Numerals sans-serif

The Arabic numerals are the ten numerals (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9), which—along with the system by which a sequence (e. History Ancient usages Sans-serif letter forms can be found in Latin Etruscan, and Greek inscriptions for as early as 5th century BC A numeral system (or system of numeration) is a Mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set by symbols in a consistent manner The Hindu-Arabic numeral system is a Positional Decimal Numeral system first documented in the ninth century The Eastern Arabic numerals (also called Arabic-Indic numerals and Arabic Eastern Numerals) are the symbols used to represent the Hindu-Arabic numeral system Khmer numerals are the numerals used in the Khmer language of Cambodia. Most of the positional Base 10 Numeral systems in the world have originated from India, which first developed the concept of positional numerology The Brahmi numerals are an indigenous Indian numeral system attested from the 3rd century BCE (somewhat later in the case of most of the tens Thai numerals (เลขไทย are a set of numerals traditionally used in Thailand, although the Arabic numerals are more common Chinese numerals are characters for writing Numbers in Chinese. The Suzhou numerals or huama is a Numeral system used in China before the introduction of Arabic numerals. Counting rods ( Japanese: 算木 sangi are small bars typically 3-14 cm long used by mathematicians for calculation in China, Japan The Korean language has two regularly used sets of numerals a Sino-Korean system and a native Korean system The Abjad numerals are a decimal Numeral system in which the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet are assigned numerical values The system of Armenian numerals is a historic Numeral system created using the Majuscules (uppercase letters of the Armenian alphabet. Cyrillic numerals was a numbering system derived from the Cyrillic alphabet, used by South and East Slavic peoples. Ge'ez (gez ግዕዝ) also called Ethiopic, is an Abugida script that was originally developed to write Ge'ez, a Semitic language The system of Hebrew numerals is a quasi-decimal alphabetic Numeral system using the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. ʹ the numeral sign redirects here For the accent ´ see Acute accent. The Āryabhaṭa numeration is a system of numerals based on Sanskrit phonemes. Attic numerals were used by the ancient Greeks, possibly from the 7th century BC Babylonian numerals were written in cuneiform, using a wedge-tipped reed Stylus to make a mark on a soft Clay tablet which would be exposed The system of Ancient Egyptian numerals was a Numeral system used in ancient Egypt aka Kemet The Etruscan numerals were used by the ancient Etruscans The system was adapted from the Greek Attic numerals and formed the inspiration for the later Roman The Pre-Columbian Maya civilization used a Vigesimal ( base - twenty) Numeral system. Roman numerals are a Numeral system originating in ancient Rome, adapted from Etruscan numerals. Discovery In 1946 a deposit with more than 250 sickles corresponding to the period 1500-1250 BC was discovered in Frankleben (in the region of Merseburg - Querfurt This is a list of Numeral system topics (and "numeric representations" by Wikipedia page A positional notation or place-value notation system is a Numeral system in which each position is related to the next by a Constant multiplier a In mathematical numeral systems, the base or radix is usually the number of unique digits, including zero that a positional Numeral The decimal ( base ten or occasionally denary) Numeral system has ten as its base. The binary numeral system, or base-2 number system, is a Numeral system that represents numeric values using two symbols usually 0 and 1. Quaternary is the base - Numeral system. It uses the digits 0 1 2 and 3 to represent any Real number. The octal Numeral system, or oct for short is the base -8 number system and uses the digits 0 to 7 In Mathematics and Computer science, hexadecimal (also base -, hexa, or hex) is a Numeral system with a Base 32 or duotrigesimal is a Numeral system with 32 as its base The base - system is a Numeral system with 64 as its base It is the largest power-of-two base that can be represented using single printable ASCII The unary numeral system is the bijective base - 1 Numeral system. Ternary or trinary is the base - Numeral system. Analogous to a " Bit " a ternary digit is known as a trit ( Nonary is a base - Numeral system, typically using the digits 0-8 but not the digit 9 The duodecimal system (also known as base -12 or dozenal) is a Numeral system using twelve as its base. The vigesimal or base - numeral system is based on twenty (in the same way in which the ordinary decimal numeral system is based on ten The base - system is a Numeral system with 24 as its base There are 24 hours in a day so our time keeping system includes a base-24 component Base 30 or trigesimal is a positional numeral system using 30 as the Radix. Base 36 is a positional numeral system using 36 as the Radix. Sexagesimal ( base-sixty) is a Numeral system with sixty as the base. g. "406") was read as a number—were used by North African Arabs and transmitted to Europe in the Middle Ages, from whence they spread with the European conquest. A number is an Abstract object, tokens of which are Symbols used in Counting and measuring. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism Today they are the most common symbolic representation of number in the world.

