Arabic music (Arabic: موسيقى عربية; Mūsīqā Arabīyya) includes several genres and styles of music ranging from Arabic classical to Arabic pop music and from secular to sacred music to Arabic rock Arabic Hip. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Arabic pop music or Arab pop is a Subgenre of Pop music and Arabic music. Secular music is non- Sacred music that developed in the Middle Ages. Religious music (also sacred music) is Music performed or composed for religious use or through religious influence

Arabic music has a long history of interaction with many other regional musical styles and genres. It is an amalgam of the music of the Arabs in the Arabian Peninsula and the music of all the peoples that make the Arab world today. It also influenced and has been influenced by ancient Egyptian, ancient Greek, Persian, Kurdish, Assyrian, Turkish, Indian, North African music (i. Egyptian music has been an integral part of Egyptian culture since ancient times Much of what defines Western European culture in terms of Philosophy, Science, and the arts has origins in the culture of Ancient Persian traditional music (also known as Iranian traditional music, Musiqi-e Sonati-e Irani, also Persian classical music or Iranian classical music Kurdish Music ( Sorani Kurdish:گۆرانی کوردی Gorani Kurdi) ( Kurmanji Kurdish: Muzîk û strana kurdî) refers to music performed in Assyrian music is divided into three main sections or periods The music of Turkey includes diverse elements ranging from Central Asian folk music and music from Ottoman Empire dominions such as Persian music, Algeria See also Music of Algeria Out of all the North African countries Algerian popular music may be best-known abroad e. Berber), African music (i. The music of Africa is as vast and varied as the continent's many regions, nations and Ethnic groups Although there is no distinctly pan-African e. Swahili), and European music (i. e. Flamenco). Flamenco is a Spanish term that refers both to a musical genre known for its intricate rapid passages and a dance genre characterized by its audible footwork As was the case in other artistic and scientific fields, Arabs translated and developed Greek texts and works of music and mastered the musical theory of the Greeks (i. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Music theory is the field of study that deals with the Mechanics of music and how Music works e. Systema ametabolon, enharmonium, chromatikon, diatonon). ^[1] Such inter-influences can often be traced in language; for example, the word Shî'ir (poetry in Arabic) bears much similarity to its equivalents in other Semitic languages (such as Shûr in Aramaic and Shîr in Hebrew), and Shîro in Babylonian. The Semitic languages are a Language family whose living representatives are spoken by more than 467 million people across much of the Middle East, Aramaic is a Semitic language with ^[2] Afar music is similar to the music of Ethiopia with elements of Arab music. The music of Ethiopia is extremely diverse with each of Ethiopia 's ethnic groups being associated with unique sounds Arabic music or Arab music ( Arabic: موسيقى عربية;) includes several genres and styles of Music ranging from Arabic classical The Somali oral traditions include an array of poetry and proverbs, much of it devoted to the lives of Sufi saints. Afar oral literature is more musical, and comes in many varieties, including songs for weddings, war, praise and boasting.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-Islamic period 1.2 Al-Andalus 1.3 Sixteenth century 1.4 Female Harem 1.5 Male instrumentalists 2 Twentieth century 2.1 Early Secular Formation 2.2 Westernization 2.2.1 Arabic Pop 2.2.2 Franco-Arabic 2.2.3 Arabic R&B, Reggae, and Hip Hop 2.2.4 Arabic jazz 2.2.5 Arabic rock 2.3 Criticism of Arabic music 2.3.1 Haifa Wehbe 2.3.2 Amal Hijazi's Baya al Ward 3 Musical regions 4 Genres 4.1 Secular art music 4.2 Sacred music 5 Characteristics 5.1 Maqam system 5.1.1 Jins/Ajnas 5.2 More notes used than in Western scale 5.2.1 Regional scales 5.2.2 Practical treatment 5.3 Vocal traditions 5.4 Instruments and ensembles 6 External links 7 Sources 8 Further reading 9 References and notes

History

Pre-Islamic period

The development of Arabic music has deep roots in Arabic poetry dating back to the pre-Islamic period known as Jahiliyyah. Arabic poetry ( Arabic, الِشعر العربي ash-shi`ru 'l-`arabiy) is the earliest form of Arabic literature. The history of Pre- Islamic Arabia before the rise of Islam in the 630s is not known in great detail Jahiliyyah, al-Jahiliyah or jahalia ( Arabic: جاهلية) is an Islamic concept of "ignorance of divine guidance" or "the Though there is a lack of scientific study to definitively confirm the existence of Arabic music at those times, most historians agree that there existed distinct forms of music in the Arabian peninsula in the pre-Islamic period between the 5th and the 7th century AD. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) Arab poets of that time - called شعراء الجاهلية or "Jahili poets" which translates to "The poets of the period of ignorance" - used to recite poems with a high musical rhythm and tone. Arabic poetry ( Arabic, الِشعر العربي ash-shi`ru 'l-`arabiy) is the earliest form of Arabic literature. ^[3]

