tank forward must be held in reserve and moved to meet the attack. The French had no strategic reserve at all; let alone a highly mobile reserve as their three Cavalry armoured divisions (Divisions Legeres Mécaniques or Mechanised Light Divisions), the only armoured units organised on the lines of the German armoured divisions, had already been committed in the Low Countries, which was crucial in the French failure to counteract the German penetration, as the four French Infantry armoured divisions lacked sufficient strategic mobility. The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt However, later in the campaign a new tactic was applied which proved highly resistant against tank attacks. This was called the hedgehog. In Warfare the hedgehog defence is a military tactic for defending against a mobile armoured attack or Blitzkrieg. However, due to the losses already sustained, the French could never counterattack, and the hedgehogs were eventually by-passed by the German troops.

Influence of the North African theatre on Allied armoured doctrine

In the deserts of North Africa, the British developed the alternative approach of combining the armoured, infantry and artillery together to form a 'balanced, combined arms team'. The 10th Italian Army of Maresciallo (Marshal) Rodolfo Graziani, being ill-armed and inadequately led, soon gave way to this approach by the Commonwealth troops of the 8th Army. Rodolfo Graziani Marchese di Neghelli ( August 11, 1882 &mdash January 11, 1955) was an officer in the Italian Royal The Eighth Army was one of the best-known formations in World War II, fighting in the North African and Italian campaigns It was a British

The arrival of the German Afrika Korps under command of General der Infanterie Erwin Rommel highlighted the weaknesses of the British approach: the small number of infantry and artillery in each armoured division was sufficient when attacking the immobile and uncoordinated Italian troops, but against the highly mobile, well-coordinated German units, the undermanned Commonwealth formations were proving inadequate. The German Afrikakorps ( German: Deutsches Afrikakorps DAK) was the original German blocking force (Sperrverband = Armored Blocking Force in Libya Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel ( ( 15 November 1891 – 14 October 1944) (also known as the " Desert Fox " Wüstenfuchs

It was only towards the later years of the war, with the invasion of the European mainland, that the Allied Armies began to become more effective in armoured warfare. In 1942 and 1943 , the Allies consistently lost armoured battles in the North African desert due to improper tactics; in particular, running armoured formations into opposing anti-tank positions.

Red Army pre-war experiences in use of tanks and its doctrine

Much of the Red Army development in tank use was based on the theoretical work carried out by such officers as Tukhachevsky and Trinadafillov in the mid to late 1930s. Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (Михаи́л Никола́евич Тухаче́вский Michał Tuchaczewski ( &ndash June 12, 1937) was a This was as part of the two-directioned concepts, one being infantry-centred "broad front" and the other being a "shock army". ^[5]
While the infantry based part of the doctrine demanded "powerful tanks" (heavy tanks armed with infantry guns and machineguns) and "tankettes" (light, often amphibious tanks with machineguns), the shock Army demanded "manoeuvre tanks" (fast tanks with medium guns) used in conjunction with motorised forces and "mechanised cavalry" that would operate in depth as "strategic cavalry" combined with nascent airborne troops. These ideas culminated in the "PU-36" or the 1936 Field Service Regulations.

Red Army wartime development of the tank doctrine

At the start of the Second World War much of the Red Army, including its armoured forces, were in transition and recovering following the 1937 repression of the officer corps and the consequences of the Soviet-Finish War of 1939. The Red Army tank fleet was extremely large, consisting of some 24,000 vehicles, but many were obsolete or unfit for service due to difficulties with supplying spare parts and lack of qualified support stuff. Almost half of the tank fleet was lost in the first month of the war.

The Red Army's initial strategic withdrawal relegated the armoured forces to a secondary role, however one important development took place shortly before the war which was to influence Soviet armoured doctrine and tank design for a decade: the creation of the T-34. The T-34 was a Soviet medium tank produced from 1941 to 1958 It is widely regarded as having been the world's best Tank when the Soviet Union Developed on the Christie chassis and using for the first time sloped armour, the T-34 proved a shocking surprise to the German forces with its high velocity 76. Sloped armour is armour that is neither vertical nor horizontal and is typically mounted on Tanks and other Armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs 2 mm tank gun. Using wide tracks the T-34 was also able to negotiate terrain in difficult weather conditions, something that persistently dogged the German designs.

