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For other uses, see Archive (disambiguation). For the Wikipedia coordination point on archived pages, see Wikipedia:Historical archive.
Archive of the AMVC
Archive of the AMVC

An archive refers to a collection of historical records, and also refers to the location in which these records are kept. The Archief en Museum voor het Vlaams Cultuurleven or AMVC (E Archive and Museum for the Flemish Cultural Life is a Belgian non-profit organization located in Antwerp [1]

Archives are made up of records (AKA primary source documents) which have been accumulated over the course of an individual or organization's lifetime. Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines In Historiography, a primary source (also called original source) is a Document, Recording For example, the archives of an individual may contain letters, papers, photographs, computer files, scrapbooks, financial records, diaries or any other kind of documentary materials created or collected by the individual--regardless of media or format. The archives of an organization (such as a corporation or government), on the other hand, tend to contain different types of records, such as administrative files, business records, memos, official correspondence, meeting minutes, and so on. A corporation is a separate legal entity usually used to conduct business For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government.

In general, archives of any individual or organization consist of records which have been especially selected for permanent or long-term preservation, due to their enduring research value. Archival records are normally unpublished and almost always unique, unlike books or magazines, in which many identical copies exist. A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together This means that archives (the places) are quite distinct from libraries with regard to their functions and organization, although archival collections can often be found within library buildings. A library is a collection of information sources resources and services and the structure in which it is housed it is organized for use and maintained by a public body an institution

Archives are sometimes described as information generated as the "by-product" of normal human activities, while libraries hold specifically authored information "products". [2]

A person who works in archives is called an archivist. An archivist is a professional who assesses collects organizes preserves maintains control over and provides access to information determined to have long-term value The study and practice of organizing, preserving, and providing access to information and materials in archives is called archival science. Archival science is the theory and study of the safe storage cataloguing and retrieval of documents and items

Archivists tend to prefer the term 'archives' (with an S) as the correct terminology to serve as both the singular and plural, since 'archive,' as a noun or a verb, has meanings related to computer science. [3]


Contents

Archive Users and Institutions

Historians, genealogists, lawyers, demographers, and others conduct research at archives. See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it Genealogy (from Greek: el γενεά el-Latn genea, "descent" and el λόγος el-Latn logos, "knowledge" is the study of A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person Demography is the statistical study of all Populations. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic population that is one that changes over Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. [4] The research process at each archive is unique, and depends upon the institution in which the archive is housed. While there are many different kinds of archives, the most recent census of archivists in the United States identified five major types: academic, for profit (business), government, non profit, and other. [5]

Academic Archives

Archives existing in colleges, universities, or other educational facilities are usually grouped as academic archives. College ( Latin collegium) is a term most often used today to denote an Educational Institution. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Academic archives typically exist within a library, and duties may be carried out by an archivist or a librarian. A library is a collection of information sources resources and services and the structure in which it is housed it is organized for use and maintained by a public body an institution An archivist is a professional who assesses collects organizes preserves maintains control over and provides access to information determined to have long-term value A librarian is an information Professional trained in Library and information science, which is the organization and management of information services or materials Occasionally, history professors may run a smaller academic archive. [6] Academic archives exist to celebrate and preserve the history of their school and academic community. [7] The inventory of an academic archive may contain items such as papers of former professors and presidents, memorabilia related to school organizations and activities, and items the academic library wishes to remain in a closed-stack setting, such as rare books or thesis copies. A dissertation (also called thesis or disquisition) is a document that presents the author's Research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature It is always a good idea to contact an academic archive before visiting, as the majority of these institutions are available by appointment only. Users of academic archives are often graduate students and those wishing to view rare or historical documents for research purposes. Many academic archives work closely with alumni relations to help raise funds for their library or school. [8] Because of their library setting, a degree certified by the American Library Association is preferred for employment in an academic archive in the USA. The American Library Association ( ALA) is a group based in the United States that promotes libraries and library education internationally

