The Arab slave trade was the practice of slavery in West Asia, North Africa, East Africa, and certain parts of Europe (such as Sicily and Iberia) during their period of domination by Arab leaders. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history Slavery as an institution in Mediterranean cultures of the ancient world comprised a mixture of Debt-slavery, slavery as a punishment for crime and The issue of religion and slavery is an area of historical research into the relationship between the world's major Religions and the practice of Slavery. The Bible contains several references to slavery. The Hebrew Bible does not promote Slavery, but neither does it condemn it Christianity does not have a clear position regarding slavery, in favour or against The major juristic schools of Islam traditionally accepted the institution of Slavery. Judaism has been influenced by the experience of slavery of the Hebrews in the land of Egypt, as narrated in the biblical story of The Exodus The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World This article discusses systems of slavery within Africa the history and effects of the slavery trade upon Africa The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history Human trafficking is the recruitment transportation harbouring or receipt of people for the purposes of slavery forced labor (including bonded labor or debt bondage and servitude Sexual slavery refers to the organised coercion of persons into various different sexual practices forced Prostitution single-owner sexual slavery Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies Involuntary servitude is a United States legal and Constitutional term for a person laboring against that person's will to benefit another under some form The Gulag was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the Soviet Union. Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations especially in modern or early modern history in which people are employed against their will Debt bondage or bonded labor is a means of paying off loans with direct labor instead of currency or goods An indentured servant is a form of Debt bondage worker The Laborer is under Contract of an Employer for some period of time usually three to Slavery is a social-economic system under which certain persons — known as slaves — are deprived of personal freedom and compelled to perform labour or services In Law legal status refers to the concept of individuals having a particular place in society relative to the law as it determines the laws which affect them The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (largely overlapping with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan East Africa is the Easternmost Region of the African Continent. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The trade mostly involved North and East Africans and Middle Eastern peoples (Arabs, Berbers, etc. The term African people can refer to people who live in Africa, or people who trace their ancestry to Indigenous inhabitants of Africa. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. Also, the Arab slave trade was not limited to people of certain color, ethnicity, or religion. In the early days of the Islamic state—during the 8th and 9th centuries—most of the slaves were Slavic Eastern Europeans (called Saqaliba), people from surrounding Mediterranean areas, Persians, Turks, other neighbouring Middle Eastern peoples, peoples from the Caucasus Mountain regions (such as Georgia and Armenia) and parts of Central Asia, Berbers, and various other peoples of varied origins as well as those of Black African origins. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Saqaliba ( Arabic: صقالبة sg Siqlabi) refers to the Slavs, particularly Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse Later, toward the 18th and 19th centuries, slaves increasingly came from East Africa. East Africa is the Easternmost Region of the African Continent. ^[1][2][3]

Some historians estimate that between 11 and 18 million black African slaves crossed the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Sahara Desert from 650 AD to 1900 AD,^[4][5][6] or more than the 9. The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest 4 to 14 million Africans brought to the Americas in the Atlantic slave trade. The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World ^[7]

The medieval slave trade in Europe was mainly to the East and South: The Byzantine Empire and the Muslim World were the destinations, pagan Central and Eastern Europe an important source. The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Slavery in medieval Europe was so common that the Roman Catholic Church repeatedly prohibited it— or at least the export of Christian slaves to non-Christian lands was prohibited at, for example, the Council of Koblenz in 922, the Council of London in 1102, and the Council of Armagh in 1171. Slavery in early Medieval Europe was relatively common It was widespread at the end of antiquity. The Council of London in 1102 was a Roman Catholic Church council of the church in England convened by Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury to debate and pass ^[8] Viking, Arab, Greek and Jewish merchants (known as Radhanites) were all involved in the slave trade during the Early Middle Ages. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Radhanites (also Radanites, Hebrew sing רדהני Radhani, pl ^[9][10][11]

Periodic raiding expeditions were sent from Islamic Iberia to ravage the Christian Iberian kingdoms, bringing back booty and slaves. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or In a raid against Lisbon in 1189 CE, for example, the Almohad caliph Yaqub al-Mansur took 3,000 female and child captives, while his governor of Córdoba, in a subsequent attack upon Silves in 1191 CE, took 3,000 Christian slaves. Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur (ابو يوسف يعقوب المنصور (c ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. Silves ( pron 'siɫvɨʃ is a town and a municipality in the Algarve, southern Portugal. ^[12]

According to Robert Davis between 1 million and 1. Robert Davis may refer to DJ Screw, influential rap DJ and inventor of "Screwed" music Robert Davis (New Orleans, who was 25 million Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates, who were vassals of the Ottoman Empire, and sold as slaves between the 16th and 19th centuries. White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. The Barbary pirates, also sometimes called Ottoman corsairs, were Muslim Pirates and Privateers that operated from North Africa, from The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish ^[13][14] These slaves were captured mainly from seaside villages from Italy, Spain, Portugal and also from more distant places like France or England, the Netherlands, Ireland and even Iceland and North America. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( The impact of these attacks was devastating – France, England, and Spain each lost thousands of ships, and long stretches of the Spanish and Italian coasts were almost completely abandoned by their inhabitants. The following is an List of Ottoman sieges and landings from the 14th century to World War I. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Pirate raids discouraged settlement along the coast until the 19th century. Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering ^[15][16]

