Part of a series on Arminianism

Jacobus Arminius

Background Protestantism Reformation Calvinist-Arminian Debate

People Jacobus Arminius Hugo Grotius The Remonstrants John Wesley

Doctrine Total depravity Prevenient grace Substitutionary atonement Unlimited atonement Conditional election Conditional preservation This box: view • talk • edit

Arminianism is a school of soteriological thought in Protestant Christian theology based on the ideas of the Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius. Jacobus Arminius, the Latinized name of the Dutch Reformed theologian Jakob Harmenszoon (also known by the Anglicized Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Arminiusjpg|thumb|200px| Jacobus Arminius (1560-1609 who gave his name to Arminianism. Jacobus Arminius, the Latinized name of the Dutch Reformed theologian Jakob Harmenszoon (also known by the Anglicized Hugo Grotius or Huig de Groot, or Hugo de Groot; ( Delft, 10 April 1583 Rostock, 28 August 1645 Remonstrants, the name given to those Dutch Protestants who after the death of Arminius, maintained the views associated with his name and in 1610 presented to the John Wesley (ˈwɛslɪ ( – March 2, 1791) was an Anglican cleric and Christian theologian who was the founder of the (Evangelical Total depravity (also called total inability and total corruption) is a theological Doctrine that derives from the Augustinian concepts Prevenient grace is a Christian theological concept rooted in Augustinian theology and embraced primarily by Arminian Christians who are influenced by the Substitutionary atonement is a Doctrine in Christian theology which states that Jesus of Nazareth died &ndash intentionally and willingly &ndash Unlimited atonement (sometimes called general atonement or universal atonement) is the majority doctrine in Protestant Christianity that is normally In Christian theology, conditional election is the belief that God chooses for eternal salvation those who He foresees will have faith in Christ The term Conditional Preservation of the Saints is used to describe the belief that a Christian's salvation can be lost Soteriology is the branch of theology that deals with Salvation. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Christian Theology is discourse concerning Christian faith Christian theologians use biblical Exegesis, rational analysis and argument The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Jacobus Arminius, the Latinized name of the Dutch Reformed theologian Jakob Harmenszoon (also known by the Anglicized ^[1] Its acceptance stretches through much of mainstream, evangelical Protestantism. Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Due to the influence of John Wesley, Arminianism is perhaps most prominent in the Methodist movement. John Wesley (ˈwɛslɪ ( – March 2, 1791) was an Anglican cleric and Christian theologian who was the founder of the (Evangelical Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations

Arminianism holds to the following tenets:

• Humans are naturally unable to make any effort towards salvation
• Salvation is possible by grace alone
• Works of human effort cannot cause or contribute to salvation
• God's election is conditional on faith in Jesus
• Jesus' atonement was for all people
• God allows his grace to be resisted by those unwilling to believe
• Salvation can be lost, as continued salvation is conditional upon continued faith

Arminianism is most accurately used to define those who affirm the original beliefs of Jacobus Arminius himself, but the term can also be understood as an umbrella for a larger grouping of ideas including those of Hugo Grotius, John Wesley, Clark Pinnock, and others. Total depravity (also called total inability and total corruption) is a theological Doctrine that derives from the Augustinian concepts Sola gratia is one of the Five solas propounded to summarise the Reformers' basic beliefs during the Protestant Reformation; it is a Latin term In Theology, salvation can mean three related things being saved from or Liberation from something such as Suffering or the punishment of In Christian theology, conditional election is the belief that God chooses for eternal salvation those who He foresees will have faith in Christ The atonement is a doctrine found within both Christianity and Judaism. Unlimited atonement (sometimes called general atonement or universal atonement) is the majority doctrine in Protestant Christianity that is normally Prevenient grace is a Christian theological concept rooted in Augustinian theology and embraced primarily by Arminian Christians who are influenced by the The term Conditional Preservation of the Saints is used to describe the belief that a Christian's salvation can be lost Hugo Grotius or Huig de Groot, or Hugo de Groot; ( Delft, 10 April 1583 Rostock, 28 August 1645 John Wesley (ˈwɛslɪ ( – March 2, 1791) was an Anglican cleric and Christian theologian who was the founder of the (Evangelical Clark H Pinnock ( Toronto, Ontario, Canada, February 3, 1937 — is a Christian theologian There are two primary perspectives on how the system is applied in detail: Classical Arminianism, which sees Arminius as its figurehead, and Wesleyan Arminianism, which sees John Wesley as its figurehead. Wesleyan Arminianism is sometimes synonymous with Methodism. Additionally, Arminianism is understood by some of its critics to also include Pelagianism, though supporters from both primary perspectives deny this vehemently. Pelagianism is a theological theory named after Pelagius (ad 354 – ad

Within the broad scope of church history, Arminianism is closely related to Calvinism (or Reformed theology), and the two systems share both history and many doctrines in common. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Nonetheless, they are often viewed as rivals within Evangelicalism because of their disagreement over the doctrines of predestination and salvation. Predestination (also linked with Foreknowledge) is a religious concept which involves the relationship between God and His creation In Theology, salvation can mean three related things being saved from or Liberation from something such as Suffering or the punishment of

Contents 1 History 2 Current landscape 3 Theology 3.1 Classical Arminianism 3.2 Wesleyan Arminianism 3.3 Other variations 3.3.1 Open theism 3.3.2 Corporate view of election 4 Comparison to other views 4.1 Common misconceptions 4.2 Comparison with Calvinism 4.2.1 Similarities 4.2.2 Differences 4.3 Comparison to Pelagianism 5 See also 6 Further reading 6.1 Supporting 6.2 Opposing 7 Notes 8 External links

History

Main article: History of Calvinist-Arminian Debate

Jacobus Arminius was a Dutch pastor and theologian in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Arminiusjpg|thumb|200px| Jacobus Arminius (1560-1609 who gave his name to Arminianism. He was taught by Theodore Beza, Calvin's hand-picked successor, but he rejected his teacher's theology that it is God who unconditionally elects some for salvation. Theodore Beza ( Théodore de Bèze or de Besze) ( June 24, 1519 &ndash October 13, 1605) was a French John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and Instead Arminius proposed that the election of God was of believers, thereby making it conditional on faith. In Christian theology, conditional election is the belief that God chooses for eternal salvation those who He foresees will have faith in Christ Arminius's views were challenged by the Dutch Calvinists, especially Franciscus Gomarus, but Arminius died before a national synod could occur. Franciscus Gomarus ( January 30, 1563, Bruges - January 11, 1641, Groningen) was a Dutch theologian