Music at that time played an important role in cultivating the mystique of exorcists and magicians. In some religions an exorcist (also called a witchman) is a person who is believed to be able to cast out the Devil or other Demon. A magician is a person skilled in the mysterious and hidden art of magic, the ability to attain objectives acquire knowledge or perform works of wonder using Supernatural It was believed that Jinns revealed poems to poets and music to musicians. GEnie (General Electric Network for Information Exchange was an online service ^[4] The Choir at the time served as a pedagologial tool where the educated poets would recite their poems. For the musical composition see Chorale. A choir, chorale, or chorus is a Musical ensemble of Singers Singing was not thought to be the work of these intellectuals and was instead entrusted to women with beautiful voices (i. e. Al-Khansa) who would learn how to play some instruments used at that time (i. Tumadir bint Amru al-Harith bint al-Sharid, usually simply referred to as Al-Khansa ( Arabic translated as either " Gazelle " or "short-nosed" e. lute, drum, Oud, rebab, etc. Lute can refer generally to any plucked string instrument with a neck (either Fretted or unfretted and a deep round back or more specifically to an instrument from The drum is a member of the percussion group technically classified as a Membranophone. The oud ( عود ʿūd, plural أعواد, a‘wād; kaban; Persian: بربط barbat; ud The rebab ( Arabic الرباب or رباب; also rebap, rabab, rebeb, . . ) and then perform the songs while respecting the poetic metre. In Poetry, the meter or metre is the basic rhythmic structure of a verse. ^[5] It should be noted that the compositions were simple and every singer would sing in a single maqam. Maqam is a modal structure that characterizes the art of music of countries in North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia. Among the notable songs of the period were the "huda" from which the ghina' derived, the nasb, sanad, and rukbani.

Al-Andalus

Main article: Andalusian classical music

By the 11th century, Moorish Spain had become a center for the manufacture of instruments. Hadith Bayāḍ wa Riyāḍ ( Arabic, حديث بياض ورياض Translated The Story of Bayad and Riyad) or Qissat Bayad wa Riyad is a Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Andalusian classical music (or Arabo-Andalusian music, moussiqua al-âla) is a style of Arabic music found across North Africa, though it evolved Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or These goods spread gradually throughout France, influencing French troubadours, and eventually reaching the rest of Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A troubadour ( IPA:, originally) was a composer and performer of Occitan Lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100&ndash1350 The English words lute, rebec, guitar, organ and naker are derived from Arabic oud, rabab, qitara, urghun and nagqara'. Lute can refer generally to any plucked string instrument with a neck (either Fretted or unfretted and a deep round back or more specifically to an instrument from The rebec (sometimes rebeck, and originally various other spellings is a bowed string Musical instrument. The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles The organ (from Greek όργανον – organon "organ instrument tool" is a Keyboard instrument of one or more divisions each A naker or nakir is a small Drum, of Arabic origin and the forebear of the European Timpani (kettledrum The oud ( عود ʿūd, plural أعواد, a‘wād; kaban; Persian: بربط barbat; ud The rebab ( Arabic الرباب or رباب; also rebap, rabab, rebeb, The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles

The Arabs invented the Ghazal (love song), often used since in Arabic music. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding In Poetry, the ghazal ( Arabic / Persian / Urdu: غزل; Hindi: ग़ज़ल Turkish gazel) is a Al-Ghazali (1059 - 1111) wrote a treatise on music in Persia which declared, "Ecstasy means the state that comes from listening to music". Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (1058-1111 ( ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالی or امام محمد غزالی was born and died The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The oud was popular between the tenth and sixteenth centuries then fell into disuse, enjoying renewed popularity in the nineteenth century.

Sixteenth century

Bartol Gyurgieuvits (1506 - 1566) spent 13 years as a slave in the Ottoman empire. Bartol Gyurgieuvits (also Bartol Jurjevic or Gjurgjevic) (1506-1566 was a Croatian Musicologist and Lexicographer born in Turopolje The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish After escaping, he published De Turvarum ritu et caermoniis in Amsterdam in 1544. It is one of the first European books to describe music in Islamic society. In India, the Islamic Mughal emperors ruled both Muslims and Hindus. The greatest of these, Akbar (1542 - 1605) had a team of at least fifty musicians, thirty-six of whom are known to us by name. Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar The origins of the "belly dance" are very obscure, as depictions and descriptions are rare. Belly dance is a Western term for a traditional Middle Eastern Dance form It may have originated in Persia or Turkey, possibly developing within the harems. HAREM is the first evaluation contest of Named entity recognition (NER for Portuguese and its call for participation was announced in September 2004 Essential elements of belly dancing are the zills (finger cymbals). Zills, also zils or finger cymbals, (from Turkish zil, "cymbals") are tiny metallic Cymbals used in belly dancing Zills, also zils or finger cymbals, (from Turkish zil, "cymbals") are tiny metallic Cymbals used in belly dancing Examples have been found from 200 BC, suggesting a possible pre-Islamic origin.