Slavery in Zanzibar. Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the 'An Arab master's punishment for a slight offence. The log weighed 32 pounds, and the boy could only move by carrying it on his head. ' Unknown photographer, c. 1890. ^[17]

The Ottoman wars in Europe and Tatar raids brought large numbers of Christian slaves into the Islamic world too. The wars of the Ottoman Empire in Europe are also sometimes referred to as the Ottoman Wars or as Turkish Wars, particularly in older European The Mongol invasion of Europe from the east took place over the course of three centuries from the Middle Ages to the Early modern period Listing of Muslims by country Important note Population counts by religious affiliation like most demographic characteristics of a Population ^[18][19][20]

The 'Oriental' or 'Arab' slave trade is sometimes called the 'Islamic' slave trade, but a religious imperative was not the driver of the slavery, Patrick Manning, a professor of World History, states. Patrick Augustus Mervyn Manning (born August 17, 1946) is the current Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, the Political Leader of the However, since if a non-Muslim population refuses to adopt Islam or pay the Jizzya protection/ subjugation tax, that population is considered to be at war with the Muslim "ummah" and therefore it becomes legal under Islamic law to take slaves from that non-Muslim population. Usage of the terms "Islamic trade" or "Islamic world" has been disputed by some Muslims as it treats Africa as outside of Islam, or a negligible portion of the Islamic world. The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings ^[21] Propagators of Islam in Africa often revealed a cautious attitude towards proselytizing because of its effect in reducing the potential reservoir of slaves. The precise number of Muslims in Africa is unknown as statistics regarding religious demography in Africa are incomplete ^[22]

From a Western point of view, the subject merges with the Oriental slave trade, which followed two main routes in the Middle Ages:

• Overland routes across the Maghreb and Mashreq deserts (Trans-Saharan route)^[23]
• Sea routes to the east of Africa through the Red Sea and Indian Ocean (Oriental route)^[24][25]

Historians say the Arab slave trade began in the 7th century and lasted more than a millennium. The major juristic schools of Islam traditionally accepted the institution of Slavery. The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset This article is about the Mashriq region For other uses see Mashriq (disambiguation The Mashriq or Mashreq (also in use Mashrek Trans-Saharan trade is trade across the Sahara between Mediterranean countries and West Africa. The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface A millennium (pl millennia) is a period of Time equal to one thousand Years (from Latin la mille, thousand and la annum ^[26][27] Arab traders brought Africans across the Indian Ocean from present-day Kenya, Tanzania, Sudan (south sudanese black africans mostly dinka tribes who were sold by the sudanese arabs of the north), western Ethiopia and elsewhere in East Africa to present-day Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Turkey and other parts of the Middle East ^[28] and South Asia (mainly Pakistan and India). The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Unlike the trans-Atlantic slave trade to the New World, Arabs supplied African slaves to the Muslim world, which at its peak stretched over three continents from the Atlantic (Morocco, Spain) to India and eastern China. The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National

Elikia M’bokolo, April 1998, Le Monde diplomatique. Le Monde diplomatique (nicknamed "Le Diplo" by its French readers is a monthly publication offering analysis and opinion on politics culture and current affairs Quote:"The African continent was bled of its human resources via all possible routes. Across the Sahara, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the Muslim countries (from the ninth to the nineteenth). The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings " He continues: "Four million slaves exported via the Red Sea, another four million through the Swahili ports of the Indian Ocean, perhaps as many as nine million along the trans-Saharan caravan route, and eleven to twenty million (depending on the author) across the Atlantic Ocean"^[29]

The Slave Market (c. Swahili (called Kiswahili in the language itself is the First language of the Swahili people (Waswahili who inhabit several large stretches 1884), painting by Jean-Leon Gerome. Jean-Léon Gérôme ( May 11, 1824 – January 10, 1904) was a French painter and sculptor in the style

Sources and historiography of the slave trade

A recent and controversial topic

Dhows were used to transport African slaves to India. A dhow ( Arabic, دهو) is a traditional Arab sailing vessel with one or more Lateen Sails They are primarily used along India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

The history of the slave trade has given rise to numerous debates amongst historians. For one thing, specialists are undecided on the number of Africans taken from their homes; this is difficult to resolve because of a lack of reliable statistics: there was no census system in medieval Africa. Archival material for the transatlantic trade in the 16th to 18th centuries may seem useful as a source, yet these record books were often falsified. Historians have to use imprecise narrative documents to make estimates which must be treated with caution: Luiz Felipe de Alencastro states that there were 8 million slaves taken from Africa between the 8th and 19th centuries along the Oriental and the Trans-Saharan routes. ^[30] Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau has put forward a figure of 17 million African people enslaved (in the same period and from the same area) on the basis of Ralph Austen's work. ^[31] Paul Bairoch suggests a figure of 25 million African people subjected to the Arab slave trade, as against 11 million that arrived in the Americas from the transatlantic slave trade. Born of Jewish parents who emigrated from Poland Paul Bairoch (b The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World ^[32] Owen 'Alik Shahadah author of African Holocaust (audio documentary), puts the figure at 10 million and argues that the trade only boomed in the 18th century, prior to this the trade was "a trickle trade" and that exaggerated numbers have been claimed in order to de-emphasize the Transatlantic trade. Owen 'Alik Shahadah (b 1973) is a director, African Writer, Musician, Photographer and Music producer. ^[33]

