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Sir Archibald Edward Garrod was an English physician who pioneered the field of inborn errors of metabolism. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Inborn errors of metabolism comprise a large class of genetic Diseases involving disorders of Metabolism. He was born on November 25, 1857, in London, and died on March 28, 1936, in Cambridge. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England

Archibald was the fourth son of Sir Alfred Baring Garrod, a physician at King's College Hospital, who discovered the abnormal uric acid metabolism associated with gout. King's College Hospital is an Acute care facility in the London Borough of Lambeth, referred to locally and by staff simply as "King's" or abbreviated internally Uric acid (or urate) is an Organic compound of Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3 Gout (also called metabolic arthritis) is a disease created by a buildup of Uric acid.

He was educated at Marlborough and Christ Church, University of Oxford. Marlborough ( IPA /ˈmɔːlbrə/ " Maul bruh" is a market town in the English county of Wiltshire on the Old Bath Road Not to be confused with Christchurch, a city in New Zealand. Christ Church (Ædes Christi the temple or house of Christ and thus sometimes known as The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the He graduated with an honours degree in natural science in 1880. He received further medical training at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London. St Bartholomew's Hospital, also known as Barts, is a hospital in Smithfield in the City of London, England. He spent several months of postgraduate study at the Allgemeines Krankenhaus in Vienna in 1884-85. The Vienna General Hospital (Allgemeines Krankenhaus der Stadt Wien ( AKH) is the University Clinic of the city of Vienna, Austria. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. In 1885 he obtained his BM and MA from Oxford, and became a member of the Royal College of Physicians, London. The Royal College of Physicians of London was the first medical institution in England to receive a Royal Charter

Over the next 20 years he served on the attending staff of several hospitals in London: Marylebone General Dispensary, West London Hospital, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, and Alexandra Hospital for Children with Hip Disease. The Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH is a medical institution specialising in the care of children

He married Laura Elizabeth Smith in 1886. They had 3 sons and a daughter, Dorothy Garrod. Professor Dorothy Annie Elizabeth Garrod ( 5 May, 1892 &ndash 18 December, 1968) was a British Archaeologist who was the

Garrod was a proponent of scientific research as the foundation of medical practice, and published on a variety of diseases and topics throughout his career, including An Introduction to the Use of the Laryngoscope (1886) and A Treatise on Rheumatism and Rheumatoid Arthritis (1890). He helped found the Quarterly Journal of Medicine to provide a forum for more fundamental research into the processes of disease. He helped edit a pediatrics textbook, Diseases of Children (1913), with F. E. Batten and Hugh Thursfield.

He developed an increasing interest in chemical pathology, and investigated urine chemistry as a reflection of systemic metabolism and disease. Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra. Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. This research, combined with the new understanding of Mendelian inheritance, evolved from an investigation of a few families with an obscure and not very dangerous disease (alkaptonuria) to the realization that a whole territory of mysterious diseases might be understood as inherited disorders of metabolism. Mendelian inheritance (or Mendelian genetics or Mendelism) is a set of primary tenets relating to the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent Alkaptonuria ( black urine disease or alcaptonuria) is a rare inherited genetic disorder of Tyrosine metabolism

Alkaptonuria is a rare familial disease of organic acid metabolism that is best known for the darkening of urine from yellow to brown to black after it is exposed to the air. In later life, individuals with this disease develop arthritis characterized by deposition of brown pigment in joint cartilage and connective tissue. Arthritis (from Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation plural arthritides is a group of conditions involving damage to the Joints of the body A joint is the location at which two or more Bones make contact Cartilage is a type of dense Connective tissue. It is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix Connective tissue is one of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications (the others being epithelial, Muscle, and Nervous tissue) Garrod studied the recurrence patterns in several families, realized it followed an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, and postulated that it was caused by a mutation in a gene encoding an enzyme involved in the metabolism of a class of compounds called alkaptans. He published The Incidence of Alkaptonuria: a Study in Chemical Individuality in 1902.

Over the next decade he developed an understanding of the possible nature of inherited diseases of metabolism. He formulated the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis and described the nature of recessive inheritance of most enzyme defects. In 1908, the core of this work was presented as the Croonian lectures to the Royal College of Physicians, entitled Inborn Errors of Metabolism and published the following year. Garrod expanded his metabolic studies to cover cystinuria, pentosuria, and albinism.

During the First World War Garrod served as medical consultant to the army, primarily in Malta. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Two of his three sons were killed in the war and the third died during the great influenza epidemic of 1919. The 1918 flu pandemic (commonly referred to as the Spanish flu) was an Influenza Pandemic that spread to nearly every part of the world

In 1923 he summarized these studies in an expanded edition of his best known work, Inborn Errors of Metabolism. As it became clearer that he had pioneered a new field of medicine, Garrod was increasingly honored in England and abroad. He succeeded William Osler as Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford. Sir William Osler 1st Baronet ( July 12, 1849 &ndash December 29, 1919 Age 70 was a Canadian Physician. The Regius Professor of Medicine is an appointment held at the University of Oxford. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, was appointed to the Medical Research Council, and was made an honorary member of the American Association of Physicians, and of the Artzlicher Verein in Munich. He received honorary degrees from the universities of Aberdeen, Dublin, Glasgow, Malta, and Padua. In 1935 he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

He died at the Cambridge home of his daughter after a brief illness in 1936.

The Canadian Association of Centres for the Management of Hereditary Metabolic Diseases is commonly referred to as the Garrod Association to honor his contributions to the field of inborn errors of metabolism.

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References

  1. ^ W. F. Bynum & Roy Porter, eds 2005. Oxford Quotations ISBN 0-19-858409-1 241:5.
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