Assessing the success of the German Blitzkrieg strategy, operational methods and tactics, it was concluded that the Red Army should return to the use of operational methods developed before the war, and indeed the Tank Armies were eventually created. Blitzkrieg (German for "lightning war" is a popular name for an Offensive operational-level Military doctrine which involves an initial The term Army, besides its generalized meaning (see " Army " specifically denotes a major military formation in militaries of various countries including To complement the T-34 other designs of heavy tanks and self-propelled artillery and tank destroyers were also designed. Much of the use of Red Army's armoured forces were used in concentrations during all Red Army WW2 strategic-operational operations, initiated under strict secrecy and using the Principle of Surprise. The Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II were major military events on the Eastern Front during the Second World War, commonly conducted by at least ^[6]

German armoured doctrine

Pre-war and early parts of the Second World War doctrine

By the time of World War II, the German armoured forces had developed a much more profound and more flexible doctrine than that of the Allies on the tactical and operational level. No such doctrine existed on the strategic level but their concentrated Panzer divisions in 1940 in the Battle of France nevertheless strategically exploited breaches in the allied defensive lines, made by their infantry and airforce, to great effect, leading to an official adoption by the Army as a whole of such "Blitzkrieg" tactics. In World War II, the Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries This development, largely under Guderian's influence, was facilitated by the fact that for political reasons a Tank Weapon had been formed, the Panzertruppe or Panzerwaffe, distinct from the Infantry and Cavalry. The Panzertruppe however was until 1940 overshadowed by the much more influential Infantry, as exemplified by the low priority given to tank production and the fact tanks were between 1936 and 1939 also divided among the Infantry and Cavalry. Guderian, with the help of others, established the armoured combined arms team (Panzer Division), distinct from a purely infantry or cavalry formation. A panzer division is an Armored division in the German Army (Panzerdivision The panzer divisions weren't solely composed of tanks, but integrated the other arms in it as well, in a mechanized form that hadn't existed before - most notably, mechanized infantry (riding in halftracks to be protected from small-arms fire while being transported) and self-propelled artillery (howitzers fitted on a tank chassis). This allowed the panzer division to become a complete and independent combat force, and overcome the problems that tanks had in attaining a breakthrough against strong opposition by entrenched enemy infantry equipped with large numbers of antitank-guns, which would be very costly without direct infantry support. Infantry had always had problems keeping up with the speedy tanks; now they could simply drive along with them. However, this development was hampered until 1941 by the lack of half-tracks vehicles to equip the mechanized infantry. The in-depth research through theoretical approaches, wargaming and exercises developed a confidence within the Panzertruppe itself (and political support by Hitler) in the armoured formation as the key battlefield formation — although this view was before 1940 not shared by the other Arms of Service. A key part of this doctrine was improved communications by having radios in all tanks — and again this ideal suffered from technical limitations as most tanks had receiver sets only. The superior tactical and operational doctrine combined with an appropriate strategic implementation enabled the Germans in 1940 to defeat forces quantitatively superior in armour, infantry and artillery during their campaign in France; but just when Blitzkrieg was made a deliberate doctrine, in 1941, it ultimately failed on the eastern front, though attaining at first spectacular successes.

Defensive German tactics during later parts of the Second World War

Later in World War II, the Germans were on the defensive. The Panther and heavy Tiger tanks had impressive firepower and armour in tank to tank battles. The Panther ( was a Tank fielded by Germany in World War II that served from mid-1943 to the end of the European war in 1945 It could take four to five Shermans to knock out a single Tiger tank by maneuvring to its weaker flank or rear armour. But the onslaught of Allied armour was much superior in numbers. Besides using tanks in dug-in positions, the Germans made use of older types by turning them into tank destroyers, basically turretless tanks with heavier guns and sometimes heavy armour plating. A self-propelled anti-tank gun or tank destroyer, is a type of Armoured fighting vehicle designed specifically to engage enemy armor forces and not produced for an infantry These vehicles, like the Sturmgeschütz III, outnumbered the German tanks and destroyed numerous Allied tanks on the battlefields of Europe. The Sturmgeschütz III ( StuG III) Assault gun was Germany's most produced Armoured fighting vehicle during World War II. They were part of very effective general anti-tank tactics that included the use of anti-tank teams armed with Panzerfäuste (small recoilless rifles), anti-tank guns and extensive anti-tank minefields. The Panzerfaust (plural Panzerfäuste, "armored fist" or "tank fist" was an inexpensive recoilless German Anti-tank A recoilless gun or recoilless rifle (RCL is a lightweight form of Weapon that allows the firing of a heavier projectile than would be practical with a recoiling Anti-tank refers to any method of combating military Armored fighting vehicles notably Tanks The most common anti-tank systems An anti-tank mine, (abbreviated to "AT mine" is a type of Land mine designed to damage or destroy vehicles including Tanks and Armoured fighting However, they made a successful use of Blitzkrieg tactics very difficult.

US armoured doctrine

The United States Army was influenced by the perceived actions of German tanks in the 1939 Polish Campaign, although its Armored combat Arm was not created until 1940 when "The Armored Force was born on July 10, 1940, with the Headquarters, Armor Force and the Headquarters, I Armored Crops established at Fort Knox. The Invasion of Poland (1939 precipitated World War II. It was carried out by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small German-allied On July 15, 1940, the 7th Cavalry Brigade (Mechanized) became the 1st Armored Division; the 7th Provisional Tank Brigade, an infantry tank unit at Fort Benning, became the 2nd Armored Division"[1]. The Tank Battalion was established at Fort Meade, Md. , and a small Armored Force School was also established.

