Aristotelianism is a tradition of philosophy that takes its defining inspiration from the work of Aristotle. The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem acc of traditio which means "a giving up delivering up surrendering" and is used in a number of Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Sometimes contrasted by critics with the rationalism and idealism of Plato, Aristotelianism is understood by its proponents as critically developing Plato’s theories. In Epistemology and in its broadest sense rationalism is "any view appealing to Reason as a source of knowledge or justification" (Lacey 286 The phrase Platonic idealism usually refers to Plato's theory of forms or doctrine of ideas the exact philosophical meaning of which is perhaps one of the most disputed questions Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece [1] Most particularly, Aristotelianism brings Plato’s ideals down to Earth as goals and goods internal to natural species that are realized in activity. A goal or objective consists of a projected state of affairs which a Person or a System plans or intends to achieve or bring about — a personal or This is the characteristically Aristotelian idea of teleology, and the practicality of the approach is embodied in Nichomachean Ethics as the Aristotelian virtue of phronesis. Teleology ( Greek: telos: end purpose is the philosophical study of design and Purpose. Nicomachean Ethics (sometimes spelled "Nichomachean" or Ta Ethika, is a work by Aristotle on Virtue and Moral character which Phronesis ( Greek: φρόνησις in Aristotle 's Nicomachean Ethics is the virtue of moral thought usually translated "practical wisdom"
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History
Elaborated by ancient commentators upon Aristotle’s work, Aristotelianism began its modern history with its reception by Islamic, Jewish and Christian philosophers. Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar This article covers the influence of Jewish and Islamic philosophy on each other focusing especially on the period from 800-1400 CE Christian philosophy is a term to describe the fusion of various fields of Philosophy with the theological doctrines of Christianity. The most famous of these philosophers are Averroes, Maimonides and Thomas Aquinas. Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (Arabicأبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد better known just as Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد and in European Moses Maimonides ( March 30 1135 – December 13 1204) also known as the Rambam, was a Rabbi, Physician, and Averroism was particularly influential in reconciling Aristotelianism with the Islamic and Christian faiths, while Aquinas argued that the truth in Aristotle’s philosophy is complemented and completed by the truth revealed in the Christian tradition. Averroism is the term applied to either of two philosophical trends among scholastics in the late 13th century, the first of which was based on the The Roman Catholic Church has reasserted a Thomistic Aristotelianism since the 1870s. Thomism is the philosophical school that arose as a legacy of the work and thought of Thomas Aquinas.
After retreating under criticism from modern natural philosophers, the distinctively Aristotelian idea of teleology was transmitted through Wolff and Kant to Hegel, who applied it to history as a totality. Christian Wolff (less correctly Wolf; also known as Wolfius) baron ( 24 January 1679 - 9 April 1754) was a German Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Although this project was criticized by Trendelenburg and Brentano as un-Aristotelian, Hegel’s influence is now often said to be responsible for an important Aristotelian influence upon Marx. [2] Postmodernists, in contrast, reject Aristotelianism’s claim to reveal important theoretical truths. [3] In this, they follow Heidegger’s critique of Aristotle as the greatest source of the entire tradition of Western philosophy. Martin Heidegger ( September 26, 1889 &ndash May 26, 1976) (ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈhaɪ̯dɛgɐ was an influential German philosopher Recent Aristotelian ethical and ‘practical’ philosophy, such as that of Gadamer and McDowell, is often premised upon a rejection of Aristotelianism’s traditional metaphysical or theoretical philosophy. Hans-Georg Gadamer (ˈgaːdamɐ February 11, 1900 &ndash March 13, 2002) was a German Philosopher of the continental John Henry McDowell (born 1942 in Boksburg, South Africa) is a Philosopher, formerly a Fellow of University College, Oxford From this viewpoint, the early modern tradition of political republicanism, which views the res publica, public sphere or state as constituted by its citizens’ virtuous activity, can appear thoroughly Aristotelian. Republicanism is the Ideology of governing a nation as a Republic, with an emphasis on Liberty, Rule of law, Popular sovereignty
Contemporary Aristotelianism
The most famous contemporary Aristotelian philosopher is Alasdair MacIntyre. Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre (born January 12, 1929 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a philosopher primarily known for his contribution to moral Especially famous for helping to revive virtue ethics in his book After Virtue, MacIntyre revises Aristotelianism with the argument that the highest temporal goods, which are internal to human beings, are actualized through participation in social practices. Virtue theory is a branch of Moral philosophy that emphasizes character rather than rules or consequences as the key element of ethical thinking After Virtue is a highly regarded book on moral philosophy by Alasdair MacIntyre. He opposes Aristotelianism to the managerial institutions of capitalism and its state, and to rival traditions—including the philosophies of Hume and Nietzsche—that reject its idea of essentially human goods and virtues and instead legitimate capitalism. David Hume (26 April 1711 25 August 1776 Scottish Philosopher, Economist, and Historian is an important figure in Western philosophy Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Therefore, on MacIntyre’s account, Aristotelianism is not identical with Western philosophy as a whole; rather, it is "the best theory so far, [including] the best theory so far about what makes a particular theory the best one. "[4] Politically and socially, it has been characterized as a newly 'revolutionary Aristotelianism'. This may be contrasted with the more conventional, apolitical and effectively conservative uses of Aristotle by, for example, Gadamer and McDowell. [5]
See also
Notes
- ^ For contrasting examples of this, see Hans-Georg Gadamer, The Idea of the Good in Platonic-Aristotelian Philosophy (trans. Aristotle believed that ethical knowledge is not certain knowledge (like Metaphysics and Epistemology) but is general knowledge. Hylomorphism ( Greek hylo-, "wood matter" + -morphism morphē, "form" is the philosophical theory P. Christopher Smith), Yale University Press, 1986, and Lloyd P. Gerson, Aristotle and Other Platonists, Cornell University Press, 2005.