Female Harem

Slavery was widespread around the world. Just as in the Roman empire, slaves were often brought into the Arab world from Africa. Black slaves from Zanzibar were noted in the eleventh century for the quality of their song and dance. Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the The "Epistle on Singing Girls", written in Baghdad in 9 CE satirizes the excessive money that could be made by singers. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous The author mentioned an Abyssinian girl who fetched 120,000 dinars at an auction - far more than an ordinary slave. A festival in 8 CE is mentioned as having fifty singing slave-girls with lutes who acted as back-up musicians for a singer called Jamilia. Lute can refer generally to any plucked string instrument with a neck (either Fretted or unfretted and a deep round back or more specifically to an instrument from In 1893, "Little Egypt", a belly-dancer from Syria, appeared at the Chicago world's fair and caused a sensation. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Expo (short for "exposition" and also known as World Fair and World's Fair) is the name given to various large public exhibitions held since the

Male instrumentalists

Male instrumentalists were condemned in a treatise in 9 CE. They were associated with vices such as chess, love poetry, wine drinking and homosexuality. Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players. Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. Many Persian treatises on music were burned by zealots. Following the invasion of Egypt, Napoleon commissioned reports on the state of Ottoman culture. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Villoteau's account reveals that there were guilds of male instrumentalists, who played to male audiences, and "learned females," who sang and played for women. The instruments included the oud, the kanun (zither) and the ney (flute). The oud ( عود ʿūd, plural أعواد, a‘wād; kaban; Persian: بربط barbat; ud The zither is a musical String instrument, most commonly found in Slovenia, Austria, Hungary, the southern regions of Germany, alpine The ney ( Persian: نی; Arabic: ناي; also nai, nye, nay, By 1800, several instruments that were first encountered in Turkish military bands had been adopted into European classical orchestras: the piccolo, the cymbal and the kettle drum. The piccolo is a small Flute. Like the flute the piccolo is normally pitched in the key of C one octave above the concert flute (making it effectively a sopranino Cymbals are a modern percussion instrument Cymbals consist of thin normally round plates of various Cymbal alloys; see Cymbal making for a discussion of their Timpani (also known colloquially as kettledrums or kettle drums) are Musical instruments in the percussion family The santur or hammered dulcimer was cultivated within Persian classical schools of music that can be traced back to the middle of 19 CE. The Santoor is an Indian hammered dulcimer similar to the Persian santur. The hammered dulcimer is a stringed Musical instrument with the strings stretched over a Trapezoidal sounding board There was no written notation for the santur until the 1970s. Everything was learned face-to-face .

Twentieth century

Early Secular Formation

In the 20th century, Egypt was the first in a series of Arab countries to experience a sudden emergence of nationalism, as it became independent after 2000 years of foreign rule. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Turkish music, popular during the rule of the Ottoman Empire in the region, was replaced by national music. The music of Turkey includes diverse elements ranging from Central Asian folk music and music from Ottoman Empire dominions such as Persian music, The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Cairo became a center for musical innovation.

One of the first female musicians to take a secular approach was Umm Kulthum quickly followed by Fairuz. Umm Kulthum ( Arabic: أم كلثوم, born أم كلثوم إبراهيم البلتاجي; see Kunya; Egyptian Arabic: Om Kalsoum Fairuz ( فيروز, also spelled Fairouz or Fayrouz) (born November 21, 1935) is a distinguished Lebanese singer Both have been extremely popular through the decades that followed and both are considered "Arabic Music Legends".

Westernization

Arabic Pop

During the 1950s and the 1960s Arabic music began to take on a more Western tone with such artists as Dalida paving the way. Dalida ( January 17, 1933 &ndash May 3, 1987) was an Egyptian born singer of Italian origin who lived most of her By the 1970s several other singers had followed suit and a strand of Arabic pop was born. Arabic pop music or Arab pop is a Subgenre of Pop music and Arabic music. Arabic pop usually consists of Western styled songs with Arabic instruments and lyrics. Melodies are often a mix between Eastern and Western.