Arminius' followers, not wanting to adopt their leader's name, called themselves the Remonstrants. Remonstrants, the name given to those Dutch Protestants who after the death of Arminius, maintained the views associated with his name and in 1610 presented to the When Arminius died before he could satisfy Holland's State General's request for a 14-page paper outlining his views, the Remonstrants replied in his stead crafting the Five articles of Remonstrance. The Five Articles of Remonstrance were given by followers of Jacobus Arminius who ironically did not want to adopt Arminius' name instead choosing to call themselves the " After some political maneuvering, the Dutch Calvinists were able to convince Prince Maurice of Nassau to deal with the situation. Maurice of Nassau (Maurits van Nassau ( 14 November 1567 &ndash 23 April 1625) Prince of Orange (1618&ndash1625 Maurice systematically removed Arminian magistrates from office and called a national synod at Dordrecht. This Synod of Dort was open primarily to Dutch Calvinists (Arminians were excluded) with Calvinist representatives from other countries, and in 1618 published a condemnation of Arminius and his followers as heretics. The Synod of Dort was a National Synod held in Dordrecht in 1618[[ 619|/19]] by the Dutch Reformed Church, in order to settle a serious controversy Part of this publication was the famous Five points of Calvinism in response to the five articles of Remonstrance. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the The Remonstrants were inconsistent with the soteriological thought of Arminius. Most, like Hugo Grotius and Philip von Limborch, moved in the direction of semi-Pelagianism at best or Socinianism or rationalism at worst. This is demonstrated in John Mark Hicks's dissertation comparing Arminius's soteriology with that of Limborch.

Arminians across Holland were removed from office, imprisoned, banished, and sworn to silence. Twelve years later Holland officially granted Arminianism protection as a religion, although animosity between Arminians and Calvinists continued.

The debate between Calvin's followers and Arminius's followers is distinctive of post-Reformation church history. The emerging Baptist movement in seventeenth-century England, for example, was a microcosm of the historic debate between Calvinists and Arminians. The first Baptists--called "General Baptists" because of their confession of a "general" or unlimited atonement, were Arminians. The Baptist movement originated with Thomas Helwys, who left his mentor John Smyth, who had moved into semi-Pelgianism and other distinctives of the Dutch Waterlander Mennonites of Amsterdam, and returned to London to start the first English Baptist Church in 1611. Later General Baptists such as John Griffith, Samuel Loveday, and Thomas Grantham defended a Reformed Arminian theology that reflected more the Arminianism of Arminius than that of the later Remonstrants or the English Arminianism of Arminian Puritans like John Goodwin or Anglican Arminians such as Jeremy Taylor and Henry Hammond. The General Baptists encapsulated their Arminian views in numerous confessions, the most influential of which was the Standard Confession of 1660. In the 1640s the Particular Baptists were formed, diverging strongly from Arminian doctrine and embracing the strong Calvinism of the Presbyterians and Independents. Their robust Calvinism was publicized in such confessions as the London Baptist Confession of 1644 and the Second London Confession of 1689. Interestingly, the London Confession of 1689 was later used by Calvinistic Baptists in America (called the Philadelphia Baptist Confession), whereas the Standard Confession of 1660 was used by the American heirs of the English General Baptists, who soon came to be known as Free Will Baptists.

This same dynamic between Arminianism and Calvinism can be seen in the heated discussions between friends and fellow Methodist ministers John Wesley and George Whitfield. Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations John Wesley (ˈwɛslɪ ( – March 2, 1791) was an Anglican cleric and Christian theologian who was the founder of the (Evangelical Early life He was born at the Bell Inn Southgate Street Gloucester, England. Wesley was a champion of Arminian teachings, defending his soteriology in a periodical titled The Arminian and writing articles such as Predestination Calmly Considered. Soteriology is the branch of theology that deals with Salvation. He defended Arminianism against charges of semi-Pelagianism, holding strongly to beliefs in original sin and total depravity. Semi-Pelagianism is a Christian Theological understanding about Salvation; that is how humanity and God are restored to a right relationship Original sin is according to a doctrine in Catholic theology, humanity's state of Sin resulting from the Fall of Man. At the same time, Wesley attacked the determinism that he claimed characterized unconditional election and maintained a belief in the ability to lose salvation. Determinism is the philosophical Proposition that every event including human cognition and behaviour decision and action is causally determined The term Conditional Preservation of the Saints is used to describe the belief that a Christian's salvation can be lost Wesley also clarified the doctrine of prevenient grace and preached the ability of Christians to attain to perfection. Prevenient grace is a Christian theological concept rooted in Augustinian theology and embraced primarily by Arminian Christians who are influenced by the Christian Perfection is a Christian doctrine which maintains that after conversion but before death a Christian's soul may be cleansed from the stain of Original sin While Wesley freely made use of the term "Arminian," he did not self-consciously root his soteriology in the theology of Arminius but was highly influenced by seventeenth-century English Arminianism and thinkers such as John Goodwin, Jeremy Taylor and Henry Hammond of the Anglican "Holy Living" school, and the Remonstrant Hugo Grotius.

Current landscape

Advocates of both Arminianism and Calvinism find a home in many Protestant denominations, and sometimes both exist within the same denomination as with the Anglican Communion. See also Anglicanism The Anglican Communion is an international association of national Anglican churches Faiths leaning at least in part in the Arminian direction include Methodists, Free Will Baptists, General Baptists, Churches of Christ, Disciples of Christ, Church of the Nazarene, Seventh-day Adventists, Pentecostals, and Charismatics. Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations Free Will Baptist Church (or Free Will Baptists) is a group of churches that share a common history name and an acceptance of the Arminian theology of free grace General Baptist is a generic term for Baptists that hold the view of a general Atonement, as well as a specific name of groups of Baptists within the broader The Churches of Christ discussed The Christian Church (Disciples of Christ is a Mainline Protestant denomination in North America The Church of the Nazarene, often referred to as the Nazarene Church is an International evangelical Christian denomination that began in The Seventh-day Adventist (abbreviated " Adventist " Church is a Christian denomination which is distinguished mainly by its observance Pentecostalism is a renewalist religious movement within Christianity that places special emphasis on the direct personal experience of God through the Baptism The term charismatic movement describes the adoption from the early twentieth century onwards of certain beliefs typical of those held by Pentecostal Christians — specifically Denominations leaning in the Calvinist direction are grouped as the Reformed churches and include Particular Baptists, Reformed Baptists, Presbyterians, and Congregationalists. The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant Denominations formally characterized by a similar Calvinist system of doctrine historically The name Reformed Baptist refers both to a distinct Christian denomination, and to a description of theological leaning Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Congregationalist polity, often known as congregationalism is a system of Church governance in which every Local church congregation is independent The majority of Southern Baptists, including Billy Graham, accept Arminianism with an exception allowing for a doctrine of eternal security. The Southern Baptist Convention ( SBC) is a United States -based mostly conservative Christian denomination William Franklin Graham Jr KBE (born November 7 1918 better known as Billy Graham, is an evangelist and an Evangelical Christian Perseverance of the saints is a controversial Christian teaching that none who are truly saved can be condemned for their Sins or finally fall away from the faith ^{[2] [3] [4]} Many see Calvinism as growing in acceptance,^[5] and some well-known Southern Baptists such as Albert Mohler and Mark Dever have been trying to lead the Southern Baptist Convention to a Reformed view of faith. R Albert Mohler Jr (born 1959 is the ninth president of Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville Kentucky. Mark Dever (born circa 1960 in rural Kentucky) serves as the senior Pastor of the Capitol Hill Baptist Church in Washington D The Southern Baptist Convention ( SBC) is a United States -based mostly conservative Christian denomination The majority of Lutherans hold to a third view of salvation and election that was taught by Philip Melanchthon. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Philipp Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerd) ( February 16, 1497 &ndash April 19, 1560) was a German professor and theologian

