An archetype (pronounced: /ˈɑːkɪtaɪp/) is a generic, idealized model of a person, object, or concept from which similar instances are derived, copied, patterned, or emulated. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic In psychology, an archetype is a model of a person, personality, or behavior. This article is about personality archetypes, as described in literature analysis and the study of the psyche.

In the analysis of personality, the term archetype is often broadly used to refer to

1. a stereotype—personality type observed multiple times, especially an oversimplification of such a type; or
2. an epitome—personality type exemplified, especially the "greatest" such example. A stereotype (from Greek: stereo + týpos = "solid impression" is a generalized perception of first impressions behaviors presumed by a group The fallacy of the single cause, also known as joint effect or casual oversimplification, is a logical Fallacy of causation that occurs when An epitome ( Greek epitemnein —to cut short is a summary or miniature form also used as a Synonym for embodiment
3. a literary term to express details.

However, in a strict linguistic sense, an archetype is merely a defining example of a personality type. The accepted use of archetype is to refer to a generic version of a personality. In this sense "mother figure" can be considered an archetype and instances can be found in various female characters with distinct (non-generic) personalities.

Archetypes have been present in folklore and literature for thousands of years and appear to be present in prehistoric artwork. History The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of Romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological The use of archetypes to analyze personality was advanced by Carl Jung early in the 20th century. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The value in using archetypal characters in fiction derives from the fact that a large group of people are able to unconsciously recognize the archetype, and thus the motivations, behind the character's behavior. Fiction is the telling of stories which are not real More specifically fiction is an imaginative form of Narrative, one of the four basic Rhetorical modes.

Contents 1 Etymology 2 Jungian archetypes 3 Archetypes in literature 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources

Etymology

The word archetype appeared in European texts as early as 1545. ^[1] It derives from the Latin noun archetypum and that from the Greek noun αρχέτυπον (archetypon) and adjective αρχέτυπος (archetypos), meaning "first-moulded"^[2]. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The Greek roots are arkhe- ("first" or "original") + typos ("model", "type", "blow", "mark of a blow").

Pronunciation note: The "ch" in archetype is a transliteration of the Greek chi (χ) and is most commonly articulated in English as a "k". Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice ^[3]

Jungian archetypes

Main article: Jungian archetypes

The concept of psychological archetypes was advanced by the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, c. Archetypes are according to Swiss Psychologist Carl Jung, innate universal psychic dispositions that form the substrate from which the basic themes of 1919. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In Jung's psychological framework archetypes are innate, universal prototypes for ideas and may be used to interpret observations. A group of memories and interpretations associated with an archetype is a complex, e. For alternate usage see Complexity. In Psychology a complex is an important group of unconscious associations connected g. a mother complex associated with the mother archetype. Jung treated the archetypes as psychological organs, analogous to physical ones in that both are morphological constructs that arose through evolution. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 ^[4]

Jung outlined four main archetypes:

• The Self, the regulating center of the psyche and facilitator of individuation
• The Shadow, the opposite of the ego image, often containing qualities that the ego does not identify with but possesses nonetheless
• The Anima, the feminine image in a man's psyche; or:
• The Animus, the masculine image in a woman's psyche
• The Persona

Although the number of archetypes is limitless, there are a few particularly notable, recurring archetypal images:

• The Syzygy
• The Child
• The Hero
• The Great Mother
• The Wise old man
• The Trickster or Fox
• The Puer Aeternus (Latin for "eternal boy")
• The Cosmic Man
• The artist-scientist
• The Scarlet Women
• The Faceless Man

Archetypes in literature

Archetypes can be found in nearly all forms of literature; with their motifs being predominantly rooted in folklore. In Jungian theory the Self is one of the Archetypes. It signifies the coherent whole unified consciousness and unconscious of a person Individuation (Latin principium individuationis) is a concept which appears in numerous fields and may be encountered in work by Gilbert Simondon, Bernard Stiegler In Jungian psychology, the shadow or " shadow aspect " is a part of the Unconscious mind consisting of repressed weaknesses shortcomings For the album by The Creatures see Anima Animus The Anima and Animus are in Carl Jung 's school of Analytical psychology, the In broadest terms Syzygy (ˈsɪzɪʤi is a kind of unity especially through coordination or alignment most commonly used in the Astronomical and/or Astrological The Child Archetype, is an important Jungian archetype in Jungian psychology, first suggested by Swiss Psychologist, Carl Jung A hero (from Greek grc ἥρως hērōs) in Greek mythology and Folklore, was originally a Demigod, the offspring of a mortal and The wise old man (also called sage or " Senex " is an Archetype as described by Carl Jung. In Mythology, and in the study of Folklore and Religion, a trickster is a God, Goddess, spirit, man woman or anthropomorphic Puer Aeternus is Latin for eternal boy and represents a personality associated with youth or immaturity In Jungian theory the Cosmic Man is an archetypical figure that appears in creation myths of a wide variety of mythology The Artist-scientist is one of the Jungian archetypes in mythology Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter History The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of Romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological

William Shakespeare is known for creating many archetypal characters that hold great Eurocentric (chiefly British) social importance such as Hamlet, the self-doubting hero and the initiation archetype with the three stages of separation, transformation, and return; Falstaff, the bawdy, rotund comic knight; Romeo and Juliet, the ill-fated ("star-crossed") lovers; Richard II, the hero who dies with honor; and many others. William Shakespeare ( baptised Hamlet is a Tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601 Sir John Falstaff is a Fictional character who appears in three plays by William Shakespeare as a companion to Prince Hal the future King Henry V. King Richard the Second is a history play by William Shakespeare believed to be written in approximately 1595 Although Shakespeare based many of his characters on existing archetypes from fables and myths (e. A fable is a succinct story in prose or verse that features Animals Plants inanimate objects, or forces of nature which are The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" g. , Romeo and Juliet on Pyramus and Thisbe), Shakespeare's characters stand out as original by their contrast against a complex, social literary landscape. For instance, in The Tempest, Shakespeare borrowed from a manuscript by William Strachey that detailed an actual shipwreck of the Virginia-bound 17th-century English sailing vessel Sea Venture in 1609 on the islands of Bermuda. The Tempest is a comedy written by William Shakespeare. It is generally dated to 1610-11 and accepted as the last play written solely by him although The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state The Sea Venture was a 17th-century English sailing ship the wrecking of which in Bermuda is widely thought to have been the inspiration for Shakespeare's Shakespeare also borrowed heavily from a speech by Medea in Ovid's Metamorphoses in writing Prospero's renunciative speech; nevertheless, the unique combination of these elements in the character of Prospero created a new interpretation of the sage magician as that of a carefully plotting hero, quite distinct from the wizard-as-advisor archetype of Merlin or Gandalf (both of which may be derived from priesthood authority archetypes from the Bible such as Abraham, Moses, Isaiah, Elijah, etc). Publius Ovidius Naso ( March 20, 43 BC – 17 AD was a Roman poet known to the English -speaking world as Ovid who wrote on many topics including The Metamorphoses by the Roman poet Ovid is a narrative poem Prospero is the Protagonist in The Tempest, a play by William Shakespeare. The Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network ( MERLIN) is an Interferometer array of Radio telescopes spread across England and the Concept and creation Humphrey Carpenter in his 1977 biography relates that Tolkien owned a Postcard entitled Der Berggeist ("the mountain Abraham ( Ashkenazi   Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: Moses ( Latin: Moyses,; Greek: grc Mωυσής in both the Septuagint and the New Testament; Arabic: ar موسىٰ Isaiah (; Greek:, Ēsaiās; Arabic: اشعیاء, Ash-ee-yaa; "Salvation of/is YHWH " is Elijah or Elias ( was a Prophet in Israel in the 9th century BC

Certain common methods of character depiction employed in dramatic performance rely on the pre-existence of literary archetypes. Stock characters used in theatre or film are based on highly generic literary archetypes. A stock character is one which relies heavily on cultural types or names for his or her personality manner of speech and other characteristics A pastiche is an imitation of an archetype or prototype in order to pay homage to the original creator. The word pastiche describes a literary or other artistic Genre. For medieval usage see Homage (medieval and Commendation ceremony, or Homage (disambiguation Homage (from the French

In the superhero genre, two main archetypes are Spider-Man and Superman. Spider-Man is a Fictional character appearing in Comic books published by Marvel Comics. Superman is a fictional Comic book Superhero widely considered to be one of the most recognized of such characters and an American Cultural icon Superman represents the old, bright and optimistic view of superheroes who were both physically and morally perfect (e. g. they would always do the right thing). Spider-Man represents the more realistic, cynical view where superheroes are simply regular people with extraordinary powers (i. e. they can be selfish and immature at times, while self-sacrificing and noble at others).

The young, flawed, and brooding antihero [Spider-Man] became the most widely imitated archetype in the superhero genre since the appearance of Superman. A superhero (sometimes rendered super-hero or super hero) is a Fictional character "of unprecedented physical prowess dedicated to acts of derring-do
Bradford W. Wright, Comic Book Nation: The transformation of Youth Culture in America 212
Superman on the Couch by Danny Fingeroth 151

See also

• Archetypal literary criticism
• Archive for Research in Archetypal Symbolism
• Cliché
• Perennial philosophy
• Personification
• Prototype
• Stock character
• Stereotype
• Simulacrum
• Wounded healer

References

Sources

• Campbell, Joseph, The Masks of God: Vol. I, Premitive Mythology. (1991 reprint revised ed. ), New York: Penguin Group Inc.
• Jung, C. G. , (1934–1954). The Archetypes and The Collective Unconscious. (1981 2nd ed. Collected Works Vol. 9 Part 1), Princeton, N. J. : Bollingen. ISBN 0-691-01833-2
• Arrien, Angeles (1992). Signs Of Life: The Five Universal Shapes And How To Use Them. Sonoma, CA, USA: Arcus Publishing Company. ISBN 0-916955-10-9
• Pearson, Carol (1989). The hero within: six archetypes we live by. San Francisco: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-254862-x.  

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