The armored cruiser is a type of cruiser; a naval warship. A cruiser is a large type of Warship, which had its prime period from the late 19th century to the end of the Cold War. A warship is a Ship that is built and primarily intended for Combat. The armoured cruiser is protected by a belt of side armor, in addition to the armored deck and protective coal bunkers that define the protected cruiser. Belt armor is a layer of armor -plating outside the hull of warships typically on Battleships, Battlecruisers, Cruisers and some Aircraft For body armour see Armour, for armoured forces see Armoured warfare, for other uses see Armour (disambiguation. Protected cruisers were a type of naval Cruiser of the late 19th century so known because their deck armour offered protection for vital machine spaces from shrapnel caused
Armored cruisers were the chief combatants in two naval battles: the Battle off Ulsan in the Russo-Japanese War, and the Battle of Coronel in World War I, and played important supporting roles in other battles of the period. The naval Battle off Ulsan (Japanese 蔚山沖海戦 Urusan'oki kaisen; Russian Бой в Корейском проливе Boi v Koreiskom prolive) also The Russo-Japanese War (日露戦争 Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna;, 10 February 1904 – 5 September The World War I naval Battle of Coronel took place on 1 November 1914 off the coast of central Chile near the city of Coronel World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All
The development of the explosive shell in the mid-1800s made the use of armored warships inevitable, despite the cost and weight. A shell is a payload-carrying Projectile, which as opposed to shot, contains an explosive or other filling though modern usage includes large solid projectiles Armored cruisers began to appear in large Western navies around 1873 and the type continued to be built until 1908. Around this time they were rapidly being outclassed by the new "all big guns" dreadnought-type warships, notably battlecruisers which compared favorably in all aspects and thus succeeded armored cruisers. The dreadnought was the predominant type of Battleship of the 20th century Battlecruisers were large Warships in the first half of the 20th century that were first introduced by the British Royal Navy.
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Evolution and designs
Early types
The first large armored cruiser-type ships were the Russian General-Admiral (1873) and the British Shannon (1875), although the latter was initially known as an Ironclad Frigate. Footnotes Footnotes Building Programme The following table gives the purchase cost of the members of the Shannon. An ironclad was a steam-propelled Warship of the later 19th century protected by Iron or Steel armor plates For the bird see Frigatebird. A frigate /ˈfrɪgɪt/ is a warship
Modern armored cruisers
The first true armored cruiser was the French Navy Dupuy de Lôme, launched in 1887. The French Navy, officially the Marine nationale ( National Navy) and often called La Royale ( The Royal Navy) is the maritime arm [1] That same year, the Russian Ryurik entered service. The first ship in the form that came to be accepted as the pattern for the armored cruiser was the Clyde-built Chiyoda of the Imperial Japanese Navy[2]. The River Clyde ( Gaelic: Abhainn Chluaidh, avɪɲˈxɫ̪uəj is a major River in Scotland. Background The Chiyoda was ordered by the Meiji government as a replacement for the ill-fated, and paid for with insurance monies received from the French For Combined Fleet, please see that article For Carrier Striking Task Force, please see that article The advances made in the Chiyoda were centered around the adoption of the vertical triple-expansion reciprocating engine[2]. A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid. Unlike the horizontal TE type, which occupied the width of the ship, the vertical TE engine could be kept close to the centerline of the ship and surrounded by a protective blanket of belt armor and coal bunkers to the sides and deck armor on top. This provided a large protected zone inside the ship in which the machinery was protected from exploding shell and which maintained watertight integrity[2]. Chiyoda is too small to be thought of as a true armored cruiser, but she set a mold that would be closely followed by subsequent ships.
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The last armored cruisers were built around 1910 . Around this time they were rapidly being outclassed by new technological developments such as the 'all big gun' dreadnought battleship powered by steam turbine engines and the adoption of oil firing meant that new construction could no longer rely on the protection afforded by coal bunkers. The dreadnought was the predominant type of Battleship of the 20th century A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts Thermal energy from pressurized Steam, and converts it into useful mechanical work Fuel oil is a fraction obtained from Petroleum Distillation, either as a distillate or a residue Armored cruisers were directly replaced in battle fleets by the larger, faster and better-armed battlecruisers. Battlecruisers were large Warships in the first half of the 20th century that were first introduced by the British Royal Navy. The large armored cruiser was therefore rendered obsolete and only light cruisers were built from that point on. A light cruiser is a Warship. The term is a shortening of the phrase "light Armoured cruiser " describing a small ship that carried armour in the same way Remaining armored cruisers were used in patrolling and minor roles until the end of World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
It should be noted that the British Royal Navy classified both armored cruisers and protected cruisers of equivalent size and armament as "first class cruisers". Thus, the first class cruisers built between the Orlando class (1886) and the Cressy class (1897) were - strictly speaking - protected cruisers, as they lacked an armored belt. Building Programme The following table gives the build details and purchase cost of the members of the Orlando class Service Until 1908 the ships served in Home waters, the Mediterranean and the Far East. Protected cruisers were a type of naval Cruiser of the late 19th century so known because their deck armour offered protection for vital machine spaces from shrapnel caused
Examples
Early armored cruisers generally displaced 6,000–12,000 tons with a speed of 18–20 knots (33–37 km/h). See German cruiser Blücher for World War II ship Design The design for the ship was influenced by early reports of a new British class of The type reached its zenith in 1906–1908 with displacements of 14,000–16,000 tons and speeds of 22–23 knots (41–43 km/h). Typical armament was 2 or 4 large-caliber guns at the ends of the ship, usually between 7. 5–10 inches (190 to 254 mm), and some dozen guns of 6 in (152 mm) caliber or similar along the sides.