The current scholarly support for Arminianism is wide and varied. One particular thrust is a return to the teachings of Arminius. F. Leroy Forlines, Robert Picirilli, Stephen Ashby and Matthew Pinson (see citations) are four of the more prominent supporters. Forlines has referred to this type of Arminianism as "Classical Arminianism," while Picirilli, Pinson, and Ashby have termed it "Reformed Arminianism. " Other scholars who show sympathy with this view include the Christian churches scholar Jack Cottrell, the Churches of Christ scholar John Mark Hicks, I. Howard Marshall, and Jonathan R. Wilson. Through Methodism, Wesley's teachings also inspire a large scholarly following, with vocal proponents including J. Kenneth Grider, Stanley Hauerwas, and William Willimon. Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations J Kenneth Grider (born in 1921 died Dec 6 2006 is a Methodist Christian theologian and former seminary professor primarily associated with the followers of Stanley Hauerwas (b July 24, 1940) is a United Methodist Theologian, Ethicist, and professor of Law. William H Willimon (born May 15, 1946) is a Bishop in the United Methodist Church in the U

Recent influence of the New Perspective on Paul movement has also reached Arminianism — primarily through a view of corporate election. The new perspective on Paul is a significant shift in how some New Testament scholars interpret the writings of the Apostle Paul, particularly in regard to The New Perspective scholars propose that the 1st century Judean culture understood election primarily as national (Israel) & racial (Jews), not individual; therefore their conclusion is that Paul's writings on election should be interpreted in a similar - corporate - light. Proponents of this movement include James Dunn and N.T. Wright. James D G ("Jimmy" Dunn was for many years the Lightfoot Professor of Divinity in the Department of Theology at the University of Durham. Nicholas Thomas "Tom" Wright (born 1 December 1948) is the Bishop of Durham in the Church of England and a leading New Testament Other Arminian theologians holding similar perspectives but not directly linked with the New Perspectives movement include Robert Shank, Paul Marston, Roger Forster, Jerry Walls, Roger Olson, and Joseph Dongell (see citations).

Theology

Arminian theology usually falls into one of two groups — Classical Arminianism, drawn from the teaching of Jacobus Arminius — and Wesleyan Arminian, drawing primarily from Wesley. Both groups overlap substantially.

Classical Arminianism

Classical Arminianism (sometimes titled Reformed Arminianism or Reformation Arminianism) is the theological system that was presented by Jacobus Arminius and maintained by the Remonstrants^[6]; its influence serves as the foundation for all Arminian systems. Jacobus Arminius, the Latinized name of the Dutch Reformed theologian Jakob Harmenszoon (also known by the Anglicized Remonstrants, the name given to those Dutch Protestants who after the death of Arminius, maintained the views associated with his name and in 1610 presented to the A list of beliefs is given below:

• Depravity is total: Arminius states "In this [fallen] state, the free will of man towards the true good is not only wounded, infirm, bent, and weakened; but it is also imprisoned, destroyed, and lost. Total depravity (also called total inability and total corruption) is a theological Doctrine that derives from the Augustinian concepts And its powers are not only debilitated and useless unless they be assisted by grace, but it has no powers whatever except such as are excited by Divine grace. "^[7]

• Atonement is intended for all: Jesus' death was for all people, Jesus draws all people to himself, and all people have opportunity for salvation through faith. Unlimited atonement (sometimes called general atonement or universal atonement) is the majority doctrine in Protestant Christianity that is normally ^[8]

• Jesus' death satisfies God's justice: The penalty for the sins of the elect is paid in full through Jesus' work on the cross. The satisfaction view of the Atonement is a Doctrine in Christian theology related to the meaning and effect of the death of Jesus Christ Thus Christ's atonement is intended for all, but requires faith to be effected. Arminius states "Justification, when used for the act of a Judge, is either purely the imputation of righteoussness through mercy… or that man is justified before God… according to the rigour of justice without any forgiveness. "^[9] Stephen Ashby clarifies "Arminius allowed for only two possible ways in which the sinner might be justified: (1) by our absolute and perfect adherence to the law, or (2) purely by God's imputation of Christ's righteousness. "^[10]

• Grace is resistible: God takes initiative in the salvation process and His grace comes to all people. This grace (often called prevenient or pre-regenerating grace) acts on all people to convict them of the Gospel, draw them strongly towards salvation, and enable the possibility of sincere faith. Prevenient grace is a Christian theological concept rooted in Augustinian theology and embraced primarily by Arminian Christians who are influenced by the Picrilli states "indeed this grace is so close to regeneration that it inevitably leads to regeneration unless finally resisted. " ^[11] The offer of salvation through grace does not act irresistibly in a purely cause-effect, deterministic method but rather in an influence-and-response fashion that can be both freely accepted and freely denied. ^[12]

• Man has free will to respond or resist: Free will is limited by God's sovereignty, but God sovereignly allows all men the choice to accept the Gospel of Jesus through faith, simultaneously allowing all men to resist.