The term Arabic numerals may also refer to the closely related Eastern Arabic numerals (٠. The Eastern Arabic numerals (also called Arabic-Indic numerals and Arabic Eastern Numerals) are the symbols used to represent the Hindu-Arabic numeral system ١. ٢. ٣. ٤. ٥. ٦. ٧. ٨. ٩) which are today more closely associated with Arabic speakers than the Western Arabic numerals.

Finally, Arabic numerals is the conventional name for the family of numerals, invented by Indian mathematicians in around AD 500, which are related to or ancestral to the Western numerals. Indian mathematics &mdashwhich here is the mathematics that emerged in South Asia zero, Negative numbers, Arithmetic, and Algebra. ^[1][2] This invention, which involved zero and a decimal positional notation, is considered an important milestone in the development of mathematics. The decimal ( base ten or occasionally denary) Numeral system has ten as its base. A positional notation or place-value notation system is a Numeral system in which each position is related to the next by a Constant multiplier a Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and

One may distinguish between the positional decimal system involved in interpreting the numerals, known as the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, which is identical throughout the family, and the precise characters used to write these numerals, which vary regionally. The Hindu-Arabic numeral system is a Positional Decimal Numeral system first documented in the ninth century The characters most commonly used in conjunction with the Latin alphabet since Early Modern times are 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. The early modern period is a term used by historians to refer to the period in Western '''Europe''' and its first colonies which spans the three centuries between Mathematics For any number x: x ·1 = 1· x = x (1 is the multiplicative identity In mathematics Two has many properties in Mathematics. An Integer is called Even if it is divisible by 2 ---- In mathematics Three is the first odd Prime number, and the second smallest prime In mathematics Four is the smallest Composite number, its proper Divisors being and. This article discusses the number five. For the year 5 AD see 5. In mathematics Six is the second smallest Composite number, its proper Divisors being 1, 2 and 3. In mathematics Seven is the fourth Prime number. It is not only a Mersenne prime (since 23 &minus 1 = 7 but also a In mathematics 8 is a Composite number, its Proper divisors being 1, 2, and 4. In mathematics Nine is a Composite number, its proper Divisors being 1 and 3.

The reason that (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) are known as Arabic numerals despite their Indian heritage is that it was the Arabs who adopted the system from India in the ninth century and introduced it to Europe in the tenth. Europeans therefore attributed the numerals to the Arabs, even though the Arabs themselves called them "Hindu numerals". ^[1]

History

Origins

Main article: History of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system

The symbols for 1 to 9 in the Hindu-Arabic numeral system evolved from the Brahmi numerals. The Hindu-Arabic numeral system is a Place-value numeral system the value of a digit depends on the place where it appears the '2' in 205 is ten times greater than The Hindu-Arabic numeral system is a Positional Decimal Numeral system first documented in the ninth century The Brahmi numerals are an indigenous Indian numeral system attested from the 3rd century BCE (somewhat later in the case of most of the tens Buddhist inscriptions from around 300 BC use the symbols which became 1, 4 and 6. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices One century later, their use of the symbols which became 2, 7 and 9 was recorded.