For example, the first Russian Rurik (1892) had four 8 in (203 mm) guns, sixteen 6 in (152 mm) guns and six 4. The Imperial Russian Navy refers to the Tsarist Fleets prior to the Bolshevik Revolution. Design and construction The Russian Navy by the end of the 19th century required a Cruiser capable of undertaking long cruises into foreign waters for the purpose of destroying 7 in (120 mm) guns and the French Victor Hugo (1904) had four 9. 4 in (240 mm) guns and sixteen 7. 5 in (194 mm) guns. The numerous British Monmouth class (1901) was an exception, the design of these ships giving emphasis to the class's trade protection role over fleet duties, with a uniform armament of fourteen 6 in (152 mm) guns. Building programme The following table gives the build details and purchase cost of the members of the Monmouth class Later armored cruisers had increased armaments, for example the British HMS Warrior (1905) - six 9. 2 in (234 mm) guns and four 7. 5 in (190 mm) guns; the German SMS Blücher (1909) - twelve 210 mm (8. See German cruiser Blücher for World War II ship Design The design for the ship was influenced by early reports of a new British class of 2 in) guns and six 150 mm (5. 9 in) guns; and the second Russian Rurik (1906, built by Vickers) had four 10 in (254 mm) guns, eight 8 in (203 mm) guns, and twenty 4. Vickers was a famous name in British engineering that existed through many companies from 1828 until 2004 7 in (120 mm) guns.
Armored cruisers in the US Navy
The first armored cruiser of the United States Navy was the USS Maine, whose explosion in 1898 triggered the Spanish-American War. "The Maine" redirects here For the pop punk band see The Maine (band. Launched in 1889 , she had 7 to 12 inches (178 to 305 mm) of armor around the sides ("belt armor"), and 1 to 4 inches (25 to 102 mm) on the decks. She was redesignated as a "second class battleship" in 1894 , an awkward compromise reflecting slowness compared to other cruisers, and weakness versus the first-line battleships of the time.
New York, launched in 1895 , was less well protected than Maine, with 3 inches (76 mm) of belt armor, and 3 to 6 inches (76 to 152 mm) of deck armor. USS New York (ACR-2 Assigned to the South Atlantic Squadron, New York departed New York Harbor 27 December 1893 for The Brooklyn was an improved version of the New York and Olympia designs. Design and construction Olympia was laid down 17 June 1891 by Union Iron Works, San Francisco California; launched 5 November
Shortly after the Spanish-American War, the Navy built six Pennsylvania class armored cruisers, almost immediately followed by four of the Tennessee class. Ships of the class In order of construction, became Pittsburgh (CA-4, became Huntington (CA-5, became San Diego Ships, renamed USS Memphis (CA-10, renamed USS Seattle (CA-11 Collectively these ten ships were referred to as the 'big ten'.
The Battle of Tsushima
Armored cruisers were used with success in the line of battle by the Japanese at the Battle of Tsushima in 1905. The Battle of Tsushima ( Japanese: 対馬海戦 tsushima-kaisen, Цусимское сражение Tsusimskoye srazheniye) commonly known as the Of the battle damage received by the Japanese, the armored cruiser Nisshin received the second-most hits after the battleship Mikasa. Background The Nisshin was the last of the Garibaldi -class armored cruisers to be built Background Following the 1894–1895 First Sino-Japanese War, and the forced return of the Liaodong Peninsula to China under Russian pressure Japan began to Nisshin was hit 13 times, including six 12-inch (300 mm) and one 9-inch (230 mm) hits. Nisshin managed to stay in line throughout the battle, validating the hopes of the designer; a cruiser able to stand in the line of battle. The performance of the Japanese armored cruisers during the Battle of Tsushima, and that of Nisshin in particular, likely led to a boom in the construction of armored cruisers in the world's navies.
Obsolescence
Armored cruisers were already considered obsolete by 1907, when the Royal Navy introduced the Invincible class battlecruisers. Design In early 1906 three ships were laid down to the final specifications of Admiral Fisher's vision -, and. The previous year, the British had launched the revolutionary "all big gun" HMS Dreadnought. Genesis Battleships of the era typically carried four large guns mounted fore and aft in twin turrets with a number of smaller-calibre guns ranged along the sides of the The Invincibles also had a main battery of all uniform large caliber guns and higher speed at the cost of reduced armor, nonetheless they compared favorably in firepower, speed, and protection to armored cruisers.