In the 1990s and the 00s several artists have taken up such a style including Sabah, Warda Al-Jazairia, Magida El Roumi, Nawal El Kuwaiti, Latifa, Samira Said, Angham, Asalah Nasri, Thekra, Kadhem Al Saher, Amr Diab, Najwa Karam, Nawal Al Zoghbi, Ehab Tawfik, Hisham Abbas, Wael Kfoury, Amal Hijazi, Elissa, Nancy Ajram, Haifa Wehbe, Maria Tekdep, and Natacha Atlas. Sabah ( Arabic: صباح) (bNovember 10 1927&ndash is a Lebanese singer and actress whose career has stretched from the year 1943 to the present Warda Al-Jazairia ( وردة الجزائرية; literally "Warda the Algerian" commonly referred to as just Warda ( وردة) ( July 1940 Majida El Roumi ( ماجدة الرومي, also transliterated as Majida Al Roumi) was born in Kfarshima, Lebanon on December 13 Nawal Thaher Al-Zaid (born 18 November 1966, Kuwait) is a successful Khaleeji female singer and music icon considered to be one of the Latifa Bint Alayah Al Arfaoui ( لطيفه بنت عليه العرفاوي) (born February 14, 1961 in Manouba, Tunisia) Samira Said (سميرة سعيد (native name Samira Bensaïd) (born January 10, 1957) is an Arabic singer Angham (born January 19, 1972) is an Egyptian Singer, Record producer and Actress. Asala Mostafa Nasri ( أصالة مصطفى نصرى) (also known as Asala, Assala and Assalah) (born on May 15 1965 Thekra Mohammed Abdullah Al Dali ( Arabic: ذكرى محمد عبدالله الدالي September 16, 1966 – November 28, 2003 Amr Abdel Basset Abdel Azeez Diab (عمرو دياب (born October 11, 1961) is an Egyptian singer and composer of Jeel music Najwa Karam (born February 26, 1966 in Zahle Lebanon) is a Lebanese singer Nawal Al Zoghbi ( Arabic نوال الزغبي full name Nawal George Al Zoghbi, is a successful Lebanese Arab singer Ehab Tawfik (إيهاب توفيق (born January 7, 1966) is a famous Egyptian singer Mohammad Hisham Mahmoud Mohammad Abbas ( Arabic:محمد هشام محمود محمد عباس was born on September 13, 1963 in Cairo, Amal Hijazi or Amal Higazi ( Arabic: أمل حجازى) (born on February 20, 1978) is a Lebanese singer model and Elissar Z Khoury (إليسار زكريا خوري known as Elissa (إليسا is an Arab Lebanese singer Nancy Nabil Ajram or Nancy Ajram ( نانسي نبيل عجرم) (born May 16, 1983 is a multi-award winning Lebanese Haifa Wehbe ( هيفاء وهبي born March 10 1976) is an Arab Lebanese Natacha Atlas (born March 20, 1964) is a Belgian Singer known for her fusion of Arabic and North African music with Western

Arabic Pop has been able to be extremely popular in the Arab world as well as parts of Europe especially places with huge expat communities such as France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

Franco-Arabic

Popular form of West meets East style of music similar in many respect to modern Arabic Pop, This blend of western and eastern music was popularised as Franco-Arabic music by artists such as Dalida and Aldo Franco Arabic singer from Australia. Dalida ( January 17, 1933 &ndash May 3, 1987) was an Egyptian born singer of Italian origin who lived most of her

Arabic R&B, Reggae, and Hip Hop

There has also been a rise of R&B, reggae and hip hop influence of Arabic music in the past 5 years. Reggae is a Music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s Hip hop is a cultural movement which developed in New York City in the 1970s primarily among African Americans and Latinos. This usually involves a rapper featured in a song (such as Ishtar in her song 'Habibi Sawah')

However certain artists have taken to usuing full R&B and reggae beats and styling such as Darine. Rapping (also known as emceeing, MCing, spitting, or just rhyming) is the Rhythmic spoken delivery of Rhymes wordplay and Ishtar (born Esther (Eti Zach on 10 November 1968) is an Israeli pop Singer who has performed in Arabic This has been met with mixed critical and commercial reaction. As of now it is not a widespread genre.

Arabic jazz

Another popular form of West meets East, Arabic Jazz is also popular, with many songs using jazz instruments in the background. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States

Arabic rock

Rock music is popular all around the world, and the Arab world is no exception. Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. There are many Arabic rock bands that fuse the sound of hard rock with traditional Arabic instruments. Rock music is most prominent in lebanon in which it produced such bands as meen and dabke.

Criticism of Arabic music

Haifa Wehbe

Some Arab expats have been known to shun the more traditional Arabic music. In the Arab world more criticism recently has been launched towards certain female Arabic pop artists for what is perceived as a 'lack of talent' or 'disgraceful'. Arabic pop music or Arab pop is a Subgenre of Pop music and Arabic music. Most Islamic countries criticise the overt sexuality and manner of dress has also been held against such artists as Haifa Wehbe. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Generally speaking human sexuality is how people experience and express themselves as sexual beings Haifa Wehbe ( هيفاء وهبي born March 10 1976) is an Arab Lebanese

Amal Hijazi's Baya al Ward

On the other hand, the rising star,Amal Hijazi had to face a lot of criticism by the release of song, Baya al Ward. Amal Hijazi or Amal Higazi ( Arabic: أمل حجازى) (born on February 20, 1978) is a Lebanese singer model and Baya' al Ward (Translation The Roses Seller) is a love-ballad written by Elias Naher for Amal Hijazi 's album of the same name It was a most unusual song, a half mixture of jazz and ballad. The controversies rose when the equally unusual music video of the song was released, directed by Yehya Saadeh, where Hijazi is seen cutting her hair, smoking as she bends down her car and finally going down a deep lake, presumably to commit suicide.