The popular conception in the US was that tanks had been used boldly as part of a new system of war called Blitzkrieg. Blitzkrieg (German for "lightning war" is a popular name for an Offensive operational-level Military doctrine which involves an initial Under General Jacob L. Devers, Chief of the Armored Force, doctrine evolved into a combined arms operational force consisting of primarily infantry, artillery, and tanks with tanks being the major manoeuvre component. General Jacob "Jake" Loucks Devers ( September 8, 1887 - October 15, 1979) who is best remembered for his command of the Under this doctrine, U. S. tank crews of both armored divisions and GHQ tank battalions were taught to fight tanks in tank on tank engagements. Armored Force personnel during and after the war criticized the infantry for using the GHQ tank battalions assigned to infantry divisions strictly as infantry support.

The US Combined Arms team included air support, artillery, engineers, and a tank component supplemented by the Tank Destroyer concept. Combined arms is an approach to Warfare which seeks to integrate different arms of a Military to achieve mutually complementary effects A self-propelled anti-tank gun or tank destroyer, is a type of Armoured fighting vehicle designed specifically to engage enemy armor forces and not produced for an infantry The latter is most closely identified with the Chief of Army Ground Forces, General Leslie McNair. General Lesley James McNair ( May 25, 1883 &ndash July 25, 1944) was an American Army officer who served during Having studied the early German successes McNair came under the belief that US forces would be faced with fast moving enemy forces who would seek to bypass, isolate and reduce US forces in a replay of the Fall of France. To counter the enemy blitzkrieg McNair sought to improve the organic anti-tank strength of the US infantry divisions by attaching towed AT guns and equipping the infantry with hand-held Bazookas. The bazooka is a man-portable Anti-armor rocket launcher made famous during World War II. To stem the flood of marauding panzers, fast moving powerfully armed Tank destroyer battalions were created to be held back and used in the counterattack. tank destroyer battalion was a type of unit used by the United States Army during World War II.

It was believed that conventional tanks that could take on the enemy Panthers and Tigers toe to toe would not have the speed and mobility to avoid being flanked and bypassed and therefore would not have the chance to fight. It was also calculated that US interests would be better served by large numbers of medium tanks rather than a smaller number of heavy tanks. It was decided therefore to slow the production of the US heavy tank designs such as the M26 Pershing and concentrate resources on mass producing the M4 Sherman and tank destroyers such as the M18 Hellcat. The Heavy Tank M26 Pershing was an American heavy tank used during World War II and the Korean War. World War II foreign variants and use Lend-Lease Sherman tanks. The 76 mm Gun Motor Carriage (GMC M18 was an American Tank destroyer of World War II. Since the Sherman medium tank would be inferior to the enemy heavy tanks they would have to avoid tank-vs-tank combat as much as possible, leaving enemy tanks to the tank destroyers.

To be able get into position to counterattack, the tank destroyers had to be fast. To achieve the desired mobility and agility from the engines available the armour protection was sacrificed, a measure of protection coming from being nimble and hopefully from being able to knock out the enemy before they could get a shot in. Although they had guns of around about 76mm, the tank destroyer units were issued with the ancestor of the modern Armour-piercing discarding sabot, rounds which made their guns much more powerful than a simple comparison of calibres would suggest. The Armour-piercing discarding sabot (APDS is a type of kinetic energy projectile fired from a gun to attack armoured targets

In actual combat however the Germans were unable and unwilling to fight in the fast, free flowing manner to which the US forces had been tuned to counter. Against the defensive and ambush tactics that the Germans actually used, McNair's doctrine led to US tanks having weaker guns and less armour protection than their German counterparts, and in the narrow confines of much of the terrain in Normandy, they could not avoid one-on-one encounters with German tanks. A panzer, pronunced, is a German Tank, especially in the context of World War II.

Japanese armoured doctrine during WW2

The Japanese doctrine was mainly French in concept but with some purely Japanese elements. Due to a lack of funds and inter-service feuds (the marine branch of the IJN favoured all-around protective armour) IJA tanks were poorly protected. The main guns were small, like with most tanks of the thirties, but this was compensated by a high muzzle velocity. The IJA's use of tanks in China exemplifies its doctrine: light tanks were used for scouting or acted as mobile infantry support while medium tanks also supported the infantry and assaulted deeper objectives but did not fight concentrated. The late thirties saw a divergence in the development of the tank doctrine which lead to a number of failed designs and ideas. This is the primary reason IJA tanks were not as successful while being used with IJA tactics. The tank forces saw some successes during the initial phases of the Second World War but were later found to be useless in a war of jungles and mountains, which posed too many maintenance problems. When IJA and SNLF (Imperial marines) tanks did clash with the enemy they were quickly destroyed by concealed anti-tank guns or overwhelming numbers of hostile tanks. Also Japan lagged behind in armour development, its tanks becoming quickly obsolescent during the later years of the war. A number of designs that were equal to heavier foreign types were on the drawing board at the beginning of the war, but would only be built in small numbers towards the end and reserved to the defence of Japan itself.