• Election is conditional: Arminius defined election as "the decree of God by which, of Himself, from eternity, He decreed to justify in Christ, believers, and to accept them unto eternal life. In Christian theology, conditional election is the belief that God chooses for eternal salvation those who He foresees will have faith in Christ "^[13] God alone determines who will be saved and his determination is that all who believe Jesus through faith will be justified. According to Arminius, "God regards no one in Christ unless they are engrafted in him by faith. "^[13]

• God predestines the elect to a glorious future: Predestination is not the predetermination of who will believe, but rather the predetermination of the believer's future inheritance. The elect are therefore predestined to sonship through adoption, glorification, and eternal life. ^[14]

• Eternal security is also conditional: All believers have full assurance of salvation with the condition that they remain in Christ. The term Conditional Preservation of the Saints is used to describe the belief that a Christian's salvation can be lost Salvation is conditioned on faith, therefore perseverance is also conditioned. ^[15] Apostasy (turning from Christ) is only committed through a deliberate, willful rejection of Jesus and renouncement of belief. ^[16]

The Five articles of Remonstrance that Arminius' followers formulated in 1610 state the above beliefs regarding (I) conditional election, (II) unlimited atonement, (III) total depravity, (IV) total depravity and resistible grace, and (V) possibility of apostasy. The Five Articles of Remonstrance were given by followers of Jacobus Arminius who ironically did not want to adopt Arminius' name instead choosing to call themselves the " Note, however, that the fifth article did not completely deny perseverance of the saints; Arminius, himself, said that "I never taught that a true believer can… fall away from the faith… yet I will not conceal, that there are passages of Scripture which seem to me to wear this aspect; and those answers to them which I have been permitted to see, are not of such as kind as to approve themselves on all points to my understanding. "^[17] Further, the text of the Articles of Remonstrance says that no believer can be plucked from Christ's hand, and the matter of falling away, "loss of salvation" required further study before it could be taught with any certainty.

The core beliefs of Jacobus Arminius and the Remonstrants are summarized as such by theologian Stephen Ashby:

1. Prior to being drawn and enabled, one is unable to believe… able only to resist.
2. Having been drawn and enabled, but prior to regeneration, one is able to believe… able also to resist.
3. After one believes, God then regenerates; one is able to continue believing… able also to resist.
4. Upon resisting to the point of unbelief, one is unable again to believe… able only to resist. ^[18]

Wesleyan Arminianism

Part of a series on Methodism
John Wesley	George Whitefield
Background Christianity Protestantism Pietism Anglicanism Arminianism Wesleyanism Calvinism	Doctrinal distinctives Articles of Religion Prevenient Grace Governmental Atonement Imparted righteousness Christian perfection
People Richard Allen Francis Asbury Thomas Coke Albert C. Outler James Varick Charles Wesley Bishops Theologians	Largest groups World Methodist Council United Methodist Church AME Church AME Zion Church Church of the Nazarene British Methodist Church CME Church Uniting Church in Australia
Related movements Moravian Church Holiness movement Salvation Army Personalism Pentecostalism	Christianity Portal This box: view • talk • edit

Further information: Methodism

John Wesley has historically been the most influential advocate for the teachings of Arminian soteriology. Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations John Wesley (ˈwɛslɪ ( – March 2, 1791) was an Anglican cleric and Christian theologian who was the founder of the (Evangelical Early life He was born at the Bell Inn Southgate Street Gloucester, England. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Pietism was a movement within Lutheranism, lasting from the late 17th century to the mid-18th century and later Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs Wesleyanism or Wesleyan Theology is the system of Christian theology of Methodism taught by John Wesley. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the The Articles of Religion are an official doctrinal statement of American Methodism. Prevenient grace is a Christian theological concept rooted in Augustinian theology and embraced primarily by Arminian Christians who are influenced by the The governmental view of the Atonement (also known as the moral government theory) is a doctrine in Christian theology concerning the meaning and effect Imparted righteousness, in Methodist Theology, is that gracious gift of God given at the moment of the new birth which enables a Christian Christian Perfection is a Christian doctrine which maintains that after conversion but before death a Christian's soul may be cleansed from the stain of Original sin Richard Allen ( February 14 1760 - March 26 1831) was an African American pastor and the founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Francis Asbury ( August 20 1745 &ndash March 31 1816) was one of the first two bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the Thomas Coke ( September 9, 1747 &ndash May 2, 1814) was the first Methodist Bishop and is known as the Father of Methodist Missions Albert Cook Outler ( November 17, 1908 &ndash September 1, 1989) was a 20th century American James Varick was the first Bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. Biography Charles Wesley was the son of Susanna Wesley and Samuel Wesley. The World Methodist Council, founded in 1881, is an association of churches in the Methodist tradition which comprises most of the world's Wesleyan denominations The United Methodist Church is the largest Methodist denomination and the second largest Protestant denomination in the United States. The African Methodist Episcopal Church, usually called the " AME Church " is a Christian denomination founded by Bishop Richard Allen in Philadelphia The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, or AME Zion Church, was officially formed in 1821 but operated for a number years before then The Church of the Nazarene, often referred to as the Nazarene Church is an International evangelical Christian denomination that began in The Methodist Church of Great Britain or British Methodist Church is the largest Wesleyan / Methodist body in the United Kingdom, with congregations The Christian Methodist Epsicopal Church is a historically black denomination within the broader context of Methodism. The Uniting Church in Australia ( UCA) was formed on June 22 1977 when many congregations of the Methodist Church of Australasia, This page is about the Moravian Church globally For information about the church in a particular geographic area use the links at Organisation below The Holiness movement in Christianity is composed of people who believe and propagate the belief that the carnal nature of humanity can be cleansed through Faith The Salvation Army is a Christian charity and church that is internally organised like a military service. Personalism is the school of thought that consists of three main principles and which can broadly be qualified as species of Humanism: Only persons are real (in Pentecostalism is a renewalist religious movement within Christianity that places special emphasis on the direct personal experience of God through the Baptism Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations Wesley thoroughly agreed with the vast majority of what Arminius himself taught, maintaining strong doctrines of original sin, total depravity, conditional election, prevenient grace, unlimited atonement, and possibly apostasy.