Another obstacle to a history of the Arab slave trade is the limitations of extant sources. There exist documents from non-African cultures, written by educated men in Arabic, but these only offer an incomplete and often condescending look at the phenomenon. For some years there has been a huge amount of effort going into historical research on Africa. Thanks to new methods and new perspectives, historians can interconnect contributions from archaeology, numismatics, anthropology, linguistics and demography to compensate for the inadequacy of the written record. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Numismatics (numisma nomisma "coin" from the νομίζειν nomízein, "to use according to law" is the study or collection of Currency Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Demography is the statistical study of all Populations. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic population that is one that changes over

In Africa, slaves taken by African owners were often captured, either through raids or as a result of warfare, and frequently employed in manual labor by the captors. Some slaves were traded for goods or services to other African kingdoms.

The Arab slave trade from East Africa is one of the oldest slave trades, predating the European transatlantic slave trade by hundreds of years. ^[34] Male slaves who were often made eunuchs were employed as servants, soldiers, or laborers by their owners, while female slaves, mostly from Africa, were long traded to the Middle Eastern countries and kingdoms by Arab and Oriental traders, some as concubines and others as servants. A eunuch (ˈjuːnək is a Castrated man in particular one castrated early enough to have major hormonal consequences the term usually refers to those castrated in order to Concubinage is the state of a woman or youth in an ongoing quasi-matrimonial relationship with a man of higher social status Arab, African, and Oriental traders were involved in the capture and transport of slaves northward across the Sahara desert and the Indian Ocean region into the Middle East, Persia, and the Indian subcontinent.

From approximately 650 CE until around 1900 CE the Arab slave trade continued in one form or another. The Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Bloodthirsty" (1672-1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard, who coerced the country into submission. Moulay Ismail Ibn Sharif ( 1634? or 1645?-1727 reigned 1672-1727 (مولاي إسماعيل بن الشريف ابن النصر was the second ruler of the Moroccan "Blackguard" or "Antipaladin" can also refer to a particular Dungeons & Dragons prestige class. ^[35] Historical accounts and references to slave-owning nobility in Arabia, Yemen and elsewhere are frequent into the early 1920s. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya ^[36] In 1953, sheikhs from Qatar attending the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II included slaves in their retinues, and they did so again on another visit five years later. Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated ^[37] As recently as the 1950s, the Saudi Arabia’s slave population was estimated at 450,000 — just 20% of the population. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi ^[38][39] It is estimated that as many as 200,000 black Sudanese children and women had been taken into slavery in Sudan during the Second Sudanese Civil War. Since 1995 international rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch and CASMAS have reported that slavery in Sudan is a common fate of captives in the The Second Sudanese Civil War (sometimes referred to as Anyanya II) started in 1983 although it was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil ^[40][41] Slavery in Mauritania was legally abolished by laws passed in 1905, 1961, and 1981. Slavery in Africa continues today Slavery existed in Africa before the arrival of Europeans - as did a slave trade that exported millions ^[42] It was finally criminalized in August 2007. ^[43] It is estimated that up to 600,000 black Mauritanians, or 20% of the Mauritania’s population, are currently enslaved, many of them used as bonded labour. Mauritania (موريتانيا Mūrītāniyā officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country Debt bondage or bonded labor is a means of paying off loans with direct labor instead of currency or goods ^[44]

For some people, any mention of the slave-trading past of the Arab world is rejected as an attempt to minimise the transatlantic trade. The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World Yet a slave trade in the Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Mediterranean pre-dates the arrival of any significant number of Europeans on the African continent. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. ^[45][46]

Descendants of the African slaves brought to the Middle East during the slave-trade still exist there today, and are aware of their African origins. ^[47][48]

Medieval Arabic Sources

Ibn Battûta - first Arab geographer to visit sub-Saharan Africa

These are given in chronological order. Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Al Lawati Al Tanji Ibn Battuta (أبو عبد الله محمد ابن عبد الله اللواتي الطنجي بن بطوطة (born February Scholars from the Arab world had been travelling to Africa since the time of Muhammad in the 7th century. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics

• Al Masudi (died 957), Muruj adh-dhahab or Meadows of Gold, the reference manual for geographers and historians of the Muslim world. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn íbn Ali al-Mas'udi (transl) (born c The author had travelled widely across the Arab world as well as the Far East.
• Ya'qubi (9th century), Book of Countries
• Al-Bakri, author of Book of Roads and Kingdoms, published in Cordoba around 1068, gives us information about the Berbers and their activities; he collected eye-witness accounts on Saharan caravan routes. Ahmad ibn Abu Ya'qub ibn Ja'far ibn Wahb Ibn Wadih al-Ya'qubi (? – 897 known as Ya'qubi, was a Muslim historian and Geographer Book of Roads and Kingdoms or Book of Highways and Kingdoms ( Arabic: كتاب المسالك والممالك‎ Kitāb al-Masālik wa'l-Mamālik Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest
• Al Idrisi (died circa 1165), Description of Africa and Spain
• Ibn Battûta (died circa 1377), Marinid geographer who travelled to sub-Saharan Africa, to Gao and to Timbuktu. Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani al-Sabti or simply El Idrisi ( Arabic أبو عبد الله محمد الإدريسي Latin: Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Al Lawati Al Tanji Ibn Battuta (أبو عبد الله محمد ابن عبد الله اللواتي الطنجي بن بطوطة (born February The Anglicised name used for this article derives from the Arabic Banu Marin (also Benī Merīn, which is the source of the Spanish name Gao is a city in Mali and capital of the Gao Region on the River Niger, with a population of 57978 in 2005 Timbuktu ( Timbuctoo; Koyra Chiini: Tumbutu; French: Tombouctou) is a city in Tombouctou Region, in the West African His principal work is called Gift for those who like to reflect on the curiosities of towns and marvels of travel.
• Ibn Khaldun (died in 1406), historian and philosopher from North Africa. Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun (full name أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون,, ( May 27, 1332 AD/732 AH &ndash March 19 Sometimes considered as the historian of Arab, Berber and Persian societies. He is the author of Historical Prolegomena and History of the Berbers.
• Ahmad al-Maqrî (died in 1442), Egyptian historian. Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn 'Ali ibn 'Abd al-Qadir ibn Muhammad al-Maqrizi (1364 &ndash 1442 Arabic: ar تقى الدين أحمد بن على بن عبد القادر بن محمد His main contribution is his description of Cairo markets.
• Leo Africanus (died circa 1548), author of a rare description of Africa. Joannes Leo Africanus was the Latin name of Hasan ibn Muhammed al-Wazzan al-Fasi ( Granada 1488? &ndash 1554?
• Rifa'a al Tahtawi (died in 1873), who translated medieval works on geography and history. His work is mostly about Muslim Egypt.
• Joseph Cuoq, Collection of Arabic sources concerning Western Africa between the 8th and 16th centuries (Paris 1975)

European texts (16th - 19th centuries)

• João de Castro, Roteiro de Lisboa a Goa (1538)
• James Bruce, (1730-1794), Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (1790)
• René Caillié, (1799-1838), Journal d'un voyage à Tombouctou
• Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, (1784-1817), Travels in Nubia (1819)
• Henry Morton Stanley, (1841-1904), Through the Dark Continent (1878)

Other sources

• African Arabic and Ajami Manuscripts
• African oral tradition
• Kilwa Chronicle (16th century fragments)
• Numismatics: analysis of coins and of their diffusion
• Archaeology: architecture of trading posts and of towns associated with the slave trade
• Iconography: Arab and Persian miniatures in major libraries
• European engravings, contemporary with the slave trade, and some more modern
• Photographs from the 19th century onward
• Ethiopian ( Ge'ez and Amharic)historical texts

Historical and geographical context of the Arab slave trade

A brief review of the region and era in which the Oriental and trans-Saharan slave trade took place should be useful here. Dom João de Castro ( February 7, 1500 - June 6, 1548) was a Portuguese naval officer and fourth Viceroy of Portuguese James Bruce ( December 14, 1730 &ndash April 27, 1794) was a Scottish traveller and Travel writer who spent more than a René Caillié ( September 19, 1799 - May 17, 1838) was a French explorer and the first European to return alive from the Johann Ludwig (aka John Lewis, Jean Louis) Burckhardt ( November 24, 1784 - October 15, 1817) Swiss Sir Henry Morton Stanley, GCB, born John Rowlands ( January 28 1841 &ndash May 10 1904) was a British journalist Kilwa Kisiwani is a community on an Island off the coast of East Africa, in present day Tanzania. Cultural diffusion, as first conceptualized by Alfred L Kroeber in his influential 1940 paper Stimulus Diffusion, or trans-cultural diffusion in later reformulations The word miniature, derived from the Latin minium, Red lead, is a picture in an ancient or Medieval Illuminated manuscript NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Ge'ez (ግዕዝ, ɡɨʕɨz also transliterated Gi'iz, and referred to as Ethiopic) is an ancient South Semitic Language Amharic (አማርኛ amarəñña) is a Semitic language spoken in North Central Ethiopia by the Amhara. It is not a detailed study of the Arab world, nor of Africa, but an outline of key points which will help with understanding the slave trade in this part of the world.

The Islamic world

Main article: Muslim world

The religion of Islam appeared in the 7th century CE, and in the next hundred years it was quickly diffused throughout the Mediterranean area, spread by Arabs who had conquered North Africa after its long occupation by the Berbers; they invaded the Iberian peninsula where they displaced the Visigoth kingdom. The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Arabs also took control of western Asia from the Byzantine Empire and from the Sassanid Persians. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire These regions therefore had a diverse range of different peoples. To some extent, these regions were unified by an imposed Islamic culture built on both religious and civic foundations; they used the Arabic language and the dinar (currency) in commercial transactions. The Dinar is the name of the official currency in several countries Mecca in Arabia, then as now, was the holy city of Islam and pilgrimage centre for all Muslims, whatever their origins. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored

Main article: Islam and slavery

It must be noted here that the conquests of the Arab armies and the expansion of the Islamic state that followed, have always resulted in the capture of war prisoners who were subsequently set free or turned into slaves or Raqeeq (رقيق) and servants rather than taken as prisoners as was the Islamic tradition in wars. The major juristic schools of Islam traditionally accepted the institution of Slavery. Once taken as slaves, they had to be dealt with in accordance with the Islamic law which was the law of the Islamic state especially during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras. According to that law, slaves are allowed to earn their living if they opted for that, otherwise it is the owner’s (master) duty to provide for that. They also can’t be forced to earn money for their masters unless with an agreement between the slave and the master. This concept is called “مخارجة” in the Islamic jurisprudence. If the slave agrees to that and he would like the money s/he earns to be counted toward his/her emancipation then this has to be written in the form of a contract between the slave and the master. This is called “مكاتبة” (mukatabah) in the Islamic jurisprudence. Muslims believe that slave owners in Islam are strongly encouraged to perform “mukatabah” with their slaves as directed by Qur’an

And if any of your slaves ask for a deed in writing (to enable them to earn their freedom for a certain sum), give them such a deed if ye know any good in them: yea, give them something yourselves out of the means which Allah has given to you. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran 24:33

The framework of Islamic civilisation was a well-developed network of towns and oasis trading centres with the market (souk, bazaar) at its heart. In Geography, an oasis (plural oases) or Cienega ( Southwestern United States) is an isolated area of vegetation in a Desert, typically A souk (سوق also sook, souq, or suq, or shuq in Hebrew שוק is a highly fashioned commercial quarter in an Arab or Berber A bazaar ( بازار) (pazar is a permanent merchandising area Marketplace, or street of shops where goods and services are exchanged or sold These towns were inter-connected by a system of roads crossing semi-arid regions or deserts. The routes were travelled by convoys, and black slaves formed part of this caravan traffic. A caravan ( Persian: کاروان is a group of people traveling together often on a trade expedition

Instances of Arab prejudice regarding Negroid peoples and slaves

Racist opinions occurred in the works of some historians and geographers: so in the 14th century CE Ibn Khaldun could write:

". Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun (full name أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون,, ( May 27, 1332 AD/732 AH &ndash March 19 . . the Negro nations are, as a rule, submissive to slavery, because (Negroes) have little that is (essentially) human and possess attributes that are quite similar to those of dumb animals. Negro is a term referring to people of Black African ancestry . . "

However, Ibn Khaldun also wrote about the nomad Arabs themselves (referring to the Bedouin):

:"they are the most savage human beings that exist. Compared with sedentary people, they are on a level with wild, untamable animals and dumb beasts of prey . . . Arabs dominate only on the plains, because they are, by their savage nature, people of pillage and corruption. They pillage everything that they can take without fighting or taking risks, then flee to their refuge in the wilderness, and do not stand and do battle unless in self defence. "^[49]

In addition, there is debate over his ethnicity, some refer to him as Andalusian/Spanish (he grew up there, his parents were from there), some say he was a Berber/North African (time spent in Tunis, ancestry), and some say he was an Arab (he traced ancestors to Yemen).

Main article: Ibn Khaldun

In the same period, the Egyptian Al-Abshibi (1388-1446) wrote, "It is said that when the [black] slave is sated, he fornicates, when he is hungry, he steals. Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun (full name أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون,, ( May 27, 1332 AD/732 AH &ndash March 19 "^[50]

Africa: 8th through 19th centuries

13th century Africa - simplified map of the main states, kingdoms and empires

In the 8th century AD, Africa was dominated by Arab-Berbers in the north: Islam moved southwards along the Nile and along the desert trails. The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River

• The Sahara was thinly populated. Nevertheless, since Antiquity there had been cities living on a trade in salt, gold, slaves, cloth, and on agriculture enabled by irrigation: Tahert, Oualata, Sijilmasa, Zaouila, and others. Tiaret ( Berber:; Tihert or Tahert, ie "station" تيارت is the name of a large Algerian town one that gives its name to the wider farming Oualata ( Arabic: ولاته is a town in south east Mauritania. Sijilmasa (or Sijilmassa) was a Mediaeval trade centre in the western Maghreb. They were ruled by Arab, Berber, Fulani, Hausa and Tuaregs. The Fula or Fulbe or Fulani (the latter being an Anglicisation of the word in their language Fulɓe) are an ethnic group of The Tuareg (also Twareg or Touareg, Amazigh: Imuhagh / Itargiyen, besides regional ethnyms are a Nomadic Their independence was relative and depended on the power of the Maghrebi and Egyptian states.
• In the Middle Ages, sub-Saharan Africa was called bilad -ul-Sûdân in Arabic, meaning land of the Blacks. It provided a pool of manual labour for North Africa and Saharan Africa. This region was dominated by certain states: the Ghana Empire, the Empire of Mali, the Kanem-Bornu Empire. The Ghana Empire or Wagadou Empire (existed c 750 - 1076) was located in what is now southeastern Mauritania, Western Mali The Mali Empire or Manding Empire or Manden Kurufa was a Medieval West African civilization of the Mandinka from c
• In eastern Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean were controlled by native Muslims, and Arabs were important as traders along the coasts. Nubia had been a "supply zone" for slaves since Antiquity. This article is about the region in Africa for other uses see Nubia (disambiguation. The Ethiopian coast, particularly the port of Massawa and Dahlak Archipelago, had long been a hub for the exportation of slaves from the interior, even in Aksumite times. Massawa, formerly known as Mitsiwa ( Ge'ez ምጽዋ miṣṣiwa, Arabic مصوع maṣṣawaʿ The Dahlak Archipelago is an Island group located in the Red Sea near Massawa, Eritrea. The Aksumite Empire or Axumite Empire (sometimes called the Kingdom of Aksum or Axum ( Ge'ez: አክሱም was an important trading The port and most coastal areas were largely Muslim, and the port itself was home to a number of Arab and Indian merchants. ^[51]

Slaves in eastern Africa - illustration from late 19th century)

The Solomonic dynasty of Ethiopia often exported Nilotic slaves from their western borderland provinces, or from newly conquered or reconquered Muslim provinces. The Solomonic dynasty is the traditional royal house of Ethiopia, claiming descent from King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, who is said NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Nilotic people or Nilotes, in its contemporary usage refers to some Ethnic groups mainly in Southern Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, and northern ^[52] Native Muslim Ethiopian sultanates exported slaves as well, such as the sometimes independent Adal Sultanate. The Adal Sultanate ( Somali: Adaal, Ge'ez: አዳል ʾAdāl, Arabic: عدل (c ^[53] On the coast of the Indian Ocean too, slave-trading posts were set up by Arabs. The archipelago of Zanzibar, along the coast of present-day Tanzania, is undoubtedly the most notorious example of these trading colonies. Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya East Africa and the Indian Ocean continued as an important region for the Oriental slave trade up until the 19th century. Livingstone and Stanley were then the first Europeans to penetrate to the interior of the Congo basin and to discover the scale of slavery there. Dr David Livingstone (19 March 1813 &ndash 1 May 1873 was a British Congregationalist pioneer medical Missionary with the London Missionary Society Sir Henry Morton Stanley, GCB, born John Rowlands ( January 28 1841 &ndash May 10 1904) was a British journalist The Arab Tippu Tip extended his influence and made many people slaves. Tippu Tip or Tib ( 1837 - June 14, 1905) real name Hamed bin Mohammed bin Juma bin Rajab bin Mohammed bin Said el Murgebi, was a After Europeans had settled in the Gulf of Guinea, the trans-Saharan slave trade became less important. The Gulf of Guinea is the part of the Atlantic Ocean southwest of Africa. In Zanzibar, slavery was abolished late, in 1897, under Sultan Hamoud bin Mohammed. Sayyid Sir Hamoud bin Mohammed Al-Said, GCSI, (born 1853 - July 18, 1902) (ruled August 27, 1896 -

• The rest of Africa had no direct contact with Muslim slave-traders.

Africa and the Arab slave trade

People were captured, transported, bought and sold by some very different characters. The trade passed through a series of intermediaries and enriched some sections of the Muslim aristocracy.

Slavery fed on wars between African peoples and states, which gave rise to an internal slave trade. Those conquered owed tribute in the form of men and women reduced to captivity. Sonni Ali Ber (1464–1492), emperor of Songhai, waged many wars to extend his territory. Sonni Ali, also known as Sunni Ali Ber or "Sunni Ali" who Reigned from about 1464 to 1492 was the first great king of the Songhai Empire, located The Songhai Empire, also known as the Songhay Empire was a pre-colonial African state of west Africa.

In the 8th and 9th centuries, the Caliphs had tried to colonise the African shores of the Indian Ocean for commercial purposes. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah But these establishments were ephemeral, often founded by exiles or adventurers. The Sultan of Cairo sent slave traffickers on raids against the villages of Darfur. Darfur (دار فور daar foor, lit "realm of the Fur " is a region in Sudan. In the face of these attacks, the people formed militias, building towers and outer defences to protect their villages.