Cold War development in armoured warfare

Arab-Israeli wars

The conflict between Islamic nations in the East Mediterranean region and Israel in particular would serve to become a testing ground for development in armoured warfare during the decades of the Cold War.

Both sides in the Arab-Israeli series of conflicts made heavy use of tanks and other armoured vehicles. Without tanks and infantry working together, problems can arise. During the Yom Kippur War, Israeli tanks operating alone in large numbers were decimated by Egyptian infantry with anti-tank guided missiles. The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (מלחמת יום הכיפורים transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. When Israeli infantry and artillery were brought in to support the tanks, the tables were turned and the Egyptian units were suppressed with reduced losses to the Israeli troops. This is an extreme example but exemplifies what has been fairly thoroughly documented since the Second World War: tanks and infantry work best by taking advantage of each other's strengths and combining to minimise the weaknesses. In many conflicts, it was usual to see infantry riding on the back of tanks, ready to jump off and provide support when necessary. Unfortunately, the design of many modern tanks makes this a dangerous practice. The M1 Abrams, for example, has such hot exhaust gas that nearby infantry have to be careful where they stand. The M1 Abrams is a main battle tank produced in the United States. Tanks can also be very vulnerable to well aimed artillery; well-coordinated air support and counter-battery artillery units can help overcome this. Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine Counter-battery fire is a type of mission assigned to military Artillery forces which are tasked with locating and firing upon enemy artillery Up until the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Israeli armoured units typically had the advantage, mainly due to good tactics and unit cohesion. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (מלחמת יום הכיפורים transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום

Evolution of anti-armoured warfare through the guided missile

While attempts to defeat the tank were made before WW2 and during WW2 though use of conventional high velocity artillery, this proved increasingly difficult in the post-WW2 period due to increased armour protection and mobility of the tanks. Another path taken toward defeating the tanks surprisingly came from the country with the largest armoured fleet in the world at the time, the USSR. Soviet designers strove to incorporate some measure of anti-tank capability into almost every infantry weapon, and in the 1960s designed and deployed portable anti-tank wire guided missiles that could be either carried by the infantry, or fired from the newly developed BMP-1 infantry fighting vehicles. Anti-tank refers to any method of combating military Armored fighting vehicles notably Tanks The most common anti-tank systems BMP-1 is a Soviet Amphibious tracked Infantry fighting vehicle. In 1973, Israel's Army failed to understand the importance of the introduction of anti-tank guided missiles. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. An anti-tank guided missile ( ATGM) or anti-tank guided weapon ( ATGW) is a guided Missile primarily designed to hit and destroy Hundreds of AT-3 Sagger man-portable anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) supplied to the Egypt by the Soviet Union inflicted heavy losses on Israeli tanks. The 9K11 Malyutka ( Russian: Малютка little or tiny baby is the ( NATO reporting name: AT-3 Sagger is an MCLOS wire-guided This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Since then, ATGMs have played an important role within the Israeli forces also. They are some of the leaders in the development of missile-based "tank destroyers". In the recent 2006 attack by Hezbollah, when Israeli infantry units engaged the enemy anti-tank missile armed teams, they were able to easily defeat them - strong evidence that tanks operating on their own have some severe weaknesses.

NATO

During the Cold War, NATO assumed armoured warfare to be a dominant aspect of conventional ground warfare in Europe. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The North Atlantic Treaty Although the use of light tanks was largely discontinued, and heavy tanks were also mostly abandoned, the medium tank design evolved into heavier models due to increase in armour and larger sized main weapon resulting in the main battle tank (MBT) which came into existence, combining most of the different types of tanks during World War II. Tank classification is a Taxonomy of identifying either the intended role or weight class of Tanks The classification by role was used primarily during World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including For the most part the NATO armoured doctrine remained defensive, and dominated by use of nuclear weapons as deterrence. Although most NATO nations began the Cold War period with a large number of US designed tanks in their fleets, there was a considerable degree of disagreement on the design of future MBTs among the NATO major nations. Both the US and Germany experimented with, but abandoned the missile-armed MBT-70. The MBT-70 was a 1960s joint German - US -project to develop a new Main battle tank using a number of advanced design features The M26 Pershing basic design of the United States would evolve until the M60 Patton was replaced with the gas-turbine powered M1 Abrams in the 1980s. The Heavy Tank M26 Pershing was an American heavy tank used during World War II and the Korean War. The M60 Patton was the fourth and last of the Patton series medium tanks of the U The M1 Abrams is a main battle tank produced in the United States. The British Army also retained a WWII tank design, the Centurion, which proved to be highly successful and was not fully replaced until the 1970s. The Centurion was the primary British Main Battle Tank of the immediate post-war era and has proven itself be a successful tank design mainly due to its thick The West German Bundeswehr decided to develop their own tank in the 1960s, and in the 1970s produced the Leopard I, which was a somewhat lighter design, conforming to German doctrine that emphasized speed over protection. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( The Bundeswehr ( German for "Federal Defence Force") is the name of the unified Armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany The Leopard (or Leopard 1) is a German designed and produced main battle tank that first entered service in 1965 and was used as the main battle tank The French series of AMX tanks also emphasized manoeuvre over protection. By the 21st century, most advanced western main battle tanks were built around powerful engines, large 120mm guns and composite armour. Composite armour is a type of Vehicle armour consisting of layers of different material such as Metals Plastics, Ceramics or Air