The last armored cruiser built was the SMS Blücher, though it was perhaps the best of that type of ship, it still fell short in part because the British had mislead the Germans on the Invincibles' specifications. See German cruiser Blücher for World War II ship Design The design for the ship was influenced by early reports of a new British class of
World War I
Consequently, when armored cruisers met modern capital ships in World War I, the deficiencies of the type were cruelly exposed; SMS Scharnhorst and Gneisenau were sunk by the battlecruisers HMS Invincible and Inflexible at the Battle of the Falkland Islands. This article is about the World War I Armored cruiser Scharnhorst for the World War II Battlecruiser of the same name see German This article is about the WWI armoured cruiser 'Gneisenau' for other ships of this name see Gneisenau. Battlecruisers were large Warships in the first half of the 20th century that were first introduced by the British Royal Navy. General Design In 1904 the Royal Navy was at a crossroads Since 1887 successive governments most notably that of Lord Salisbury in its second and third iteration Career Upon commissioning Inflexible was assigned to the Nore Division of the British Home Fleet The Battle of the Falkland Islands was a British naval victory over the Imperial German Navy on 8 December 1914 during the First World War Vice-Admiral Maximilian von Spee had already considered RAN flagship HMAS Australia superior to his force of armored and light cruisers. Maximilian Graf (Count von Spee ( 22 June 1861 - 8 December 1914) was a German Admiral, born in Copenhagen Construction and acquisition Australia was laid down by John Brown and Company of Clydebank, Glasgow, Scotland on 26 June 1910 At the Falkland Islands, while the German gunnery was mostly accurate, they failed to inflict serious damage on the British battlecruisers who turned the tide of battle once they started hitting von Spee's ships.
The Battle of Coronel, which had occurred shortly before the Falkland incident, was one of the last battles involving armored cruisers as the chief adversaries; all subsequent engagements were dominated by dreadnought-era battleships and battlecruisers. The World War I naval Battle of Coronel took place on 1 November 1914 off the coast of central Chile near the city of Coronel
During the Battle of Dogger Bank, the SMS Blücher's slow speed proved a liability to Admiral Hipper's otherwise all-battlecruiser squadron; Hipper made the decision to sacrifice the armoured cruiser (which was sunk with great loss of life) and let his more modern and valuable ships escape. The Battle of Dogger Bank was a naval battle fought near the Dogger Bank in the North Sea on 24 January 1915, during the First World War See German cruiser Blücher for World War II ship Design The design for the ship was influenced by early reports of a new British class of Franz Ritter von Hipper ( September 13, 1863 - May 25, 1932) was a German admiral during the First World War
HMS Warrior, Defence and Black Prince were lost at the Battle of Jutland when they engaged the German Navy's battle line, which included several battlecruisers and dreadnought battleships. Career She was stationed in the Mediterranean in early 1914 At the start of World War I, she was involved in the pursuit of ''Goeben'' and ''Breslau'' Footnotes fix various bugs per WikipediaHow to fix bunched-up edit links --> The Kaiserliche Marine or Imperial Navy was the German Navy created by the formation of the German Empire.
End of the armored cruiser
On 17 July 1920, when the standard naval hull numbering nomenclature was adopted, all existing US armored cruisers were merged with protected cruisers in a single class "cruiser" with hull classification symbol "CA", bringing to an end the use of the term in the US. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Protected cruisers were a type of naval Cruiser of the late 19th century so known because their deck armour offered protection for vital machine spaces from shrapnel caused The United States Navy uses hull classification symbols (sometimes called hull codes) to identify the types of its ships
The London Naval Treaty of 1930 essentially abolished the term 'armored cruiser', and adopted the terms heavy cruiser and light cruiser. The London Naval Treaty was an agreement between the United Kingdom, the Empire of Japan, France, Italy and the United States, signed The heavy cruiser was a type of Cruiser, a naval Warship designed for long range high speed and an armament of naval guns roughly 8in in calibre A light cruiser is a Warship. The term is a shortening of the phrase "light Armoured cruiser " describing a small ship that carried armour in the same way After this, the symbol "CA" was used to designate 'heavy cruiser'.
One, late-design, armored cruiser still exists: Georgios Averof, constructed in 1909-1911, is preserved as a museum in Greece. History Construction and arrival in Greece At the beginning of the 20th century Greece decided to reinforce its fleet whose ships were fast becoming obsolete due to Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία
See also
References
- ^ Source:GlobalSecurity.org
- ^ a b c Chiyoda (II): First Armored Cruiser of the Imperial Japanese Navy, Kathrin Milanovich, Warship 2006, Conway Maritime Press, 2006, ISBN 1-01844-86030-2
External links
Protected cruisers were a type of naval Cruiser of the late 19th century so known because their deck armour offered protection for vital machine spaces from shrapnel caused A light cruiser is a Warship. The term is a shortening of the phrase "light Armoured cruiser " describing a small ship that carried armour in the same way A cruiser is a large type of Warship, which had its prime period from the late 19th century to the end of the Cold War. The heavy cruiser was a type of Cruiser, a naval Warship designed for long range high speed and an armament of naval guns roughly 8in in calibre Battlecruisers were large Warships in the first half of the 20th century that were first introduced by the British Royal Navy.Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic