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ArcGIS

ArcMap, part of ArcGIS
Developed by ESRI
Latest release 9. A software developer is a person or organization concerned with facets of the software development process wider than design and coding a somewhat broader scope of For the Irish Think tank, see Economic and Social Research Institute. A software release is the distribution whether public or private of an initial or new and upgraded version of a Computer software product 2 / November 14, 2006
OS Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003
Genre GIS

ArcGIS is the name of a group of geographic information system software product lines produced by ESRI. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination Windows 2000 (also referred to as Win2K) is a preemptive, interruptible graphical and business-oriented Operating system designed to work with Windows XP is a family of 32-bit and 64-bit Operating systems produced by Microsoft for use on Personal computers including home and Windows Server 2003 (also referred to as Win2K3 is a server Operating system produced by Microsoft. Computer software can be organized into categories based on common function type or field of use For the Irish Think tank, see Economic and Social Research Institute. At the desktop GIS level, ArcGIS can include: ArcReader, which allows one to view and query maps created with the other Arc products; ArcView, which allows one to view spatial data, create maps, and perform basic spatial analysis; ArcEditor which includes all the functionality of ArcView, includes more advanced tools for manipulation of shapefiles and geodatabases; or ArcInfo the most advanced version of ArcGIS, which includes added capabilities for data manipulation, editing, and analysis. ArcReader is a basic data viewer for Maps and GIS data published in the proprietary ESRI format using ArcPublisher ArcView is the entry level licensing level of ArcGIS Desktop, a Geographic information system software product produced by ESRI. A map is a visual representation of an area—a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects, Regions, and Themes ArcEditor is the midlevel software suite designed for advanced editing of spatial data published in the proprietary ESRI format A geodatabase is a Database designed to store query and manipulate geographic information and spatial data ArcInfo (formerly called ARC/INFO) is a full-featured Geographic information system produced by ESRI, and is the highest level of licensing (and therefore There are also server-based ArcGIS products, as well as ArcGIS products for PDAs. Extensions can be purchased separately to increase the functionality of ArcGIS.

Contents

Product history

Prior to the ArcGIS suite, ESRI had focused its software development on the command line Arc/INFO workstation program and several Graphical User Interface-based products such as the ArcView GIS 3.x desktop program. A software suite or application suite is a collection of Computer programs usually Application software and Programming software of related functionality Software development is the translation of a user need or marketing goal into a Software product ArcInfo (formerly called ARC/INFO) is a full-featured Geographic information system produced by ESRI, and is the highest level of licensing (and therefore A workstation, such as a Unix workstation, RISC workstation or Engineering workstation, is a high-end Microcomputer ArcView 3x is a Geographic information system software product produced by ESRI. In graphical computing a desktop environment ( DE) commonly refers to a style of Graphical user interface (GUI that is based on the Desktop metaphor which Other ESRI products included MapObjects, a programming library for developers, and ArcSDE as a relational database management system. In Computer science, a library is a collection of Subroutines used to develop Software. ArcSDE is server software by ESRI that spatially enables a Relational Database Management System. A Relational database management system (RDBMS is a Database management system (DBMS that is based on the Relational model as introduced by E The various products had branched out into multiple source trees and did not integrate well with one another. In Computer science, source code (commonly just source or code) is any sequence of statements or declarations written in some Human-readable In January 1997, ESRI decided to revamp its GIS software platform, creating a single integrated software architecture. [1]