Wesley departs from Classical Arminianism primarily on three issues:

• Atonement – Wesley's atonement is a hybrid of the penal substitution theory and the governmental theory of Hugo Grotius, a lawyer and one of the Remonstrants. The satisfaction view of the Atonement is a Doctrine in Christian theology related to the meaning and effect of the death of Jesus Christ The governmental view of the Atonement (also known as the moral government theory) is a doctrine in Christian theology concerning the meaning and effect Hugo Grotius or Huig de Groot, or Hugo de Groot; ( Delft, 10 April 1583 Rostock, 28 August 1645 Steven Harper states "Wesley does not place the substitionary element primarily within a legal framework. . . Rather [his doctrine seeks] to bring into proper relationship the 'justice' between God's love for persons and God's hatred of sin. . . it is not the satisfaction of a legal demand for justice so much as it is an act of mediated reconciliation. " ^[19]
• Possibility of apostasy – Wesley fully accepted the Arminian view that genuine Christians could apostasize and lose their salvation, as his famous sermon "A Call to Backsliders" clearly demonstrates. Harper summarizes as follows: "the act of committing sin is not in itself ground for the loss of salvation. . . the loss of salvation is much more related to experiences that are profound and prolonged. Wesley sees two primary pathways that could result in a permanent fall from grace: unconfessed sin and the actual expression of apostasy. " ^[20] Wesley disagrees with Arminius, however, in maintaining that such apostasy was not final. When talking about those who have made "shipwreck" of their faith (1 Tim 1:19), Wesley claims that "not one, or a hundred only, but I am persuaded, several thousands. . . innumerable are the instances. . . of those who had fallen but now stand upright. "^[21]
• Christian perfection – According to Wesley's teaching, Christians could reach perfection in this life. Christian Perfection is a Christian doctrine which maintains that after conversion but before death a Christian's soul may be cleansed from the stain of Original sin Christian perfection, according to Wesley, is "purity of intention, dedicating all the life to God" and "the mind which was in Christ, enabling us to walk as Christ walked. " It is "loving God with all our heart, and our neighbor as ourselves". ^[22] It is 'a restoration not only to the favour, but likewise to the image of God," our "being filled with the fullness of God". ^[23] Wesley was clear that Christian perfection did not imply perfection of bodily health or an infallibility of judgment. It also does not mean we no longer violate the will of God, for involuntary transgressions remain. Perfected Christians remain subject to temptation, and have continued need to pray for forgiveness and holiness. It is not an absolute perfection but a perfection in love. Furthermore, Wesley did not teach a salvation by perfection, but rather says that, "Even perfect holiness is acceptable to God only through Jesus Christ. "^[22]

Other variations

Since the time of Arminius, his name has come to represent a very large variety of beliefs. Some of these beliefs, such as Pelagianism (see below) are not considered to be within Arminianism orthodoxy and are dealt with elsewhere. Arminianism is a school of soteriological thought within Protestant Christianity based on the theological ideas of the Dutch Some doctrines, however, do adhere to the Arminian foundation and, while minority views, are highlighted below.

Open theism

Main article: Open theism

The doctrine of open theism states that God is omnipresent, omnipotent, and omniscient, but differs on the nature of the future. Open theism is a theological movement that has developed within Evangelical and Post-evangelical Protestant Christianity as a response to certain Open theists claim that the future is not completely knowable because people have not made their decisions yet, and therefore God knows the future in possibilities rather than certainties. As such, open theists resolve the issue of human free will and God's sovereignty by claiming that God is sovereign because he does not ordain each human choice, but rather works in cooperation with his creation to bring about his will. The question of free will This notion of sovereignty and freedom is foundational to their understanding of love since open theists believe that love is not genuine unless it is freely chosen. Love is any of a number of Emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong Affection. The power of choice under this definition has the potential for as much harm as it does good, and open theists see free will as the best answer to the problem of evil. In the Philosophy of religion and Theology, the problem of evil is the problem of reconciling the existence of Evil or Suffering in the world Well-known proponents of this theology are Greg Boyd, Clark Pinnock, William Hasker, and John E. Sanders. Clark H Pinnock ( Toronto, Ontario, Canada, February 3, 1937 — is a Christian theologian R William Hasker is an American Christian Philosopher and professor of Division of Humanities and Bible at Huntington College. John E Sanders is an American evangelical Christian theologian.

Some Arminians, such as professor and theologian Robert Picirilli, reject the doctrine of open theism as a "deformed Arminianism". ^[24] Joseph Dongell stated that "open theism actually moves beyond classical Arminianism towards process theology. Process theology is a school of thought influenced by the metaphysical Process philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947 "^[25] The majority Arminian view accepts classical theism - the belief that God's power, knowledge, and presence have no limits outside of His divine character. Theism, in its most inclusive usage is the belief in at least one Deity. Most Arminians reconcile human free will with God's sovereignty and foreknowledge by holding three points:

• Human free will is limited by original sin, though God's prevenient grace restores to humanity the ability to accept God's call of salvation. Prevenient grace is a Christian theological concept rooted in Augustinian theology and embraced primarily by Arminian Christians who are influenced by the ^{[26] [27]}
• God purposely exercises his sovereignty in ways that do not illustrate its extent - in other words, He has the power and authority to predetermine salvation but he chooses to apply it through different means.
• God's foreknowledge of the future is exhaustive and complete, and therefore the future is certain and not contingent on human action. God does not determine the future, but He does know it. God's certainty and human contingency are compatible. ^[28]

Corporate view of election

Further information: Conditional election

The majority Arminian view is that election is individual and based on God's foreknowledge of faith, but a second perspective deserves mention. In Christian theology, conditional election is the belief that God chooses for eternal salvation those who He foresees will have faith in Christ These Arminians reject the concept of individual election entirely, preferring to understand the doctrine in corporate terms. According to this corporate election, God never chose individuals to elect to salvation, but rather He chose to elect the believing Church to salvation. Dutch Reformed theologian Herman Ridderbos says "[The certainty of salvation] does not rest on the fact that the church belongs to a certain "number", but that it belongs to Christ, from before the foundation of the world. Fixity does not lie in a hidden decree, therefore, but in corporate unity of the Church with Christ, whom it has come to know in the gospel and has learned to embrace in faith. "^[29]

Corporate election draws support from a similar concept of corporate election found in the Old Testament and Jewish law. Indeed most Biblical scholarship is in agreement that Judeo-Greco-Roman thought in the 1st century was opposite of the Western world's "individual first" mantra - it was very collectivist in nature. ^[30] Identity stemmed from membership in a group more than individuality. ^[30] According to Romans 9-11, supporters claim, Jewish election as the chosen people ceased with their national rejection of Jesus as Messiah. As a result of the new covenant, God's chosen people are now the corporate body of Christ, the church (sometimes called spiritual Israel - see also Covenant theology). Covenant theology (also known as Covenantalism or Federal theology or Federalism) is a conceptual overview and interpretive framework for Pastor and theologian Dr. Brian Abasciano claims "What Paul says about Jews, Gentiles, and Christians, whether of their place in God’s plan, or their election, or their salvation, or how they should think or behave, he says from a corporate perspective which views the group as primary and those he speaks about as embedded in the group. These individuals act as members of the group to which they belong, and what happens to them happens by virtue of their membership in the group. "^[30]