- ^ For example, George E. McCarthy (ed. ), Marx and Aristotle: Nineteenth-Century German Social Theory and Classical Antiquity, Rowman & Littlefield, 1992.
- ^ For example, Ted Sadler, Heidegger and Aristotle: The Question of Being, Athlone, 1996.
- ^ Alasdair MacIntyre, 'An Interview with Giovanna Borradori', in Kelvin Knight (ed. ), The MacIntyre Reader, Polity Press / University of Notre Dame Press, 1998, p. 264.
- ^ Kelvin Knight, Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre, Polity Press, 2007.
Further reading
- Chappell, Timothy (ed. ), Values and Virtues: Aristotelianism in Contemporary Ethics, Oxford University Press, 2006.
- Ferrarin, Alfredo, Hegel and Aristotle, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
- Kenny, Anthony, Essays on the Aristotelian Tradition, Oxford University Press, 2001. Sir Anthony John Patrick Kenny FBA (born 16 March 1931 in Liverpool) is an English Philosopher whose interests lie
- Knight, Kelvin, Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre, Polity Press, 2007.
- Lobkowicz, Nicholas, Theory and Practice: History of a Concept from Aristotle to Marx, University of Notre Dame Press, 1967.
- MacIntyre, Alasdair, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, University of Notre Dame Press, 1984 / Duckworth, 1985 (2nd edn. ).
- MacIntyre, Alasdair, Whose Justice? Which Rationality?, University of Notre Dame Press / Duckworth, 1988.
- MacIntyre, Alasdair, Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry: Encyclopaedia, Genealogy, and Tradition, University of Notre Dame Press / Duckworth, 1990.
- MacIntyre, Alasdair, ‘The Theses on Feuerbach: A Road Not Taken’, in Kelvin Knight (ed. ), The MacIntyre Reader, University of Notre Dame Press / Polity Press, 1998.
- MacIntyre, Alasdair, Dependent Rational Animals: Why Human Beings Need the Virtues, Open Court / Duckworth, 1999.
- MacIntyre, Alasdair, ‘Natural Law as Subversive: The Case of Aquinas’ and ‘Rival Aristotles: 1. Aristotle Against Some Renaissance Aristotelians; 2. Aristotle Against Some Modern Aristotelians’, in MacIntyre, Ethics and Politics: Selected Essays volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
- Riedel, Manfred (ed. ), Rehabilitierung der praktischen Philosophie, Rombach, volume 1, 1972; volume 2, 1974.
- Ritter, Joachim, Metaphysik und Politik: Studien zu Aristoteles und Hegel, Suhrkamp, 1977.
- Schrenk, Lawrence P. (ed. ), Aristotle in Late Antiquity, Catholic University of America Press, 1994.
- Sharples, R. W. (ed. ), Whose Aristotle? Whose Aristotelianism?, Ashgate, 2001.
- Shute, Richard, On the History of the Process by Which the Aristotelian Writings Arrived at Their Present Form, Arno Press, 1976 (originally 1888).
- Sorabji, Richard (ed. ), Aristotle Transformed: The Ancient Commentators and Their Influence, Duckworth, 1990.
- Stocks, John Leofric, Aristotelianism, Harrap, 1925.
- Veatch, Henry B., Rational Man: A Modern Interpretation of Aristotelian Ethics, Indiana University Press, 1962. Henry Babcock Veatch Jr ( September 26, 1911 &ndash July 9, 1999) was a twentieth century American Philosopher.
External links
- Clayton, Edward. (2005) Political Philosophy of Alasdair MacIntyre, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- International Society for MacIntyrean Philosophy
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