ArcGIS 8. x

In late 1999, ESRI released ArcGIS 8. 0, which ran on the Microsoft Windows operating system. Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination [1] ArcGIS combined the visual user-interface aspect of ArcView GIS 3. ArcView is the entry level licensing level of ArcGIS Desktop, a Geographic information system software product produced by ESRI. x interface with some of the power from the Arc/INFO version 7. 2 workstation. This pairing resulted in a new software suite called ArcGIS, which included the command-line ArcInfo workstation (v8. 0) and a new graphical user interface application called ArcMap (v8. ArcMap is a component of ESRI's ArcGIS Geographical Information System (GIS. 0) incorporating some of the functionality of ArcInfo with a more intuitive interface, as well as an ArcGIS file management application called ArcCatalog (v8. Interface generally refers to an abstraction that an entity provides of itself to the outside A file manager or file browser is a Computer program that provides a User interface to work with File systems The most common operations used 0). The release of the ArcGIS suite constituted a major change in ESRI's software offerings, aligning all their client and server products under one software architecture known as ArcGIS, developed using Microsoft Windows COM standards. Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Component Object Model ( COM) is an interface standard for Software componentry introduced by Microsoft in 1993 [2]

One major difference is the programming (scripting) languages available to customize or extend the software to suit particular user needs. A programming language is an Artificial language that can be used to write programs which control the behavior of a machine particularly a Computer. In the transition to ArcGIS, ESRI dropped support of its application-specific scripting languages, Avenue and the ARC Macro Language (AML), in favor of Visual Basic for Applications scripting and open access to ArcGIS components using the Microsoft COM standards. Visual Basic for Applications ( VBA) is an event-driven implementation of Microsoft's Visual Basic, a Procedural programming language Component Object Model ( COM) is an interface standard for Software componentry introduced by Microsoft in 1993 [3] ArcGIS is designed to store data in a proprietary RDBMS format, known as geodatabase. A geodatabase is a Database designed to store query and manipulate geographic information and spatial data ArcGIS 8. x introduced other new features, including on-the-fly map projections, and annotation in the database. A map projection is any method of representing the Surface of a sphere or other shape on a plane. [4]

Updates of ArcView 3. x extensions, including 3D Analyst and Spatial Analyst, came later with release of ArcGIS 8. 1, which was unveiled at the ESRI International User Conference in 2000. [5] ArcGIS 8. 1 was officially released on April 24, 2001. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Other new extenstions were made available with ArcGIS 8. 1, including GeoStatistical Analyst. ArcGIS 8. 1 also added the ability to access data online, directly from the Geography Network site or other ArcIMS map services. ArcIMS (standing for Arc Internet Map Server) is a Web Map Server produced by ESRI. [3] ArcGIS 8. 3 was introduced in 2002, adding topology to geodatabases, which was a feature originally available only with ArcInfo coverages. Topology ( Greek topos, "place" and logos, "study" is the branch of Mathematics that studies the properties of [6]

ArcGIS 9. x

The ArcCatalog module, center panel is ArcToolBox, right panel is showing metadata.
The ArcCatalog module, center panel is ArcToolBox, right panel is showing metadata.

ArcGIS 9. 0 was released in May 2004, which included ArcGIS Server and ArcGIS Engine for developers. [1] The current version of the ArcGIS software is 9. 2. The ArcGIS 9 release includes a geoprocessing environment that allows execution of traditional GIS processing tools (such as clipping, overlay, and spatial analysis) interactively or from any scripting language that supports COM standards. Component Object Model ( COM) is an interface standard for Software componentry introduced by Microsoft in 1993 Although the most popular of these is Python, others have been used, especially perl and VBScript. Python is a general-purpose High-level programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes programmer productivity and code readability NOTES FOR EDITORS "Perl" is not an acronym (read the "Name" section below VBScript (short for Visual Basic Scripting Edition) is an Active Scripting language developed by Microsoft. ArcGIS 9 also includes a visual programming environment called ModelBuilder that allows users to graphically link geoprocessing tools into new tools called models. These models can be executed directly or exported to scripting languages which can then execute in batch mode (launched from a command line), or they can undergo further editing to add branching or looping.

In March 2008, ESRI began distributing beta versions of ArcGIS 9. 3. The new version of ArcGIS Desktop has new modeling tools and geostatistical error tracking features, while ArcGIS Server has improved performance, and support for role-based security. There also are new JavaScript APIs that can be used to create mashups, and integrated with either Google Maps or Microsoft Virtual Earth. Google Maps (for a time named Google Local) is a free Web mapping service application and technology provided by Google that powers many map-based services Microsoft Virtual Earth is a geospatial mapping platform produced by Microsoft. ArcGIS 9. 3 is expected out sometime later in the spring or summer of 2008. [7] At the 2008 ESRI Developers Summit, there was little emphasis on ArcIMS, except for one session on transitioning from ArcIMS to ArcGIS Server-based applications, indicating a change in focus for ESRI with ArcGIS 9. 3 for web-based mapping applications. [8]

Geodatabase

Main article: Geodatabase

Older ESRI products, including ArcView 3.x, worked with data in the shapefile format. A geodatabase is a Database designed to store query and manipulate geographic information and spatial data ArcView 3x is a Geographic information system software product produced by ESRI. The ESRI Shapefile or simply a shapefile is a popular Geospatial vector data format for Geographic information systems software ArcInfo Workstation handled coverages, which stored topology information about the spatial data. ArcInfo (formerly called ARC/INFO) is a full-featured Geographic information system produced by ESRI, and is the highest level of licensing (and therefore Topology ( Greek topos, "place" and logos, "study" is the branch of Mathematics that studies the properties of Coverages, which were introduced in 1981 when ArcInfo was first released, has limitations in how it handles types of features. Some features, such as roads with street intersections or overpasses and underpasses, should be handled differently than other types of features. In the field of Road transport, an intersection is a road junction where two or more Roads either meet or cross at grade (they are An overpass (called a flyover in the UK and most Commonwealth countries is a Bridge, Road, Railway or [9]

ArcGIS is built around the geodatabase, which uses an object-relational database approach for storing spatial data. A geodatabase is a Database designed to store query and manipulate geographic information and spatial data An object-relational database ( ORD) or object-relational database management system ( ORDBMS) is a Database management system (DBMS similar A geodatabase is a "container" for holding datasets, tying together the spatial features with attributes. The geodatabase can also contain topology information, and can model behavior of features, such as road intersections, with rules on how features relate to one another. Topology ( Greek topos, "place" and logos, "study" is the branch of Mathematics that studies the properties of [10] When working with geodatabases, it is important to understand about feature classes which are a set of features, represented with points, lines, or polygons. With shapefiles, each file can only handle one type of feature. A geodatabase can store multiple feature classes or type of features within one file. [11]

Geodatabases in ArcGIS can be stored in three different ways including as a "file geodatabase", "personal geodatabase", and "ArcSDE geodatabase". [12] Personal geodatabases store data in Microsoft Access files, using a BLOB field to store the geometry data. Microsoft Office Access, previously known as Microsoft Access, is a Relational database management system from Microsoft that combines the relational A binary large object, also known as a blob, is a collection of Binary data stored as a single entity in a Database management system. Geometry ( Greek γεωμετρία; geo = earth metria = measure is a part of Mathematics concerned with questions of size shape and relative position The OGR library is able to handle this file type, to convert it to other file formats. GDAL (Geospatial Data Abstraction Library is a library for reading and writing raster geospatial data formats, and is released under an X/MIT [13] Database administration tasks for personal geodatabases, such as managing users and creating backups, can be done through ArcCatalog. A database administrator ( DBA) is a person who is responsible for the environmental aspects of a Database. Personal geodatabases, which are based on Microsoft Access, run only on Microsoft Windows and have a 2 gigabyte size limit. Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. A gigabyte (derived from the SI prefix Giga-) is a unit of Information or Computer [14] Enterprise (multi-user) level geodatabases are handled using ArcSDE, which interfaces with high-end DBMS such as Oracle, SQL Server, DB2 and Informix to handle database management aspects, while ArcGIS deals with spatial data management. Oracle Database (commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply Oracle) is a Relational database management system (RDBMS produced and marketed by Informix is a family of Relational database management system (RDBMS products by IBM. [15] Enterprise level geodatabases support database replication, versioning and transaction management, and is cross-platform compatible, able to run on Linux, Windows, and Solaris. Replication is the process of sharing information so as to ensure consistency between redundant resources such as Software or Hardware components to improve reliability Software versioning is the process of assigning either unique version names or unique version numbers to unique states of Computer software. In computing cross-platform (also known as multi-platform) is a term used to refer to Computer software or computing methods and concepts that are implemented Linux (commonly pronounced ˈlɪnəks Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Solaris is a Unix -based Operating system introduced by Sun Microsystems in 1992 as the successor to SunOS. [14]