Despite of the controversial song, album Baya al Ward became a bestseller in many countries throughout the Middle East. Baya al Ward ( بياع الورد, The Florist) is the second studio album by the Lebanese singer Amal Hijazi released under the label Rotana

Musical regions

The world of modern Arabic music has long been dominated by musical trends that have emerged from Cairo, Egypt. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The city is generally considered a cultural center in the Arab world. Innovations in popular music via the influence of other regional styles have also abounded from Morocco to Saudi Arabia. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi In recent years, Beirut has become a major center, dictating trends in the development of Arabic pop music. Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 Arabic pop music or Arab pop is a Subgenre of Pop music and Arabic music. Other regional styles that have enjoyed popular music status throughout the Arab world include the Algerian raï, the Moroccan Gnawa, the Gulfian sawt and the Egyptian el gil. Popular music is Music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and are disseminated by one or more Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Raï (راي is a form of folk music, originated in Oran Algeria from Bedouin Shepherds mixed with Spanish, French, Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Gnawa music is a mixture of African Berber, and Arabic religious songs and rhythms The Arab states of the Persian Gulf are made of the kingdoms of Bahrain and Saudi Arabia, the Sultanate of Oman, the States Sawt ( literally "voice" also spelled sout or sowt) is a kind of Popular music found in the Arab states This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Egyptian music has been an integral part of Egyptian culture since ancient times

Genres

Secular art music

Secular genres include maqam al-iraqi, andalusi nubah, muwashshah, Fjiri songs, qasidah, layali, mawwal, taqsim, bashraf, sama'i, tahmilah, dulab, sawt, and liwa (Touma 1996, pp. Al-Maqam Al-Iraqi ( Arabic: الـمـقـام الـعـراقـي is a four hundred year old genre of Arab music found in Iraq and often considered Andalusi nubah ( أندلسي نوبة) is a genre found in the North African Maghrib states of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia Muwashshah or muwaššah ( Arabic: موشٌح, literally "girdled" plural muwāshshahāt موشـّحات Fidjeri ( Arabic: الفجيري; sometimes spelled fijri or fidjeri) is the specific repertoire of Vocal Qasida (also spelled qasidah) in Arabic: قصيدة, plural qasā'id, قــصــائـد; in Persian: قصیده Layālī ( ليالي) is a style of unmetered modal improvisation based on a maqam, performed by a singing voice in Arabic music. In Arabic music, the mawwāl ( موال; plural mawāwīl, مواويـل) is a traditional genre of vocal music that is Taqsīm ( تقسيم; Turkish: taksim) is the name of a melodic Improvisation style that could be metric or non-metric Peşrev /pɛʃˈɾɛv/ Pişrev /piʃˈɾɛv/ peshrev, or pishrev (called bashraf, بشرف, in Samā'ī ( Arabic: سماعي; from Turkish saz semai or saz semaisi) is a genre of instrumental Turkish classical A taḥmīlah ( Arabic: التحميلة) is a type of instrumental piece in Arabic music. A dūlāb ( Arabic: دولاب; literally "wheel" plural dawālīb, دواليب) is a short instrumental composition Sawt ( literally "voice" also spelled sout or sowt) is a kind of Popular music found in the Arab states Liwa ( is a type of music and dance performed in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, mainly in communities which contain descendants of East Africans from Tanzania 55-108).

Sacred music

Arabic religious music includes Jewish, Christian, and Islamic music. Islamic music is Muslim religious Music, as sung or played in public services or private devotions However, Islamic music, including the Tajwid or recitation of Qur'an readings, is structurally equivalent to Arabic secular music, while Christian Arab music has been influenced by Syriac Orthodox, Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Anglican, Coptic, and Maronite church music. Tajwīd ( تجويد) is an Arabic word meaning proper pronunciation during Recitation, as well as recitation at a moderate speed Qur'an reading is the reading ( Tarteel, Tajwid, or taghbir) aloud reciting, or Chanting of portions of the Syriac music is music in the Syriac language Historically it is best known from and important for its part in the development of Christian sacred music since Antiquity The Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία Hellēnorthódoxē Ekklēsía) is formed by several autocephalous churches Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs History of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Apostolic foundation Egypt is identified in the Bible as the place of refuge that the Maronites ( الموارنة,, Syriac: ܡܪܘܢܝܐ, Latin: Ecclesia Maronitarum) are members of one of the Syriac (ibid, p. 152)