Warsaw Pact

The Warsaw Pact armoured doctrine was substantially influenced by the developments in the Soviet Army which sought to adopt its existing doctrine evolved during WW2 to the nuclear battlefield. In the early 1960s this led to a number of important developments in the armoured forces and their supporting Arms. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 One important development was the transition of the Second World War use of Cavalry-Mechanised Group (CMG) into the Cold War Operational Manoeuvre Group (OMG) that was designed to exploit breakthroughs to penetrate NATO's defences in depth. This was a culmination of the Deep Battle theory dating to the 1930s. ^[7]

In 1964 a significant breakthrough in tank design was achieved in the Soviet Union when the T-64 was produced which for the first time used an automatic loader, reducing the crew of the tank to three crewmen. For the engine see General Electric T64 The T-64 is a Soviet main battle tank, introduced in the late 1960s Subsequently this model, and the later T-72 and T-80 tanks introduced further innovations that influenced armoured warfare by introducing guided missiles into the tank ammunition mix, allowing ATGW fire from standard tank guns. The T-72 is a Soviet -designed Main battle tank that entered production in 1971 The T-80 is a Main battle tank which was designed in the Soviet Union and entered service in 1976 An anti-tank guided missile ( ATGM) or anti-tank guided weapon ( ATGW) is a guided Missile primarily designed to hit and destroy

Infantry fighting vehicles were first developed in the 1960s with the Soviet Union's BMP-1, for the first time allowing supporting infantry to accompany tanks on a battlefield when nuclear weapon use was expected. An infantry fighting vehicle ( IFV, also known as (mechanized infantry combat vehicle, (MICV) is a type of Armoured fighting vehicle (AFV The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 BMP-1 is a Soviet Amphibious tracked Infantry fighting vehicle.

The T-64s and BMP-1s were also joined by the self propelled guns and more importantly Mi-24 Rotary-wing aircraft capable of firing anti-tank missiles entering production in 1970 which were built and theorised as "flying tanks". WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout History Since 400 AD Chinese children have played with bamboo flying toys.

Soviet armoured forces

The Soviet tank troops, as they were known in the USSR, included [[armoured units]], [[armoured training regiments]] and other formations and units.

Indo-Pakistani wars

Armor in the Vietnam War

M113 Armoured personnel carriers proved effective in the terrain of Vietnam against enemy forces which often lacked tanks of their own. Armoured personnel carriers (APCs are Armoured fighting vehicles developed to transport Infantry on the Battlefield They usually have only a Machine Though they were soon countered with mines and RPGs, they continue in production and service today in many variants. More heavily armed infantry fighting vehicles such as the M2/M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle would be based on experience with the M113. An infantry fighting vehicle ( IFV, also known as (mechanized infantry combat vehicle, (MICV) is a type of Armoured fighting vehicle (AFV The M2 Bradley IFV (Infantry Fighting Vehicle and M3 Bradley CFV (Cavalry Fighting Vehicle are American Infantry fighting vehicles manufactured by Gun trucks were also introduced as M35 trucks fitted with armor and guns to protect convoys. Communist forces employed the Soviet PT-76 light tank. The PT-76 (Obiekt 740 Armour protection The armour of PT-76 costs of homogeneous cold rolled welded steel The larger T-54 main battle tank proved in 1972 and 1975 offensives vulnerable to LAW rockets and ARVN M41 Walker Bulldog and the larger M48A3 Pattons. The T-54 and T-55 tank were a series of Main battle tanks designed by the Soviet Union. The Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN) was a military component of the armed forces of the Republic of Vietnam (commonly known as South Vietnam The M41 Walker Bulldog was an American Light tank developed to replace the M24 Chaffee. The M48 Patton was one of the US army 's principal Main battle tanks of the Cold War, with models in service from the early 1950s on through the 1990s

Armoured doctrine after the Cold War

Present

An M2 Bradley IFV from A Company, 1st Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment at Fort Benning practising firing the 25 mm M242 Bushmaster cannon. The M2 Bradley IFV (Infantry Fighting Vehicle and M3 Bradley CFV (Cavalry Fighting Vehicle are American Infantry fighting vehicles manufactured by An infantry fighting vehicle ( IFV, also known as (mechanized infantry combat vehicle, (MICV) is a type of Armoured fighting vehicle (AFV Fort Benning is a United States Army post located southwest History The Bushmaster project started as an offshoot of the US Army 's MICV-65 program that was attempting to introduce a new Infantry fighting vehicle

Tanks rarely work alone; the usual minimum unit size is a platoon (platoon is the smallest US Army/Marine unit led by an officer, and a component of a company or troop) of four to five tanks. The tanks of the platoon work together providing mutual support: two might advance while covered by the others then stop and provide cover for the remainder to move ahead.