Components and product levels

ArcGIS consists of Desktop GIS products, as well as GIS products that run on a server, or on a mobile device.

ArcGIS Desktop

Product levels

ArcGIS Desktop is available at different product levels, with increasing functionality.

Other desktop GIS software include ArcGIS Explorer and ArcGIS Engine. ArcGIS Explorer is a free 3D GIS viewer produced by ESRI Inc It is a part of ArcGIS software suite ArcGIS Explorer is a GIS viewer which can work as a client for ArcGIS Server, ArcIMS, ArcWeb Services and Web Map Service (WMS). ArcGIS Server is a Geographic Information System (GIS software package made by ESRI to provide Web-oriented spatial data services ArcIMS (standing for Arc Internet Map Server) is a Web Map Server produced by ESRI. ArcWeb Services is a GIS product offered by ESRI to provide Web-oriented spatial data services An Open Geospatial Consortium Web Map Service ( WMS) produces maps of spatially referenced data dynamically from geographic information

Components

ArcGIS Desktop consists of several integrated applications, including ArcMap, ArcCatalog, ArcToolbox, and ArcGlobe. ArcMap is a component of ESRI's ArcGIS Geographical Information System (GIS. ArcCatalog is the data management application, used to browse datasets and files on one's computer, database, or other sources. In addition to showing what data is available, ArcCatalog also allows users to preview the data on a map. ArcCatalog also provides the ability to view and manage metadata for spatial datasets. Metadata ( meta data, or sometimes metainformation) is "data about data" of any sort in any media [19] ArcMap is the application used to view, edit and query geospatial data, and create maps. A map is a visual representation of an area—a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects, Regions, and Themes The ArcMap inferface has two main sections, including a table of contents on the left and the data frame(s) which display the map. A table of contents usually headed simply "Contents" is a list of the parts of a book or Document (including Acts of Parliaments) organized in the order Items in the table of contents correspond with layers on the map. [20] ArcToolbox contains geoprocessing, data conversion, and analysis tools, along with much of the functionality in ArcInfo. It is also possible to use batch processing with ArcToolbox, for frequently repeated tasks. Batch processing is execution of a series of programs (" jobs quot on a Computer without human interaction [21]

Extensions

There are a number of software extensions for ArcGIS Desktop to provided added functionality, including 3D Analyst, Spatial Analyst, Network Analyst, Survey Analyst, and Geostatistical Analyst. [22] Advanced map labeling is available with the Maplex extension, as an add-on to ArcView and ArcEditor and is bundled with ArcInfo. [17] Numerous extensions have also been developed by third-parties, such as XTools and MAP2PDF for creating georeferenced pdfs. To georeference something means to define its existence in physical space. [23]

Other products

ArcGIS Mobile and ArcPad are products designed for mobile devices. ArcGIS Mobile is a software development kit for developers to use to create applications for mobile devices, such as smartphones or tablet PCs. A software development kit ( SDK or " devkit " is typically a set of development tools that allows a Software engineer to create applications A smartphone is a Mobile phone offering advanced capabilities beyond a typical mobile phone often with PC -like functionality A Tablet PC is a Notebook or slate-shaped Mobile computer, equipped with a Touchscreen or Graphics tablet/screen hybrid technology which allows If connected to the Internet, mobile applications can connect to ArcGIS Server to access or update data. [24]

