In the Rhone River near Arles, southern France, divers from the French Department of Subaquatic Archaeological Research, headed by Michel L'Hour discovered, in September-October 2007, a life-sized marble bust showing an ageing man with wrinkles, deep naso-labial creases and hollows in his face. The Rhone, or the Rhône is one of the major Rivers of Europe, running through Switzerland and France. Arles (aʁl̥ Provençal Occitan: Arles in both classical and Mistralian norms is a City in the south of France, This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. [2] The uncompromising realism of the portrait places it in the tradition of late Republican portrait and genre sculptures. The immediate reaction was this this was a portrait of Julius Caesar and that it should be given a date range of about 46 BCE.
After Caesar's assassination, 44 BCE, portraits of him would have been discreetly disposed of, as politically dangerous possessions.
France's Minister of Culture Christine Albanel reported on May 13, 2008, that the bust would be the oldest representation of Caesar known today. Christine Albanel (born 24 June 1955 in Toulouse, France) is a French civil servant [3]
Reactions
The story was picked up by all larger media. The Naples National Archaeological Museum ( Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli) is located in Naples Italy, at the northwest corner of the original Greek [4]
The identification as Caesar was immediately disputed, apparently on the basis of photographs, by Mary Beard in the Times Literary Supplement. Winifred Mary Beard (born 1 January 1955) is Professor of Classics at the University of Cambridge and is a fellow of Newnham College. The Times Literary Supplement (or TLS, on the front page from 1969 is a weekly literary review published in London by News International [5]
Other historians and archaeologists not affiliated with the French administration, among them the renowned archaeologist and expert on Caesar and Augustus Paul Zanker, were also quick to deny that the portrait bust is of Caesar. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was [6] Many noted the lack of resemblances to Caesar's likenesses issued on coins during the last years of the dictator's life, and to the "Tusculum bust" of Caesar,[7] which depicts Julius Caesar in his lifetime, either as a so-called zeitgesicht or as a direct portrait. After a further stylistic assessment Zanker dated the Arles bust to the Augustan period. Elkins pointed out the third century CE as the outside terminus post quem for the deposition of the statues, thereby refuting the claim that the bust was thrown away due to feared repercussions from Caesar's assassination in 44 BC. [8]
The argument by the French archaeologists that Caesar had founded the colony in 46 BCE shows to be incorrect, as the colony was founded by Caesar's former quaestor Tiberius Claudius Nero on the dictator's orders in his absence. Quaestors were originally appointed by the Consuls to investigate criminal acts and determine if the consul needed to take public action Tiberius Claudius Nero (ca 85 - 33 BC was a member of the Claudian Family of Ancient Rome. [9]
Mary Beard has accused the persons involved in the find to have wilfully invented their claims for publicity reasons. The French ministry of culture has not yet responded to the criticism and negative reviews.
Notes
- ^ Bust from riverbed reveals face of Julius Caesar: archeologist
- ^ During the same campaign, divers also recovered smaller statues of Marsyas in Hellenistic style and a lifesize marble sculpture of Neptune dating, from its style, to the third century CE. In Greek mythology, the Satyr Marsyas ( gr) appeared in two vignettes: in one he picked up the double flute ( Aulos Neptune (Neptūnus is the god of water and the sea in Roman mythology, a brother of Jupiter and Pluto.
- ^ Original communique (May 13, 2008); second communique (May 20, 2008); report (May 20, 2008)
- ^ E. g. "Divers find marble bust of Caesar that may date to 46 B.C.", CNN-Online et al. ; Video (QuickTime) on the archaeological find (France 3)
- ^ Mary Beard, "The face of Julius Caesar? Come off it!", TLS 14 May 2008, on-line
- ^ Paul Zanker, "Der Echte war energischer, distanzierter, ironischer", Sueddeutsche Zeitung, May 25, 2008, on-line; Nathan T. Elkins, 'Oldest Bust' of Julius Caesar found in France?, May 14, 2008, on-line
- ^ the "Tusculan bust": image at the AERIA library.
- ^ A different approach was presented by Mary Beard in that members of a military Caesarian colony would not have discarded portraits of Caesar, whom they worshipped as god, although statues were in fact destroyed by the Anti-Caesarians in the city of Rome after Caesar's assassination (Appian, BC III. 1. 9).
- ^ Konrat Ziegler and Walther Sontheimer (eds. ), "Arelate", in Der Kleine Pauly: Lexikon der Antike, Vol. 1, col. 525, Munich 1979; in 46 BCE Caesar himself was campaigning in Africa, before returning to Rome.
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