Business (For Profit) Archives

Archives located in for-profit institutions are usually those owned by a private business. A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to Examples of prominent business archives in the United States include Coca-Cola (which also owns the separate museum World of Coca-Cola), Proctor and Gamble, Motorola Heritage Services and Archives, and Levi Strauss & Co.. Coca-Cola is a carbonated Soft drink sold in stores restaurants and Vending machines in more than 200 countries The World of Coca-Cola is a permanent exhibition featuring the history of The Coca-Cola Company and its well-known advertising as well as a host of entertainment areas and attractions Procter & Gamble Co ( P&G,) is a Fortune 500, American global corporation based in Cincinnati Ohio, that manufactures a wide Motorola Inc ( is an American, multinational Fortune 100, Telecommunications company based in Schaumburg Illinois. Levi Strauss & Co (LS&CO is a privately held Clothing company known worldwide for its Levi's brand of Denim Jeans. These corporate archives maintain historic documents and items related to the history of their companies. [9] Business archives serve the purpose of helping their corporations maintain control over their brand by retaining memories of the company's past. A brand is a collection of Images and ideas representing an economic producer more specifically it refers to the descriptive verbal attributes and concrete symbols such as a Especially in business archives, records management is separate from the historic aspect of archives. Records management, or RM is the practice of identifying classifying archiving preserving and destroying records Workers in these types of archives may have any combination of training and degrees, from either a history or library background. These archives are typically not open to the public and only used by workers of the owner company, although some will allow approved visitors by appointment. [10] Business archives are concerned with maintaining the integrity of their parent company, and therefore selective of how their materials may be used. Integrity is Consistency of actions values methods measures and principles [11]

Government Archives

The category of government archives includes those institutions run on a local and state level as well as those run by the national (federal) government. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Anyone may use a government archive, and frequent users include reporters, genealogists, writers, historians, students, and anyone wanting more information on the history of their home or region. A reporter is a type of Journalist who Researches and presents information in certain types of Mass media. Genealogy (from Greek: el γενεά el-Latn genea, "descent" and el λόγος el-Latn logos, "knowledge" is the study of A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms The word student is etymologically derived through Middle English from the Latin second-type conjugation Verb "studēre" While it is a good idea to make an appointment before visiting government archives, at many government archives no appointment is required, as they are open to the public. [12]

In the United States, NARA archives exist not only in the District of Columbia, but regionally as well. The United States National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government charged Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D [13] Some city or local governments may have repositories, but their organization and accessibility varies widely. [14] State or Province archives typically require at least a bachelor's degree in history for employment, although some ask for certification by test (government or association) as well. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. A bachelor's degree is usually an Undergraduate Academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three four or in some cases and

In the UK the National Archives [1], formerly known as the Public Record Office, is the government archive for England and Wales. List of archives A national archive is a central Archive maintained by a Nation. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The National Monuments Record [2]is the public archive of English Heritage. The National Monuments Record (NMRis the public Archive of English Heritage, located in Swindon. English Heritage is a Non-departmental public body of the United Kingdom government ( Department for Culture Media and Sport) with a broad remit of The National Archives of Scotland [3], located in Edinburgh, serve that country while the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland [4] in Belfast is the government archive for Northern Ireland. Based in the capital Edinburgh, the National Archives of Scotland (NAS are the National archives of Scotland. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. The Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI is situated in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland.

A network of local authority-run record offices and archives exists throughout England, Wales and Scotland and holds many important collections, including local government, landed estates, church and business records. Many archives have contributed catalogues to the national Access 2 Archives programme and online searching across collections is possible [5].

In France, the Directorate of the Archives of France (Direction des Archives de France) in the Ministry of Culture manages the National Archives (Archives nationales) which possess 364 km. The Minister of Culture is in the Government of France, the cabinet member in charge of national museums and monuments promoting and protecting the arts (visual The Archives nationales ( French for "National Archives" preserve the national Archives of the French state, apart from the archives of the (226 miles) of archives as of 2004 (the total length of occupied shelves put next to each other), with original records going as far back as A. D. 625, as well as the departmental archives (archives départementales), located in the préfectures of each of the 100 départements of France, which possess 1,901 km. Events By Topic Religion March 23 - Battle of Uhud ( Muhammad retreats against the inhabitants of Mecca A prefecture ( préfecture) in France can refer to: the Chef-lieu de département, the town in which the administration of a ''département'' In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division (1,181 miles) of archives (as of 2004), and also the local city archives, about 600 in total, which possess 449 km. (279 miles) of archives (as of 2004). [15] Put together, the total volume of archives under the supervision of the Directorate of the Archives of France is the largest in the world, a testimony to the very ancient nature of the French state which has been in existence for more than eleven centuries already.

In India the National Archives [6] are located in New Delhi. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

Non-Profit Archives

Non-profit archives include those in historical societies, not-for-profit businesses such as hospitals, and the repositories within foundations. A non-profit organization ( abbreviated "NPO" also "not-for-profit" is a legally constituted Organization whose objective is to support or engage This is a partial List of Historical Societies from around the world A foundation is a legal categorization of Nonprofit organizations. Non-profit archives are typically set up with private funds from donors to preserve the papers and history of specific persons or places. Often these institutions rely on grant funding from the government as well. Grants are funds dispersed by one party (Grant Makers often a Government Department Corporation Foundation or Trust to a recipient, often (but not always [16] Depending on the funds available, non-profit archives may be as small as the historical society in a rural town to as big as a state historical society that rivals a government archives. Users of this type of archive may vary as much as the institutions that hold them. Employees of non-profit archives may be professional archivists, para-professionals, or volunteers, as the education required for a position at a non-profit archive varies with the demands of the collection's user base. [17]