These scholars also maintain that Jesus was the only human ever elected and that individuals must be "in Christ" (Eph 1:3-4) through faith to be part of the elect. Joseph Dongell, professor at Asbury Theological Seminary, states "the most conscipuous feature of Ephesians 1:3-2:10 is the phrase 'in Christ', which occurs twelve times in Ephesians 1:3-4 alone. . . this means that Jesus Christ himself is the chosen one, the predestined one. Whenever one is incorporated into him by grace through faith, one comes to share in Jesus' special status as chosen of God. "^[31] Markus Barth illustrates the inter-connectedness: "Election in Christ must be understood as the election of God's people. Only as members of that community do individuals share in the benefits of God's gracious choice. "^[32]

Comparison to other views

Understanding Arminianism is aided by understanding the theological alternatives - Pelagianism and Calvinism. Arminianism, like any major belief system, is frequently misunderstood both by critics and would-be supporters. Listed below are a few common misconceptions.

Common misconceptions

• Arminianism supports works-based salvation - No well-known system of Arminianism denies salvation "by faith alone" and "by faith first to last". This misconception is often directed at the Arminian possibility of apostasy, which critics maintain requires continual good works to achieve final salvation. To Arminians, however, both initial salvation and eternal security are "by faith alone"; hence "by faith first to last". Belief through faith is the condition for entrance into the Kingdom of God; unbelief is the condition for exit from the Kingdom of God - not a lack of good works. ^{[33] [34] [35]}
• Arminianism is Pelagian, denying original sin and total depravity - No system of Arminianism founded on Arminius or Wesley denies original sin or total depravity;^[36] both Arminius and Wesley strongly affirmed that man's basic condition is one in which he cannot be righteous, understand God, or seek God. Pelagianism is a theological theory named after Pelagius (ad 354 – ad ^[37] See the comparison to Calvinism below for where the two systems diverge.
• Arminianism denies Jesus' substitutionary payment for sins - Both Arminius and Wesley believed in the necessity and sufficiency of Christ's atonement through substitution. ^[38] Arminius held that God's justice was satisfied individually^[39] while Hugo Grotius and many of Wesley's followers taught that it was satisfied governmentally. The satisfaction view of the Atonement is a Doctrine in Christian theology related to the meaning and effect of the death of Jesus Christ The governmental view of the Atonement (also known as the moral government theory) is a doctrine in Christian theology concerning the meaning and effect ^[40]

Comparison with Calvinism

Main article: Calvinism

Ever since Arminius and his followers revolted against Calvinism in the early 17th century, Protestant soteriology has been largely divided between Calvinism and Arminianism. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the The extreme of Calvinism is Hyper-Calvinism and on the extreme of Arminianism is Pelagianism, but the overwhelming majority of Protestant, evangelical pastors and theologians hold to one of these two systems or somewhere in between. Hyper-Calvinism is a Pejorative for a theological position which holds that it is wrong to tell unbelievers to repent and believe the gospel Pelagianism is a theological theory named after Pelagius (ad 354 – ad Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel

Similarities

• Total depravity – Arminians agree with Calvinists over the doctrine of total depravity. Total depravity (also called total inability and total corruption) is a theological Doctrine that derives from the Augustinian concepts The differences come in the understanding of how God thus remedies this depravity.
• Substitutionary effect of atonement – Arminians also affirm with Calvinists the substitutionary effect of Christ's atonement and that this effect is limited only to the elect. Substitutionary atonement is a Doctrine in Christian theology which states that Jesus of Nazareth died &ndash intentionally and willingly &ndash Classical Arminians would agree with Calvinists that this substitution was penal satisfaction for all of the elect, while most Wesleyan Arminians would maintain that the substitution was governmental in nature. The satisfaction view of the Atonement is a Doctrine in Christian theology related to the meaning and effect of the death of Jesus Christ The governmental view of the Atonement (also known as the moral government theory) is a doctrine in Christian theology concerning the meaning and effect

Differences

• Nature of election – Arminians hold that election to eternal salvation has the condition of faith attached. In Christian theology, conditional election is the belief that God chooses for eternal salvation those who He foresees will have faith in Christ The Calvinist doctrine of unconditional election states that salvation cannot be earned or achieved and is therefore not conditional upon any human effort, so faith is not a condition of salvation but the divinely apportioned means to it. Unconditional election is the Calvinist teaching that before God created the world he chose to save some people according to his own purposes and apart from any conditions
• Nature of grace – Arminians believe that through God's grace, he restores free will concerning salvation to all humanity, and each individual, therefore, is able either to accept the Gospel call through faith or resist it through unbelief. Prevenient grace is a Christian theological concept rooted in Augustinian theology and embraced primarily by Arminian Christians who are influenced by the Calvinists hold that God's grace to enable salvation is given only to the elect and irresistibly leads to salvation. Irresistible Grace (or efficacious grace) is a Doctrine in Christian theology particularly associated with Calvinism, which teaches that the
• Extent of the atonement – Arminians hold to a universal drawing and universal extent of atonement instead of the Calvinist doctrine that the drawing and atonement is limited in extent to the elect only. Unlimited atonement (sometimes called general atonement or universal atonement) is the majority doctrine in Protestant Christianity that is normally Limited atonement (or definite atonement or particular redemption) is a Doctrine in Christian theology which is particularly associated with Both sides (with a few exceptions among Calvinists) believe the invitation of the gospel is universal and "must be presented to everyone [they] can reach without any distinction. "^[41]
• Perseverance in faith – Arminians believe that future salvation and eternal life is secured in Christ and protected from all external forces but is conditional on remaining in Christ and can be lost through apostasy. The term Conditional Preservation of the Saints is used to describe the belief that a Christian's salvation can be lost Traditional Calvinists believe in the doctrine of the perseverance of the saints, which says that because God chose some unto salvation and actually paid for their particular sins, he keeps them from apostasy and that those who do apostasize were never truly regenerated (that is, born again). Perseverance of the saints is a controversial Christian teaching that none who are truly saved can be condemned for their Sins or finally fall away from the faith Non-traditional Calvinists and other evangelicals advocate the similar but different doctrine of eternal security that teaches if a person was once saved, his or her salvation can never be in jeopardy, even if the person completely apostasizes.