The first universally accepted inscription containing the use of the 0 glyph is first recorded in the 9th century, in an inscription at Gwalior dated to 870. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Gwalior ( Hindi: ग्वालियर) is a city in Madhya Pradesh in India However, by this time, the use of the glyph had already reached Persia, and is mentioned in Al-Khwarizmi's descriptions of Indian numerals. Indian documents on copper plates, with the same symbol for zero in them, dated back as far as the 6th century AD, abound. Indian copper plate inscriptions play an important role in the reconstruction of the history of India. ^[3]

Brahmi numerals in India in the 1st century AD

Modern-day Arab telephone keypad with two forms of Hindu-Arabic numerals, Arabic and European

The numeral system came to be known to both the Persian mathematician Al-Khwarizmi, whose book On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals written about 825, and the Arab mathematician Al-Kindi, who wrote four volumes, "On the Use of the Indian Numerals" (Ketab fi Isti'mal al-'Adad al-Hindi) about 830, are principally responsible for the diffusion of the Indian system of numeration in the Middle East and the West. The Brahmi numerals are an indigenous Indian numeral system attested from the 3rd century BCE (somewhat later in the case of most of the tens India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A numeral system (or system of numeration) is a Mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set by symbols in a consistent manner layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding ( أبو يوسف يعقوب إبن إسحاق الكندي) (c The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. [1] In the 10th century, Middle-Eastern mathematicians extended the decimal numeral system to include fractions, as recorded in a treatise by Syrian mathematician Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi in 952–53. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Abu'l Hasan Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Al-Uqlidisi was an Arab Mathematician, possibly from Damascus.

In the Arab world—until modern times—the Arabic numeral system was used only by mathematicians. Muslim scientists used the Babylonian numeral system, and merchants used the Abjad numerals. Babylonian numerals were written in cuneiform, using a wedge-tipped reed Stylus to make a mark on a soft Clay tablet which would be exposed The Abjad numerals are a decimal Numeral system in which the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet are assigned numerical values It was not until Fibonacci that the Arabic numeral system was used by a large population. Leonardo of Pisa (c 1170 – c 1250 also known as Leonardo Pisano, Leonardo Bonacci, Leonardo Fibonacci, or most commonly simply Fibonacci

A distinctive West Arabic variant of the symbols begins to emerge around the 10th century in the Maghreb and Al-Andalus, called ghubar ("sand-table" or "dust-table") numerals. The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or

The first mentions of the numerals in the West are found in the Codex Vigilanus of 976 [2]. The Codex Vigilanus (Albeldensis or Códice Albeldense (Vigilano, full name Codex Conciliorum Albeldensis seu Vigilanus, is an illuminated From the 980s, Gerbert of Aurillac (later, Pope Silvester II) began to spread knowledge of the numerals in Europe. Pope Sylvester II, or Silvester II (c 946&ndash May 12, 1003) born Gerbert d'Aurillac, was a prolific scholar teacher and Pope Pope Sylvester II, or Silvester II (c 946&ndash May 12, 1003) born Gerbert d'Aurillac, was a prolific scholar teacher and Pope Gerbert studied in Barcelona in his youth, and he is known to have requested mathematical treatises concerning the astrolabe from Lupitus of Barcelona after he had returned to France. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia The astrolabe is a historical Astronomical instrument used by classical astronomers, Navigators Lupitus of Barcelona, identified with a Christian Archdeacon called Sunifred, was an Astronomer in late 10th century Barcelona, then

Adoption in Europe

A German manuscript page teaching use of Arabic numerals (Talhoffer Thott, 1459). Hans Talhoffer (also spelled Talhofer) was a fencing-master in southern Germany in the 15th century. At this time, knowledge of the numerals was still widely seen as esoteric, and Talhoffer teaches them together with the Hebrew alphabet and astrology. The Hebrew alphabet (אָלֶף-בֵּית עִבְרִי alephbet ’ivri) consists of 22 letters used for writing the Hebrew language. Astrology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" and grc -λογία -logia) is a group of Systems