Special (Other) Archives

Some archives defy categorization. There are tribal archives within the Native American nations in North America, and there are archives that exist within the papers of private individuals. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Many museums keep archives in order to prove the provenance of their pieces. Provenance, from the French provenir, "to come from" means the Origin, or the source, of something or the history of the ownership or location Any institution or persons wishing to keep their significant papers in an organized fashion that employs the most basic principles of archival science may have an archive. Archival science is the theory and study of the safe storage cataloguing and retrieval of documents and items In the 2004 census of archivists taken in the United States, 2. 7% of archivists were employed in institutions that defied categorization. This was a separate figure from the 1. 3% that identified themselves as self-employed. [18]

Etymology

The word archives (pronounced /'ɑː(ɹ}. kaɪvs/) is derived from the Greek ἀρχή (arkhē) meaning government or order (compare an-archy, mon-archy). The word originally developed from the Greek ἀρχεῖον (arkheion) which refers to the home or dwelling of the Archon, in which important official state documents were filed and interpreted under the authority of the Archon. Archon (Gr ἄρχων pl ἄρχοντες is a Greek word that means "ruler" frequently used as the title of a specific public office

Archives in history

The word "archives" can refer to any organised body of records fixed on media. The management of archives is essential for effective day-to-day organisational decision making, and even for the survival of organisations. Archives were well developed by the ancient Chinese, the ancient Greeks, and ancient Romans. Modern archival thinking has many roots in the French Revolution. The French National Archives, who possess perhaps the largest archival collection in the world, with records going as far back as A. The Archives nationales ( French for "National Archives" preserve the national Archives of the French state, apart from the archives of the D. 625, were created in 1790 during the French Revolution from various government, religious, and private archives seized by the revolutionaries. Events By Topic Religion March 23 - Battle of Uhud ( Muhammad retreats against the inhabitants of Mecca The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an

Footnotes

  1. ^ Glossary of Library and Internet Terms. University of South Dakota Library. Retrieved on 2007-04-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule
  2. ^ A Glossary of Archival and Records Terminology. Society of American Archivists. Retrieved on 2007-04-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus
  3. ^ definition of archive. Wiktionary. Retrieved on 2007-04-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule
  4. ^ What Are Archives?. National Museum of American History. Retrieved on 2007-04-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule
  5. ^ Walch, Victoria Irons (2006). "Archival Census and Education Needs Survey in the United States: Part 1: Introduction". The American Archivist 69 (2): 294-309.  
  6. ^ Maher, William J. (1992). The Management of College and University Archives.. Metuchen, New Jersey: Society of American Archivists & The Scarecrow Press, Inc. .  
  7. ^ Welcome to University Archives and Records Management. Kennesaw State University Archives. Retrieved on 2007-05-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen
  8. ^ Guidelines for College and University Archives. Society of American Archivists. Retrieved on 2007-05-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen
  9. ^ Business Archives Council. Business Archives Council. Retrieved on 2007-05-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen
  10. ^ Directory of Corporate Archives. Hunter Information Management. Retrieved on 2007-05-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen
  11. ^ Business Archives in North America - Invest in your future: Understand your past. Society of American Archivists. Retrieved on 2007-05-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen
  12. ^ Directions for Change. Libraries and Archives Canada. Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
  13. ^ The National Archives. United States National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
  14. ^ U.S. - State Level Records Repositories: State Libraries, Archives, Genealogical & Historical Societies. Cyndi's List of Genealogy Sites on the Internet. Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
  15. ^ (French) Les archives en France. Quid - 2007. Quid is a French Encyclopedia, established in 1963 by Dominique Frémy. Retrieved on 2007-05-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the
  16. ^ Creigh, by Dorothy Weyer (1995). A Primer for Local Historical Societies: Revised and Expanded from the First Edition. AltaMira Press, 122.  
  17. ^ Whitehill, Walter Muir (1962). "Introduction", Independent Historical Societies: An Enquiry into Their Research and Publication Functions and Their Financial Future. Boston, Massachusetts: The Boston Athenaeum, 311.  
  18. ^ Walch, Victoria Irons (2006). "A*Census: A Closer Look". The American Archivist 69 (2): 327-348.  

Ark-Ive

See also

External links

Dictionary

archive

-noun

  1. A place for storing earlier, and often historical, material. An archive usually contains documents (letters, records, newspapers, etc.) or other types of media kept for historical interest.
  2. The material so kept, considered as a whole (compare archives).

-verb

  1. To put into an archive.
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