Characteristics

Much Arabic music, is characterized by an emphasis on melody and rhythm, as opposed to harmony. In Music, a melody (from Greek μελῳδία - melōidía, "singing chanting" also tune, voice, or Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός - rhythmos, "any measured flow or movement symmetry" is the variation of the length and accentuation of In Western music, harmony is the use of different pitches simultaneously and chords actual or implied in Music. There are some genres of Arabic music that are polyphonic, but typically, Arabic music is homophonic^[6]. In Music, polyphony is a texture consisting of two or more independent Melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice ( Monophony In Music, homophony (hoʊˈmɒfəni from Greek "homófonos" where ομοιο = the same and φωνή = a sound tone is a texture in which two or more

Habib Hassan Touma (1996, p. Habib Hassan Touma حبيب حسن توما) ( December 12, 1934 - 1998 was a Palestinian Composer and Ethnomusicologist xix-xx) submits that there are "five components" that characterize Arabic music:

1. The Arab tone system; that is, a musical tuning system that relies on specific interval structures and was invented by al-Farabi in the 10th century (p. The modern Arab tone system, or system of Musical tuning, is based upon the theoretical division of the Octave into twenty-four equal divisions or 24-tone Equal In Music, there are two common meanings for tuning: Tuning practice, the act of tuning an instrument or voice TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi ( Nastaliq:) or Abū Nasr al-Fārābi 170)
2. Rhythmic-temporal structures that produce a rich variety of rhythmic patterns, known as awzan or "weight", that are used to accompany metered vocal and instrumental genres, to accent or give them form. Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός - rhythmos, "any measured flow or movement symmetry" is the variation of the length and accentuation of WAZN (1470 AM) is an Ethnic Radio station in the Boston Massachusetts market licensed to Watertown.
3. A number of Musical instruments that are found throughout the Arab world that represent a standardized tone system, are played with generally standardized performance techniques, and display similar details in construction and design. A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. In Music, there are two common meanings for tuning: Tuning practice, the act of tuning an instrument or voice
4. Specific social contexts that produce sub-categories of Arabic music, or musical genres that can be broadly classified as urban (music of the city inhabitants), rural (music of the country inhabitants), or Bedouin (music of the desert inhabitants). The Bedouin, (from the Arabic (ar بدوي pl badū) are a desert-dwelling Arab Nomadic pastoralist, or previously . . "
5. An Arab musical mentality, "responsible for the aesthetic homogeneity of the tonal-spatial and rhythmic-temporal structures throughout the Arab world whether composed or improvised, instrumental or vocal, secular or sacred. Musical composition is an original piece of Music the structure of a musical piece the process of creating a new Improvisation (also called extemporization) is the practice of acting singing talking and reacting of making and creating in the moment and in response to the stimulus of An instrumental is a Musical composition or recording without Lyrics or any other sort of Vocal music; all of the Music is produced by Secularity ( adjective form secular) is the state of being separate from Religion. SACRED was a Cubesat built by the Student Satellite Program of the University of Arizona. "

Touma describes this musical mentality as being composed of:

1. 1. The phenomenon of the maqām
   2. The predominance of vocal music
   3. The tendency toward small instrumental ensembles
   4. The arrangement in different combinatory sequences of the small and smallest melodic elements - the maqams and ajnas - "and their repetition, combination, and permutation within the framework of the tonal-spatial model. "
   5. The general absence of polyphony, polyrhythm, and motivic development, though Arabic music is familiar with the use of ostinato, and an even more instinctive heterophonic way of producing and performing music. In Music, an Ostinato (derived from Italian: "stubborn" see also Oscillation) is a motif or phrase which is persistently
   6. The alternation between a free rhythmic-temporal and fixed tonal-spatial organization on the one hand, and a fixed rhythmic-temporal and free tonal-spatial structure on the other.

Maqam system

Though it would be incorrect to call it a modal, for the Arabic system is more complex than that of the Greek modes, the basis of Arabic music is the maqam (pl. In Music, a scale is an ordered series of Musical intervals which along with the key or tonic, define the pitches However mode Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Maqam is a modal structure that characterizes the art of music of countries in North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia. maqamat), which looks like the mode, but is not quite the same. The tonic note, dominant note, and ending note (unless modulation occurs) are generally determined by the maqam used. Arabic maqam theory as ascribed in literature over the ages names between 90 and 110 maqams, that are grouped into larger categories known as fasilah. Fasilah are groupings of maqams whose first four primary pitches are shared in common. ^[7]