Comparison to Pelagianism

Further information: Pelagianism, Semi-Pelagianism, History of Calvinist-Arminian Debate

Pelagius was a British monk and opponent of Augustine of Hippo and Jerome in the early 5th Century AD. Pelagianism is a theological theory named after Pelagius (ad 354 – ad Semi-Pelagianism is a Christian Theological understanding about Salvation; that is how humanity and God are restored to a right relationship Arminiusjpg|thumb|200px| Jacobus Arminius (1560-1609 who gave his name to Arminianism. Pelagius (ca 354 &ndash ca 420/440 was an ascetic monk who denied the doctrine of Original sin, later developed by Augustine of Hippo, and Jerome (c 347 – September 30, 420) ( Latin: Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος When he arrived in Christian Rome from Britain, Pelagius was appalled at the lack of holiness he found. Pelagius preached justification through faith alone, but also believed salvation was finished through good works and moral uprightness. Furthermore, Pelagius completely denied the double predestination and irresistible grace affirmed by Augustine. Predestination (also linked with Foreknowledge) is a religious concept which involves the relationship between God and His creation Irresistible Grace (or efficacious grace) is a Doctrine in Christian theology particularly associated with Calvinism, which teaches that the Several of his students - notably Caelestius - went further than their teacher and rejected justification by faith. Caelestius (or Celestius was the major follower of the Christian teacher Pelagius and the Christian Doctrine of Pelagianism, which

The teachings of Pelagius were condemned as heretical in 416 and 418 at the Councils of Carthage. These condemnations were summarily ratified at the Council of Ephesus in 432. Historically Pelagianism has come to represent any system that denies original sin, holds that by nature humans are capable of good, and maintains morality and works are part of the equation that yields salvation. Pelagianism is a theological theory named after Pelagius (ad 354 – ad Semi-Pelagianism is a variation on the original more akin to Pelagius' own thought - that justification is through faith, but that Adam's original sin was merely a bad example, humans can naturally seek God, and salvation is completed through works. Semi-Pelagianism is a Christian Theological understanding about Salvation; that is how humanity and God are restored to a right relationship Both systems reject a Calvinist understanding of predestination.

Many critics of Arminianism, both historically and currently, claim that Arminianism condones, accepts, or even explicitly supports Pelagianism of either variety. Arminius referred to Pelagianism as "the grand falsehood" and stated that he "must confess that I detest, from my heart, the consequences [of that theology]. "^[42] David Pawson, a British pastor, decries this association as "libelous" when attributed to Arminius' or Wesley's doctrine. ^[43] Indeed most Arminians reject all accusations of Pelagianism; nonetheless, primarily due to Calvinist opponents,^{[44] [45]} the two terms remain intertwined in popular usage. Listed below are similarities and contrasts between Arminianism and Pelagianism.

Similarities: Both systems reject doctrines of Calvinistic predestination and irresistible grace. Both systems (along with traditional Calvinism) accept the importance of good works, moral decision-making, and striving to become more like Christ.

Differences: Arminianism maintains original sin, total depravity, substitutionary atonement, and salvation by grace through faith alone, all of which Pelagianism denies. Pelagianism holds that a person's works are the determining factor for whether God grants eternal life to that person. Immortality (or eternal life) is the concept of living in physical or spiritual form for an Infinite length of Time.

See also

Doctrine Total depravity Prevenient grace Unlimited atonement Substitutionary atonement Penal satisfaction atonement Governmental atonement Free will Conditional election Conditional preservation of the saints

People, History, Denominations Jacobus Arminius Hugo Grotius The Remonstrants Methodism John Wesley Charles Wesley Anglicanism Pentecostalism & Charismatics General & Free Will Baptists History of Calvinist-Arminian Debate

Opposing Views Calvinism Five points of Calvinism John Calvin Unconditional election Limited atonement Irresistible grace Perseverance of the saints Pelagianism Pelagius Semipelagianism