Woodcut showing the 16th century astronomical clock of Uppsala cathedral, with two clockfaces, one with Arabic and one with Roman numerals. An astronomical clock is a Clock with special Mechanisms and Dials to display Astronomical information such as the relative positions of Uppsala ˈɵpˌsɑːla (older spelling Upsala) is the capital of Uppsala County ( Uppsala län) and the fourth largest city of

Late 18th century French revolutionary "decimal" clockface.

In 825 Al-Khwārizmī, the Persian scientist, wrote a treatise, On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals, which was translated into Latin in the 12th century as Algoritmi de numero Indorum, where Algoritmi, the translator's rendition of the author's name, gave rise to the word algorithm (Latin algorithmus, "calculation method"). layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox In Mathematics, Computing, Linguistics and related subjects an algorithm is a sequence of finite instructions often used for Calculation

Fibonacci, an Italian mathematician who had studied in Bejaia (Bougie), Algeria, promoted the Arabic numeral system in Europe with his book Liber Abaci, which was written in 1202, still describing the numerals as Indian rather than Arabic. Leonardo of Pisa (c 1170 – c 1250 also known as Leonardo Pisano, Leonardo Bonacci, Leonardo Fibonacci, or most commonly simply Fibonacci Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Béjaïa or Bougie ( Kabyle Bgayet or Tifinagh:, pronounced /β'gajəθ in Algerian Arabic) is a Mediterranean port Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Liber Abaci (1202 also spelled as Liber Abbaci) is an historic book on Arithmetic by Leonardo of Pisa known later by his nickname Fibonacci

"When my father, who had been appointed by his country as public notary in the customs at Bugia acting for the Pisan merchants going there, was in charge, he summoned me to him while I was still a child, and having an eye to usefulness and future convenience, desired me to stay there and receive instruction in the school of accounting. Pisa is a city in Tuscany, central Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the Arno River on the Ligurian Sea. There, when I had been introduced to the art of the Indians' nine symbols through remarkable teaching, knowledge of the art very soon pleased me above all else and I came to understand it. . "

The numerals are arranged with their lowest value digit to the right, with higher value positions added to the left. This arrangement was adopted identically into the numerals as used in Europe. The Latin alphabet is running from left to right, unlike the Arabic alphabet. Hence, numerals in western texts have an inverse arrangement of their glyphs relative to the direction of writing.

The European acceptance of the numerals was accelerated by the invention of the printing press, and they became commonly known during the 15th century. A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image Early uses in England include a 1445 inscription on the tower of Heathfield Church, Sussex, a 1448 inscription on a wooden lych-gate of Bray Church, Berkshire, and a 1487 inscription on the belfry door at Piddletrenthide church, Dorset and in Scotland a 1470 inscription on the tomb of the first Earl of Huntly in Elgin, (Elgin, Moray) Cathedral. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Sussex is a historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. Berkshire (ˈbɑːkʃə or /ˈbɑːkʃɪə/ say Baak-shuh/-sheer sometimes abbreviated to Berks) is a Home County in the South Piddletrenthide is a village in west Dorset, England, situated in the Piddle valley on the dip slope of the Dorset Downs, eight Miles Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Elgin (Eilginn is a former Cathedral city and a former Royal Burgh in Moray, Scotland and is the administrative and commercial centre for Moray (See G. F. Hill, The Development of Arabic Numerals in Europe for more examples. ) By the mid-16th century, they were in common use in most of Europe. [3] Roman numerals remained in use mostly for the notation of Anno Domini years, and for numbers on clockfaces. Sometimes, Roman numerals are still used for enumeration of lists (as an alternative to alphabetical enumeration), and numbering pages in prefatory material in books.