Jins/Ajnas

Main article: Jins

The maqam consists of at least two jins, or scale segments. A jins ( Arabic: جنس; plural ajnās, اجناس) is a set of three four or five stepwise pitches used to build an Arabic "Jins" in Arabic comes from the ancient Latin word "genus," meaning type. In practice, a jins (pl. ajnas) is either a trichord, a tetrachord, or a pentachord. Depending on the context a trichord is either a contiguous segment of a musical scale or of a twelve-tone row or (in accord with Allen Forte 's redefinition of the Traditionally a tetrachord is a series of four tones filling in the interval of a perfect fourth a 43 frequency proportion A pentachord is a five-note segment of a scale or tone row A diatonic scale comprises five non-transpositionally equivalent pentachords rather than seven because the Ionian and Mixolydian The trichord is three notes, the tetrachord four, and the pentachord five. The maqam usually covers only one octave (usually two jins), but can cover more. In Music, an octave ( is the the use of which is "common in most musical systems Like the melodic minor scale, some maqamat use different ajnas, and thus note progressions, when descending and ascending. Due to continuous innovation and the emergence of new jins, and because most music scholars have not reached consensus on the subject, it is difficult to provide a solid figure for the total number of jins in use. Nonetheless, in practice most musicians would agree there are at least eight major ajnas: Rast, Bayat, Sikah, Hijaz, Saba, Kurd, Nahawand, and Ajam - and their commonly used variants such as the Nakriz, Athar Kurd, Sikah Beladi, Saba Zamzama. Mukhalif is a rare jins used almost exclusively in Iraq, and it is not used in combination with other ajnas.

More notes used than in Western scale

The main difference between the Western chromatic scale and the Arabic scales is the existence of many in-between notes, which are sometimes referred to as quarter tones, for the sake of simplicity. The chromatic scale is a Musical scale with twelve pitches each a Semitone or Half step apart A quarter tone is an interval about half as wide (aurally or logarithmically as a Semitone, which is half a Whole tone. In some treatments of theory, the quarter tone scale or all twenty four tones should exist. According to Yūsuf Shawqī (1969), in practice, there are many fewer tones (Touma 1996, p. 170).

Additionally, in 1932, at the Cairo Congress of Arab Music held in Cairo, Egypt - and attended by such Western luminaries as Béla Bartók and Henry George Farmer - experiments were done which determined conclusively that the notes in actual use differ substantially from an even-tempered 24-tone scale. The Congrès du Caire (Congress of Arab Music Arabic: مؤتمر الموسيقى العربية الأول; Mu'tamar al'mūsiqā al-'arabiyya) was a Béla Viktor János Bartók (March 25 1881&ndashSeptember 26 1945 was a Hungarian Composer and Pianist, considered to be one of the greatest Henry George Farmer (b Birr Barracks Crinkill, King's County [[County Offaly]] Ireland, January 17, 1882; d Furthermore, the intonation of many of those notes differ slightly from region to region (Egypt, Turkey, Syria, Iraq).

Regional scales

As a result of these findings, the following recommendation was issued: "The tempered scale and the natural scale should be rejected. In Egypt, the Egyptian scale is to be kept with the values, which were measured with all possible precision. The Turkish, Syrian, and Iraqi scales should remain what they are. . . " (translated in Maalouf 2002, p. 220). Both in modern practice, and evident in recorded music over the course of the last century, several differently-tuned "E"s in between the E-flat and E-natural of the Western Chromatic scale are used, that vary according to the types of maqams and ajnas used, and the region in which they are used.

Practical treatment

Musicians and teachers refer to these in-between notes as "quarter tones," using "half-flat" or "half-sharp" as a deisgnation for the in-between flats and sharps, for ease of nomenclature. A quarter tone is an interval about half as wide (aurally or logarithmically as a Semitone, which is half a Whole tone. Performance and teaching of the exact values of intonation in each jins or maqam is usually done by ear. It should also be added, in reference to Habib Hassan Touma's comment above, that these "quarter-tones" are not used everywhere in the maqamat: in practice, Arabic music does not modulate to 12 different tonic areas like the Well-Tempered Klavier. Habib Hassan Touma حبيب حسن توما) ( December 12, 1934 - 1998 was a Palestinian Composer and Ethnomusicologist The Well-Tempered Clavier ( Das Wohltemperirte Clavier in the original old German spelling BWV 846–893 is a collection of solo keyboard music composed by The most commonly used "quarter tones" are on E (between E-flat and E-natural), A, B, D, F (between F-natural and F-sharp) and C. E major or E-flat major is a Major scale based on E-flat consisting of the pitches E{{music|flat}}, F, G, A{{music|flat}} Also see E-flat major, or E minor. E minor or E-flat minor is a Minor scale based on E-flat consisting

Vocal traditions

Arab classical music is known for its famed virtuoso singers, who sing long, elaborately ornamented, melismatic tunes, and are known for driving audiences into ecstasy. Its traditions come from pre-Islamic times, when female singing slaves entertained the wealthy, and inspired warriors on the battlefield with their rajaz poetry, also performing at weddings. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another A wedding is the Ceremony in which two people are united in Marriage.