Further reading

Supporting

• Ashby, Stephen M (contributor) and Harper, Steven (contributor) Four Views on Eternal Security, J. Total depravity (also called total inability and total corruption) is a theological Doctrine that derives from the Augustinian concepts Prevenient grace is a Christian theological concept rooted in Augustinian theology and embraced primarily by Arminian Christians who are influenced by the Unlimited atonement (sometimes called general atonement or universal atonement) is the majority doctrine in Protestant Christianity that is normally Substitutionary atonement is a Doctrine in Christian theology which states that Jesus of Nazareth died &ndash intentionally and willingly &ndash The satisfaction view of the Atonement is a Doctrine in Christian theology related to the meaning and effect of the death of Jesus Christ The governmental view of the Atonement (also known as the moral government theory) is a doctrine in Christian theology concerning the meaning and effect The question of free will In Christian theology, conditional election is the belief that God chooses for eternal salvation those who He foresees will have faith in Christ The term Conditional Preservation of the Saints is used to describe the belief that a Christian's salvation can be lost Jacobus Arminius, the Latinized name of the Dutch Reformed theologian Jakob Harmenszoon (also known by the Anglicized Hugo Grotius or Huig de Groot, or Hugo de Groot; ( Delft, 10 April 1583 Rostock, 28 August 1645 Remonstrants, the name given to those Dutch Protestants who after the death of Arminius, maintained the views associated with his name and in 1610 presented to the Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations John Wesley (ˈwɛslɪ ( – March 2, 1791) was an Anglican cleric and Christian theologian who was the founder of the (Evangelical Biography Charles Wesley was the son of Susanna Wesley and Samuel Wesley. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs Pentecostalism is a renewalist religious movement within Christianity that places special emphasis on the direct personal experience of God through the Baptism The term charismatic movement describes the adoption from the early twentieth century onwards of certain beliefs typical of those held by Pentecostal Christians — specifically Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. Arminiusjpg|thumb|200px| Jacobus Arminius (1560-1609 who gave his name to Arminianism. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and Unconditional election is the Calvinist teaching that before God created the world he chose to save some people according to his own purposes and apart from any conditions Limited atonement (or definite atonement or particular redemption) is a Doctrine in Christian theology which is particularly associated with Irresistible Grace (or efficacious grace) is a Doctrine in Christian theology particularly associated with Calvinism, which teaches that the Perseverance of the saints is a controversial Christian teaching that none who are truly saved can be condemned for their Sins or finally fall away from the faith Pelagianism is a theological theory named after Pelagius (ad 354 – ad Pelagius (ca 354 &ndash ca 420/440 was an ascetic monk who denied the doctrine of Original sin, later developed by Augustine of Hippo, and Semi-Pelagianism is a Christian Theological understanding about Salvation; that is how humanity and God are restored to a right relationship Matthew Pinson, ed. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2002) ISBN 0-310-23439-5 — Stephen Ashby and Steven Harper present and defend their cases for Reformed Arminianism (classical) and Wesleyan Arminianism respectively against Michael Horton (Classical Calvinism), Norman Geisler (Moderate Calvinism) and each other.
• Forlines, Leroy F. The Quest for Truth: Answering Life's Inescapable Questions (Nashville: Randall House Publications, 2001) ISBN 0-89265-864-9 — Forlines presents a comprehensive systematic theology of salvation from an Arminian perspective.
• Forster, Roger and Marston, Paul God's Strategy in Human History 2nd ed. (Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2000) ISBN 1-57910-273-5 — The authors take a deep look at the grammatical and historical contexts of New Testament passages dealing with predestination and election, along with historical sources from the first 300 years A. D. , and come to Arminian conclusions.
• McGonigle, Herbert. Sufficient Saving Grace (Paternoster, 2001) ISBN 1-84227-045-1 — Presents the development of Arminianism beginning in Holland and moving into the theology of John Wesley.
• Olson, Roger E. , Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities (Downers Grove: Intervarsity Press, 2006) ISBN 0-8308-2841-9 — American theologian and minister takes a historical look at Arminianism as part of the Reformed movement and clarifies teachings of historical Arminianism in light of misunderstandings and miscommunications concerning Arminianism.
• Pawson, David Once Saved, Always Saved? A Study in Perseverance and Inheritance (London: Hodder & Staughton, 1996) ISBN 0-340-61066-2 — British pastor and theologian takes a deeper look at the Scriptural, historical, and theological arguments against the doctrine of "once saved, always saved".
• Picirilli, Robert Grace, Faith, Free Will: Contrasting Views of Salvation: Calvinism and Arminianism (Nashville: Randall House Publications, 2002) ISBN 0-89265-648-4 — Picirilli takes a closer look at the life and views of Jacobus Arminius and presents his historical and theological argument for Reformation Arminianism (classical).
• Pinson, J. Matthew, "Will The Real Arminius Please Stand Up? A Study of the Theology of Jacobus Arminius in Light of His Interpreters," Integrity: A Journal of Christian Thought 2 (2003), 121-39.
• Shank, Dr. Robert Elect in the Son (Bethany House Publishers, 1989) ISBN 1-55661-092-0 — The classic defense of Arminianism. First published in the mid-20th century, it remains one of the primary defenses of Arminian thought.
• Walls, Jerry L. , and Joseph R. Dongell, Why I Am Not a Calvinist (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2004) ISBN 0-8308-3249-1 — Walls and Dongell present their Scriptural and philosophical arguments against Calvinism, focusing primarily on the nature of human freedom, divine sovereignty, self-consistency, and the Christian life.
• Wesley, John. John Wesley (ˈwɛslɪ ( – March 2, 1791) was an Anglican cleric and Christian theologian who was the founder of the (Evangelical "The Question, 'What Is an Arminian?' Answered by a Lover of Free Grace - a very basic overview of Wesleyan Arminianism
• Witski, Steve. "Free Grace or Forced Grace?" from "The Arminian Magazine", Spring 2001

Opposing

• Boettner, Loraine, The Reformed Doctrine Of Predestination (Grand Rapids: Wm. Loraine Boettner ( 1901-03-07 to 1990-01-03) was an American theologian and author B. Eerdmans, 1932) — A book presenting and defending the Calvinist doctrines of salvation (available online).
• Clark, Gordon H. Predestination (Unicoi: The Trinity Foundation, 2006) ISBN 978-1-891777-14-1 — A book by Presbyterian Theologian Gordon H. Gordon Haddon Clark ( August 31, 1902 &ndash April 9, 1985) was an American Philosopher and Calvinist Clark defending the Calvinistic view of predestination and salvation.
• Gill, John The Cause of God and Truth — An exploration and defense of the Calvinist doctrines of grace by the Baptist divine (available online). John Gill ( November 23, 1697 – October 14, 1771) was an English Baptist, a biblical scholar and a staunch
• Edwards, Jonathan (1754). This article is about the theologian (b 1703 for other uses of Jonathan Edwards see Jonathan Edwards. The Freedom of the Will. ISBN 978-1-573580-33-3 — An argument against the Arminian view of human freedom. (Available online. )
• Packer, J. I. "Introduction to Death of Death in the Death of Christ" — The characteristically ecumenical Packer sharply questions the Arminian version of gospel in his preface to John Owen's defense of a limited atonement (available online)
• Peterson, Robert A. James Innell Packer (born July 22, 1926 in Gloucester, England) is a British-born Canadian Christian theologian John Owen ( 1616 - August 24, 1683) was an English Nonconformist church leader and theologian , and Michael D. Williams, Why I Am Not an Arminian (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2004) ISBN 0-8308-3248-3 — The counterpoint to Why I Am Not a Calvinist presents a Scriptural and philosophical case against Arminianism.
• Spurgeon, Charles "A Defense of Calvinism" — A sermon by the Baptist "Prince of Preachers" (available online). Charles Haddon Spurgeon, commonly CH Spurgeon, ( June 19, 1834 &ndash January 31, 1892) was a British Reformed
• White, James R. The Potter's Freedom (Calvary Press, 2000) ISBN 1-879737-43-4 — A Calvinist response to Norman Geisler's Chosen but Free (in which Geisler presents a "moderate Calvinism" that only holds to perseverance of the Saints), it is widely considered by both supporters and opponents to be a strong, consistent portrayal of Calvinism. James R White (born 1962) is the director of Alpha and Omega Ministries an evangelical Reformed Christian Apologetics organization Moderate Calvinism (or moderate Arminianism) is sometimes called the "non-traditional view" of Calvinism.

Notes

External links

• The Works of Jacob Arminius
• The Society of Evangelical Arminians
• What is an Arminian? by John Wesley
• Sermon #58: "On Predestination" by John Wesley
• "Corporate Election in Romans 9", Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, June 2006 by Brian Abasciano (Arminian perspective)
• The Nature of Wesleyan Theology by J. Kenneth Grider (Arminian perspective)
• Characteristics of Wesley's Arminianism by Luke L. Keefer, Jr. (Arminian perspective)
• Wesleyan Theology: Arminianism by Gregory S. Neal (from a Methodist perspective)
• Arminianism from the Catholic Encyclopedia
• A Comparison of Arminian Theology with the Calvinist Tradition (from a Calvinist perspective)
• Christian Cyclopedia article on Arminianism (Lutheran perspective)

The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia

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