Normally, multiple platoons coordinate with mechanised infantry and utilise their mobility and firepower to penetrate weak points in enemy lines. Mechanized infantry (or "mech infantry" are Infantry equipped with Armored personnel carriers (APCs or Infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs This is where the powerful engines, tracks and turrets come into play. The ability to rotate the turret by a full 360° allows coordinated movement within and between platoons, while defending against attacks from multiple directions and engaging troops and vehicles without stopping or slowing down. When on the defensive, they wait in prepared positions or use any natural terrain elements (such as small hills) for cover. A tank sitting just behind a hill crest ("hull-down") exposes only the top of its turret, with the gun and sensors, to the enemy, leaving the smallest possible target while allowing it to engage the enemy on the other side of the hill. The term hull-down describes the situation where the upper part of a vessel or vehicle is visible but the main lower body ( hull) is not the opposite term hull-up Tanks are usually able to depress the main gun below the horizontal since modern kinetic energy (KE) rounds have nearly flat trajectories. Without this they would be unable to exploit such positions. However upon cresting a hill, the tank may expose its thinly armoured underside to enemy weapons.

The deposition of armour around a tank is not uniform; the front is typically better armoured than the sides or rear. Accordingly, normal practice is to keep the front towards the enemy at all times, the tank retreats by reversing instead of turning around. Driving backwards away from an enemy is even safer than driving forwards towards them since driving forwards over a bump can throw the front of the tank up in the air, exposing the thin armour of the underside and taking the gun off the target due to its limited angle of depression.

The tracks, wheels and suspension of a tank are outside the armoured hull and are some of the most vulnerable spots. The easiest way to disable a tank (other than a direct hit in a vulnerable area with a full-power anti-tank weapon) is to target the tracks for a "mobility kill" (m-kill). A mobility kill (or M-kill) in Armoured warfare refers to damage inflicted by a weapon on a vehicle that immobilises it but does not totally destroy it leaving Once a tank is disabled it is easier to destroy. This is why side-skirts are an important feature; they can deflect heavy machine-gun bullets and trigger the detonation of HEAT rounds before they strike the running gear. Other vulnerable parts of a typical tank include the engine deck (with air intakes, radiators, etc. ) and the turret ring, where the turret joins the hull.

When used defensively, tanks are often sunk into trenches or placed behind earth berms for increased protection. A berm is a level space shelf or raised barrier separating two areas The tanks can fire off a few shots from their defensive position, then retreat (reversing) to another prepared position further back and drive behind the berms or into the trenches there. These positions can be constructed by the tank crews, but preparations are better and quicker if carried out by combat engineers with bulldozers. Overhead protection, even if it is fairly thin, can also be very useful since it can help pre-detonate artillery shells and avoid direct hits from above which can be deadly to tanks, by striking them at their thinnest armour. In short, tank crews find as many ways as possible to augment the armour on their vehicles.

Tanks usually go into battle with a round in the gun, ready to fire, to minimise reaction time when encountering an enemy. The US doctrine calls for this round to be a kinetic energy (KE) round, as the reaction time is most important when meeting enemy tanks, to get the first shot (and possibly the first kill). A kinetic energy penetrator (also known as a KE weapon) is a type of Ammunition which like a Bullet, does not contain Explosives and uses If troops or light vehicles are encountered, the usual response is to fire this round at them, despite it not being ideal - it is difficult and time-consuming to remove a round which is already in the breech. A breech-loading weapon is a Firearm (a Rifle, a Gun etc in which the Bullet or shell is inserted or loaded at the rear of the In this case, after the KE round is fired, a HEAT round would normally be loaded next to continue the engagement.

Tanks can be decisive in city fighting, with the ability to demolish walls and fire medium and heavy machine guns in several directions simultaneously. However, tanks are especially vulnerable in urban combat. It's much easier for enemy infantry to sneak up behind a tank or fire at its sides, where it is most vulnerable. In addition, firing down from multi-story buildings allows shots at the soft upper turret armour and even basic weapons like Molotov cocktails, if aimed at the engine air intakes, can disable a tank. The Molotov cocktail, also known as the booze bomb, alcohol bomb or Molotov bomb, is a generic name used for a variety of improvised incendiary Because of these limitations, tanks are difficult to use in city conflicts where civilians or friendly forces might be nearby, since their firepower can't be used effectively.

Airborne Threats and Tactics

AH-64 Apache, an attack helicopter designed to destroy armoured vehicles.