Server GIS products include ArcIMS (web mapping server), ArcGIS Server and ArcGIS Image Server. ArcIMS (standing for Arc Internet Map Server) is a Web Map Server produced by ESRI. Web mapping is the process of designing implementing generating and delivering maps on the World Wide Web. ArcGIS Server is a Geographic Information System (GIS software package made by ESRI to provide Web-oriented spatial data services As with ArcGIS Desktop, ArcGIS Server is available at different product levels, including Basic, Standard, and Advanced Editions. ArcGIS Server comes with SQL Server Express DBMS embedded, and can work with enterprise DBMS such as SQL Server Enterprise and Oracle. Microsoft SQL Server Express is the freely-downloadable and distributable version of Microsoft 's SQL Server Relational database management system. Microsoft SQL Server is a Relational database management system (RDBMS produced by Microsoft. Oracle Database (commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply Oracle) is a Relational database management system (RDBMS produced and marketed by [25] The ESRI Developer Network (EDN) includes ArcObjects and other tools for building custom software applications, and ArcGIS Engine provides a programming interface for developers. [26]

Sales

ArcGIS Desktop products and ArcPad are available with a single-use license. Most products are also available with concurrent-use license, while development server licenses and other types of software licenses are available for other products. A software license (or software licence in commonwealth usage is a Legal instrument governing the usage or redistribution of copyright protected software [27] Single-use products can be purchased online from the ESRI Store, while all ArcGIS products are available through a sales representative or reseller. Annual software maintenance and support is also available for ArcGIS. [28] While there are alternative products available from other traditional vendors such as MapInfo and Intergraph, ESRI has a dominant share of the GIS software market with its software used by 78% of GIS professionals. MapInfo is also the common name of the company's main product Intergraph Corporation is a software company with 3879 employees worldwide (2008 Market share, in Strategic management and Marketing, is the percentage or proportion of the total available Market or Market segment that is [29]

Criticisms

ESRI's change to the ArcGIS platform has rendered an extensive range of user-developed and third-party add-on software and scripts that worked with the older ESRI software architectures incompatible with ArcGIS. Because of the changes in scripting capability, functionality, operating system choices (the ArcGIS Desktop software is developed exclusively for the Microsoft Windows operating system), and the significantly larger system resources required by the ArcGIS system, a substantial user base resists migrating to ArcGIS. "Scripting" redirects here For other uses see Script. [30][31] ESRI has continued support for these users. ArcView 3. ArcView is the entry level licensing level of ArcGIS Desktop, a Geographic information system software product produced by ESRI. x is still available for purchase, and ArcInfo Workstation is still included in a full ArcGIS ArcInfo license to provide some editing and file conversion functionality that has not been included to date in ArcGIS. ArcInfo (formerly called ARC/INFO) is a full-featured Geographic information system produced by ESRI, and is the highest level of licensing (and therefore

ArcMap and other ArcGIS applications have a tendency to crash from time to time. [32] ArcGIS Desktop 9. 1 also had bugs when one tried exporting maps as PDF files. [33] With ArcGIS 9. 2 (SP4) on Microsoft Windows Vista, there are a number of additional bugs. Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer Windows Vista (ˈvɪstə is a line of Operating systems developed by Microsoft for use on Personal computers including home and business desktops [34] ESRI has issued a number of service packs for ArcGIS Desktop and other products, which include numerous bug fixes, along with feature enhancements. A service pack (in short SP) is a collection of updates fixes and/or enhancements to a software program delivered in the form of a single installable package [35] Other issues with ArcGIS include high prices for the products, proprietary formats, and difficulties of porting data between ESRI and other GIS software. The word proprietary indicates that a party or proprietor exercises private Ownership, control or use over an item of Property. [36][37][38]

See also

References

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  18. ^ ESRI - Product Page
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External links

Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
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