Instruments and ensembles

The prototypical Arabic music ensemble in Egypt and Syria is known as the takht, and includes, (or included at different time periods) instruments such as the 'oud, qānūn, rabab, ney, violin (introduced in the 1840s or 50s), riq and dumbek. Takht ("bed" "seat" or "podium" ( Persian: تخت Arabic: التخت) is the representative Musical ensemble The oud ( عود ʿūd, plural أعواد, a‘wād; kaban; Persian: بربط barbat; ud See also Kanun (disambiguation The qanún or kanun ( Arabic قانون qānūn, Turkish The rebab ( Arabic الرباب or رباب; also rebap, rabab, rebeb, The ney ( Persian: نی; Arabic: ناي; also nai, nye, nay, The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member The riq ( رق) (also spelled riqq or rik) is a type of Tambourine used as a traditional instrument in The goblet drum (also chalice drum) is a goblet shaped Hand drum used mostly in Arabic, Assyrian, Persian, Balkan, In Iraq, the traditional ensemble, known as the chalghi, includes only two melodic instruments - the jowza (similar to the rabab but with four strings) and santur- accompanied by the riq and dumbek. The Santoor is an Indian hammered dulcimer similar to the Persian santur. The riq ( رق) (also spelled riqq or rik) is a type of Tambourine used as a traditional instrument in The goblet drum (also chalice drum) is a goblet shaped Hand drum used mostly in Arabic, Assyrian, Persian, Balkan,

The Arab world has incorporated instruments from the West, including the electric guitar, cello, double bass and oboe, and incorporated influences from jazz and other foreign musical styles. An electric guitar is a type of Guitar that uses pickups to convert the vibration of its steel-cored strings into an electrical current which is made louder The violoncello (abbreviated to cello, or 'cello, plural cellos or celli —the c is tʃ The double bass is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed String instrument used in the modern symphony orchestra. "Hautbois" redirects here for the strawberry variety see Hautbois strawberry. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States The singers remained the stars, however, especially after the development of the recording and film industry in the 1920s in Cairo. The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. These singing celebrities include Abd el-Halim Hafez, Farid Al Attrach, Asmahan, Sayed Darwish, Mohammed Abd el-Wahaab, Warda Al-Jazairia, and possibly the biggest star of modern Arab classical music, Umm Kulthum. Abdel Halim Ismail Shabana ( Arabic: عبدالحليم إسماعيل شبانة) commonly known as Abdel Halim Hafez ( عبد الحليم حافظ Farid al-Atrash (October 19 1915 - December 26 1974 Arabic: فريد الأطرش; first name sometimes spelled Fareed. Asmahan ( أسمهان; birth name Amal al-Atrash) (1918-1944 was a famous Egyptian Syrian singer and actor who lived in Egypt Sayed Darwish ( Arabic: سيد درويش; March 17, 1892 – September 15, 1923) was an Egyptian singer and Mohammed Abdel Wahab ( Arabic: محمد عبد الوهاب) also transliterated Mohammed Abd el-Wahaab ( 1907 - May 3, Warda Al-Jazairia ( وردة الجزائرية; literally "Warda the Algerian" commonly referred to as just Warda ( وردة) ( July 1940 Umm Kulthum ( Arabic: أم كلثوم, born أم كلثوم إبراهيم البلتاجي; see Kunya; Egyptian Arabic: Om Kalsoum

External links

• Sample Arabic Music Site
• Biographies, video clips, songs download, photos(In Bosnian)
• Resource page
• Arabic musical instruments
• The maqam
• Maqam
• Maqamat
• Article on History of Arabic music
• More information about Arabic music
• Middle Eastern Pizmonim
• Excerpt from Arabic Musical Life Throughout History
• Popular Culture and the Performing Arts in the Arab world
• Between Two Notes - a documentary on Arab Music

Sources

• Shireen Maalouf (2002). History of Arabic Music Theory: Change and Continuity in the Tone Systems, Genres, and Scales. Kaslik, Lebanon: Université Saint-Esprit.

• Peter van der Merwe (1989). Origins of the Popular Style: The Antecedents of Twentieth-Century Popular Music. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN .

• Habib Hassan Touma (1996). The Music of the Arabs, trans. Laurie Schwartz. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. ISBN .

Further reading

• Lodge, David and Bill Badley. "Partner of Poetry". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed. ), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp 323-331. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN
• Shiloah, Amnon. Music in the World of Islam. A Socio-Cultural Study 2001. ISBN
• Julian Ribera y Tarrago. La musica arabe y su influencia en la española (1985). ISBN -X (Spanish)
• Fernández Manzano, Reynaldo. De las melodías del reino nazarí de Granada a las estructuras musicales cristianas. La transformación de las tradiciones hispano-árabes en la península Ibérica. 1984. ISBN 84-505-1189-5
• Fernández Manzano, Reynaldo y Santiago Simón, Emilio de (Coordinación y supervisión ed. ). Música y Poesía del Sur de al-Andalus. 1995. ISBN 84-7782-335-9

References and notes

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