The Avenger mounts Stinger missiles on HMMWV vehicles for mobile, low altitude air defence. The FIM-92 Stinger is a personal portable Infrared homing Surface-to-air missile developed in the United States and used by all the U This article refers to the Military HMMWV not the civilian Hummer sold by General Motors The M998 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled

Tanks and other armoured vehicles are vulnerable to attack from the air for several reasons. One is that they are easily detectable - the metal they are made of shows up well on radar, and is especially obvious if they are moving in formation. A moving tank also produces a lot of heat, noise and dust. The heat makes seeing them on a forward-looking infra-red system easy and the dust is a good visual clue during the day. A forward looking infrared (FLIR is an imaging device that senses infrared radiation The other major reason is that most armoured vehicles have thinner armour on the roof of the turret and on the engine deck, so an anti-tank guided missile (from an attack helicopter or ground-attack jet) hitting them from the top can be deadly even if it has a small warhead. Ground-attack aircraft are military aircraft designed to attack targets on the ground and are often deployed as Close air support for and in proximity to their own ground forces Even machine guns and small automatic cannon are powerful enough to penetrate the rear and top sections of the engine compartment of a tank.

Close-up of the A-10 GAU-8 Avenger gun.

Certain aircraft have been developed to attack armoured vehicles. Most notable is the purpose-built Fairchild-Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II, affectionately known as the "Warthog" because of its shape (in contrast to more aesthetically pleasing military aircraft). The 'Hog' may be blunt but is exceptionally effective in its purpose: hunt and kill enemy armour and vehicles and its reputation as an effective "Tankbuster" is not unfounded. Although able to carry a number of different missiles and bombs (including anti-tank ordnance such as the AGM-65 Maverick), its main weapon is the 30mm GAU-8/A Avenger Gatling gun which is capable of firing 3,900 depleted uranium armour-piercing rounds per minute (a popular belief is that the plane was actually built around the gun and not vice-versa). The AGM-65 Maverick is an air-to-ground tactical missile (AGM designed for close air support The General Electric GAU-8/A Avenger is a 30 mm, hydraulically-driven seven-barrel Gatling-type rotary cannon The Gatling gun is considered by some to have been the first Machine gun: although it did not automatically reload under its own power it was capable of firing continuously Capable of low-speed, low-altitude flight, the A-10 is itself an airborne armoured vehicle with a titanium enclosure about the pilot, an airframe that can survive direct hits from armour-piercing and high-explosive projectiles and triple redundancy in its flight systems, with mechanical systems to back up double-redundant hydraulics. Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22

Similarly, a number of helicopter gunships have been designed mainly to engage enemy armoured vehicles. An attack helicopter, also known as a Helicopter Gunship, is a Military helicopter armed for attacking targets on the ground The AH-64 Apache, Westland Lynx, Mi-24 Hind, Eurocopter Tiger and Denel AH-2 Rooivalk are examples. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Helicopters are very effective against armoured vehicles for many reasons. The AH-64D Longbow Apache, for example, is equipped with an improved sensor suite and weapon systems and the AN/APG-78 Longbow Fire Control Radar dome installed over the main rotor.

Airborne threats can be countered in several ways. One is air supremacy. Air supremacy is the most favorable state of control of the air This is what the United States relies on most, which is demonstrated by their distinct lack of effective short-range, mobile air defence vehicles to accompany armoured units. Most other countries accompany their armoured forces with highly mobile self-propelled anti-aircraft guns such as the Russian ZSU-23, short and medium-range surface-to-air missile systems such as the SA-6, SA-8 and SA-11, or combine both on the same vehicle (the ZSU-23 for example can also host SA-18 or SA-16 AA missiles). A self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon ( SPAA, also self-propelled air defense, SPAD, or self-propelled anti-aircraft gun, SPAAG) is The ZSU-23-4 "Shilka" is a lightly armored Self-propelled, Radar guided Anti-aircraft Weapon system ( SPAAG) A surface to air missile ( SAM) or ground-to-air missile ( GTAM) is a Missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy Aircraft The 9K33 OSA (Оса Wasp) is a highly mobile low-altitude short-range tactical Surface-to-air missile system The 9K38 Igla (9К38 «Игла́» needle) is a Russian Soviet man-portable Infrared homing Surface-to-air missile (SAM The 9K38 Igla (9К38 «Игла́» needle) is a Russian Soviet man-portable Infrared homing Surface-to-air missile (SAM

Support

Armoured warfare is mechanically and logistically intensive and requires extensive support mechanisms.

Armoured Fighting Vehicles require armoured vehicles capable of working in the same terrain to support them. These are operated by the appropriate branches of the army e. g. recovery and maintenance vehicles by the REME and combat engineering vehicles by the RE in the British Army.

These include:

• Armoured Recovery vehicles (ARV)

Many of these are based on the chassis for the vehicle they support. e. g. the ARV for the UK Challenger tank is a Challenger hull with winch.