Evolution of symbols

Main articles: Algorism and glyphs used with the Hindu-Arabic numeral system

The numeral system employed, known as algorism, is positional decimal notation. Algorism is the technique of performing basic Arithmetic by writing numbers in Place value form and applying a set of memorized rules and facts to the digits The Hindu-Arabic numeral system is a Positional Decimal Numeral system first documented in the ninth century Algorism is the technique of performing basic Arithmetic by writing numbers in Place value form and applying a set of memorized rules and facts to the digits A positional notation or place-value notation system is a Numeral system in which each position is related to the next by a Constant multiplier a The decimal ( base ten or occasionally denary) Numeral system has ten as its base. Various symbol sets are used to represent numbers in the Arabic numeral system, all of which evolved from the Brahmi numerals. The Brahmi numerals are an indigenous Indian numeral system attested from the 3rd century BCE (somewhat later in the case of most of the tens The symbols used to represent the system have split into various typographical variants since the Middle Ages:

• The widespread Western Arabic numerals used with the Latin alphabet, in the table below labelled European, descended from the West Arabic numerals developed in al-Andalus and the Maghreb. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset (There are two typographic styles for rendering European numerals, known as lining figures and text figures). Typography is the art and techniques of arranging type, Type design, and modifying type Glyphs Type glyphs are created and modified using a variety Text figures (also known as non-lining, lowercase, old-style, ranging or hanging figures or numerals are numerals
• The Arabic-Indic or Eastern Arabic numerals used with the Arabic alphabet developed primarily in what is now Iraq. The Eastern Arabic numerals (also called Arabic-Indic numerals and Arabic Eastern Numerals) are the symbols used to represent the Hindu-Arabic numeral system The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. A variant of the Eastern Arabic numerals used in the Persian and Urdu languages is shown as East Arabic-Indic.
• The Devanagari numerals used with Devanagari and related variants are grouped as Indian numerals. Most of the positional Base 10 Numeral systems in the world have originated from India, which first developed the concept of positional numerology

The evolution of the numerals in early Europe is shown on a table created by the French scholar J. E. Montucla in his Histoire de la Mathematique, which was published in 1757:

The Arabic numerals are encoded in ASCII (and Unicode) at positions 48 to 57:

See also

• Hindu-Arabic numeral system
• Numeral system
• Counting rods - decimal positional numeral system with zero
• Chinese numerals
• Japanese numerals
• Roman numerals

Notes

References

• Burnett, Charles (2006), “The Semantics of Indian Numerals in Arabic, Greek and Latin”, Journal of Indian Philosophy, (Springer-Netherlands) 34 (1-2): 15-30, DOI 10. 1007/s10781-005-8153-z .
• Encyclopaedia Britannica (Kim Plofker) (2007), “mathematics, South Asian”, Encyclopædia Britannica Online: 1-12, <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9389286>. Retrieved on May 18, 2007 . Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
• Hayashi, Takao (1995), The Bakhshali Manuscript, An ancient Indian mathematical treatise, Groningen: Egbert Forsten, ISBN 906980087X .
• Ifrah, Georges (2000), A Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to Computers, New York: Wiley, ISBN 0471393401, <http://www.amazon.com/Universal-History-Numbers-Prehistory-Invention/dp/0471393401/> . Georges Ifrah ( 1947 - was a professor of Mathematics, and a Historian of mathematics especially Numerals.
• Katz, Victor J. (ed. ) (July 20, 2007), The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,, ISBN 0691114854 . Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

External links

• History of Counting Systems and Numerals. Retrieved 11 December 2005. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• The Evolution of Numbers. 16 April 2005. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• O'Connor, J. J. and Robertson, E. F. Indian numerals. November 2000.
• History of the Numerals
  • Arabic numerals:
  • Hindu-Arabic numerals:
  • Numeral & Numbers' history and curiosities:
  • Gerbert d'Aurillac's early use of Hindu-Arabic numerals at Convergence