• Armoured supply vehicles

• (armoured) Combat Engineering Vehicles (CEV)

e. g. bulldozers

Future

While tanks have been integral to armoured warfare in the past, recent conflicts have put more emphasis on mobility, which main battle tanks cannot provide. A tank is a tracked, Armoured fighting vehicle designed for Front-line combat which combines Operational mobility and tactical It takes a few weeks to transfer tanks and their supporting equipment by air or sea. Some tanks and armoured vehicles are transportable by helicopter, dropped by parachute, or carried by air transport. The largest transports can only carry one or two main battle tanks. Smaller transports could carry or air drop light tanks and APCs such as the M113. Though limited conflicts such as insurgency in Iraq rarely involves combat between armoured vehicles, the lack of security has resulted in the application of armour to light vehicles, and the continued use of armoured transports, fighting vehicles and tanks to protect against ambushes and (IEDs) Improvised Explosive Devises.

See also

• Ancient warfare
• Blitzkrieg
• Combined arms
• Modern warfare
• History of the tank
• Lists of armoured fighting vehicles

• Armoured warfare theorists and practitioners:
  • Charles de Gaulle
  • J.F.C. Fuller
  • B. H. Liddell Hart
  • Percy Hobart
  • Georgy Zhukov
  • Mikhail Tukhachevski
  • Heinz Guderian
  • Erwin Rommel
  • George Smith Patton, Jr.
  • Israel Tal

References

1. ^ p. Ancient warfare is War as conducted from the beginnings of recorded History to the end of the ancient period Blitzkrieg (German for "lightning war" is a popular name for an Offensive operational-level Military doctrine which involves an initial Combined arms is an approach to Warfare which seeks to integrate different arms of a Military to achieve mutually complementary effects Modern warfare, although present in every Historical period of Military history, is generally used to refer to the concepts, methods and This article is about the history of the Tank. The prehistory of the tank The problem of advancing to attack while under fire is as old as This is a list of lists of Armoured fighting vehicles. For a complete list of military vehicles see List of military vehicles. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French Major-General John Frederick Charles Fuller, CB, CBE, DSO, commonly J Sir Basil Henry Liddell Hart ( 31 October 1895 &ndash 29 January 1970) usually known before his knighthood as Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (Михаи́л Никола́евич Тухаче́вский Michał Tuchaczewski ( &ndash June 12, 1937) was a Heinz Wilhelm Guderian ( 17 June, 1888 – 14 May, 1954) was a military theorist and innovative General of the German Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel ( ( 15 November 1891 – 14 October 1944) (also known as the " Desert Fox " Wüstenfuchs For the 19th century Scottish jurist/politician see George Patton Lord Glenalmond. Israel Tal (ישראל טל (b 1924 also known as Talik (Hebrew טליק is an Israel Defense Forces (IDF General known for his knowledge of 27, Design and development of fighting vehicles, R. M. Ogorkiewicz, Macdonald, London, 1968
2. ^ An Experimental Mechanised Force For the 21st Century? Boyd, S. F. 1999 British Army Review, 121. 1999(Apr), pp17-22
3. ^ p. 32, Design and development of fighting vehicles, R. M. Ogorkiewicz, Macdonald, London, 1968
4. ^ Race to the swift, Richard Simpkin, Brassey's, London 1985, p. 37
5. ^ p. 38, Race to the swift: Thoughts on the Twenty-first century warfare, Brig. Richard E. Simpkin, Brassey's, London, 1985
6. ^ From the Don to the Dnepr: Soviet Offensive Operations - December 1942 - August 1943, 1984 Art of War symposium, a transcript of proceedings, Col. David Glantz ed. , Centre for land warfare, US Army war college, March 1984
7. ^ p. 37 Race to the swift, Thoughts on Twenty-first century warfare, Brig. Richard E. Simpkin

• Guderian, Heinz [1952] (2001). Heinz Wilhelm Guderian ( 17 June, 1888 – 14 May, 1954) was a military theorist and innovative General of the German Panzer Leader, Da Capo Press Reissue edition, New York: Da Capo Press. Panzer Leader (Erinnerungen eines Soldaten literally "Memories of a Soldier" is an Autobiography by Heinz Guderian. Da Capo Press, a Publishing company with offices in New York City, Cambridge Massachusetts, Philadelphia and Emeryville California ISBN 0-306-81101-4.  
• von Mellenthin, Major General F. W. [1956] (1971). Panzer Battles: A Study of the Employment of Armor in the Second World War, First Ballantine Books Edition, New York: Ballantine Books. Panzerschlachten ("Panzer Battles" is the German language title of Major-General Friedrich W The Ballantine Publishing Group, better known as Ballantine Books, is a major American book Publisher founded in 1952 by Ian Ballantine. ISBN 0-345-24440-0.  

Links

• http://www.lonesentry.com/manuals/japanese-tanks/tank-tactics.html