Geography of the slave trade

"Supply" zones

Cowrie shells were used as money in the slave trade

Merchants of slaves for the Orient stocked up in Europe. Cowry, also sometimes spelled cowrie, plural always cowries, is the Common name for a group of small to large sea Snails marine Danish merchants had bases in the Volga region and dealt in Slavs with Arab merchants. Circassian slaves were conspicuously present in the harems and there were many odalisques from that region in the paintings of Orientalists. Circassians is a term derived from the Turkic Cherkess ( Çerkes) and is not the self-designation of any people HAREM is the first evaluation contest of Named entity recognition (NER for Portuguese and its call for participation was announced in September 2004 An odalisque (Odalık was a virgin female slave in an Ottoman Seraglio. Orientalism refers to the imitation or depiction of aspects of Eastern cultures in the West by writers designers and artists and can also refer to a sympathetic stance Non-Muslim slaves were valued in the harems, for all roles (gate-keeper, servant, odalisque, musician, dancer, court dwarf). In the Ottoman Empire, the last black the slave sold in Ethiopia named Hayrettin Effendi, was freed in 1918. The slaves of Slavic origin in Al-Andalus came from the Varangians who had captured them. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The Varangians or Varyags ( Old Norse: Væringjar Greek: Βάραγγοι Βαριάγοι Váraggoi / Varyágoi, Ukrainian They were put in the Caliph's guard and gradually took up important posts in the army (they became saqaliba), and even went to take back taifas after the civil war had led to an implosion of the Western Caliphate. Saqaliba ( Arabic: صقالبة sg Siqlabi) refers to the Slavs, particularly Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab A taifa (from طائفة ṭā'ifa, plural طوائف ṭawā'if) in the history of Iberia was an independent Muslim -ruled principality Columns of slaves feeding the great harems of Cordoba, Seville and Grenada were organised by Jewish merchants (mercaderes) from Germanic countries and parts of Northern Europe not controlled by the Carolingian Empire. ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. Grenada (grɪˈneɪdə is an Island nation that includes the southern Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Carolingian Empire is a historiographical term sometimes used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the Carolingian dynasty. These columns crossed the Rhône valley to reach the lands to the south of the Pyrenees. The Rhone, or the Rhône is one of the major Rivers of Europe, running through Switzerland and France. The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés

There are also many historical evidence and reports of North African Muslim slave raids all along the Mediterranean coasts across Christian Europe and beyond to even as far north as the British Isles and Iceland. See book titled White Gold

Slaves were also brought into the Arab world via Central Asia. White gold is an Alloy of Gold and at least one White metal, usually Nickel or Palladium. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south many of these slaves went on to serve in the armies forming an elite rank.

• At sea, Barbary pirates joined in this traffic when they could capture people by boarding ships or by incursions into coastal areas. The Barbary pirates, also sometimes called Ottoman corsairs, were Muslim Pirates and Privateers that operated from North Africa, from
• Nubia and Ethiopia were also "exporting" regions: in the 15th century, Ethiopians sold slaves from western borderland areas (usually just outside of the realm of the Emperor of Ethiopia) or Ennarea,^[54] which often ended up in India, where they worked on ships or as soldiers. This article is about the region in Africa for other uses see Nubia (disambiguation. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page The Emperor ( Ge'ez: ንጉሠ ነገሥት nəgusä nägäst " King of Kings " of Ethiopia was the hereditary They eventually rebelled and took power (dynasty of the Habshi Kings in Bengal 1487-1493). Not to be confused with the Hindu term Siddhi (though sometimes spelt in the same way
• The Sûdân region and Saharan Africa formed another "export" area, but it is impossible to estimate the scale, since there is a lack of sources with figures.
• Finally, the slave traffic affected eastern Africa, but the distance and local hostility slowed down this section of the Oriental trade.

Routes

Caravan trails, set up in the 9th century, went past the oases of the Sahara; travel was difficult and uncomfortable for reasons of climate and distance. Since Roman times, long convoys had transported slaves as well as all sorts of products to be used for barter. Barter is a type of Trade in which goods or services are directly exchanged To protect against attacks from desert nomads, slaves were used as an escort. Any who slowed down the progress of the caravan were killed.

Historians know less about the sea routes. From the evidence of illustrated documents, and travellers' tales, it seems that people travelled on dhows or jalbas, Arab ships which were used as transport in the Red Sea. A dhow ( Arabic, دهو) is a traditional Arab sailing vessel with one or more Lateen Sails They are primarily used along Crossing the Indian Ocean required better organisation and more resources than overland transport. Ships coming from Zanzibar made stops on Socotra or at Aden before heading to the Persian Gulf or to India. Socotra or Soqotra ( Arabic سقطرى; Suquṭra) is a small Archipelago of four islands and islets in the Indian Ocean Aden (ˈeɪdən Arabic: عدن) is a city in Yemen, 170 kilometers east of Bab-el-Mandeb. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the Slaves were sold as far away as India, or even China: there was a colony of Arab merchants in Canton. Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city Serge Bilé cites a 12th century text which tells us that most well-to-do families in Canton had black slaves whom they regarded as savages and demons because of their physical appearance. Although Chinese slave traders bought slaves (Hei-hsiao-ssu) from Arab intermediaries and "stocked up" directly in coastal areas of present-day Somalia, the local Somalis -- no strangers to capturing, owning and trading slaves themselves^[55] -- were not among them^[56]:

One important commodity being transported by the Arab dhows to Somalia was slaves from other parts of East Africa. Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known Somalis ( Soomaaliyeed, الصوماليون are an ethnic group located in the Horn of Africa, also known as the Somali Peninsula. During the nineteenth century, the East African slave trade grew enormously due to demands by Arabs, Portuguese, and French. Slave traders and raiders moved throughout eastern and central Africa to meet the rising demand for enslaved men, women, and children. Somalia did not supply slaves -- as part of the Islamic world Somalis were at least nominally protected by the religious tenet that free Muslims cannot be enslaved -- but Arab dhows loaded with human cargo continually visited Somali ports. ^[57]

13th century slave market in the Yemen

Barter

Slaves were often bartered for objects of various different kinds: in the Sûdân, they were exchanged for cloth, trinkets and so on. In the Maghreb, they were swapped for horses. In the desert cities, lengths of cloth, pottery, Venetian glass beads, dyestuffs and jewels were used as payment. The trade in black slaves was part of a diverse commercial network. Alongside gold coins, cowrie shells from the Indian Ocean or the Atlantic (Canaries, Luanda) were used as money throughout black Africa (merchandise was paid for with sacks of cowries). Cowry, also sometimes spelled cowrie, plural always cowries, is the Common name for a group of small to large sea Snails marine The Canary Islands ( English pronunciation kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz Spanish: Islas Canarias, ˈizlas kaˈnarjas are a Spanish For the mystic of the Han Dynasty see Luan Da. Luanda (formerly called Loanda) is the

Slave markets and fairs

Enslaved Africans were sold in the towns of the Muslim world. In 1416, al-Makrisi told how pilgrims coming from Takrur (near the Senegal river) had brought 1700 slaves with them to Mecca. The Sénégal River is a 1790 km long River in West Africa, that forms the border between Senegal and Mauritania. In North Africa, the main slave markets were in Morocco, Algiers, Tripoli and Cairo. Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest Tripolis ( Arabic: طرابلس Ṭarābulus - also طرابلس الغرب Ṭarā-bu-lus al-Gharb Libyan vernacular: Sales were held in public places or in souks. Potential buyers made a careful examination of the "merchandise": they checked the state of health of a person who was often standing naked with wrists bound together. In Cairo, transactions involving eunuchs and concubines happened in private houses. Concubinage is the state of a woman or youth in an ongoing quasi-matrimonial relationship with a man of higher social status Prices varied according to the slave's quality.

Zanzibar - the Old Slave Market

Towns and ports implicated in the slave trade

See also

• Slavery
• Atlantic slave trade
• African slave trade
• History of slavery
• Slavery in modern Africa
• Slave beads
• Slavery in antiquity
• Islam and slavery
• Christianity and slavery
• Jewish slave trade
• Zanj Rebellion
• Afro Arab
• Black orientalism
• Slavery in the Ottoman Empire

References

This article was initially translated from the featured French wiki article "Traite musulmane" on 19 May 2006. Marrakesh or Marrakech ( Amazigh: Murakush, Arabic مراكش Murrakush) known as the "Red City" Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest Tripolis ( Arabic: طرابلس Ṭarābulus - also طرابلس الغرب Ṭarā-bu-lus al-Gharb Libyan vernacular: Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Aswan (formerly spelled Assuan (in standard أسوان Aswān) Egyptian: Swenet ( trade) Coptic: Swān; Greek Timbuktu ( Timbuctoo; Koyra Chiini: Tumbutu; French: Tombouctou) is a city in Tombouctou Region, in the West African Gao is a city in Mali and capital of the Gao Region on the River Niger, with a population of 57978 in 2005 Bilma is an Oasis town in north east Niger with a population of around 2500 people Massawa, formerly known as Mitsiwa ( Ge'ez ምጽዋ miṣṣiwa, Arabic مصوع maṣṣawaʿ Zeila ( Saylac) is a port city on the Gulf of Aden coast and is located in the Awdal region of Somalia near the Djibouti border Mogadishu ( Somali: Muqdisho, popularly Xamar, Hamar; مقديشو Maqadīshū The town of Bagamoyo, Tanzania, was founded at the end of the 18th century Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Kilwa is one of the 6 districts of the Lindi Region of Tanzania. There is also Sofala New South Wales Sofala, at present known as Nova Sofala, used to be the chief seaport of the Monomotapa Beira is the second largest city in Mozambique. It lies in the central region of the country in Sofala Province, where the Pungue River meets the Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Zabid (زبيد (also spelled Zebid) is a town with an urban population of around 23000 persons on Yemen 's western coastal plain Muscat ( Arabic: مسقط) is the Capital and largest city of the Sultanate of Oman. Aden (ˈeɪdən Arabic: عدن) is a city in Yemen, 170 kilometers east of Bab-el-Mandeb. Socotra or Soqotra ( Arabic سقطرى; Suquṭra) is a small Archipelago of four islands and islets in the Indian Ocean As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World This article discusses systems of slavery within Africa the history and effects of the slavery trade upon Africa The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history Slavery in Africa continues today Slavery existed in Africa before the arrival of Europeans - as did a slave trade that exported millions Slave beads (often called Trade beads) were otherwise decorative Glass Beads used between the 16th and 20th century as a Currency to exchange Slavery as an institution in Mediterranean cultures of the ancient world comprised a mixture of Debt-slavery, slavery as a punishment for crime and The major juristic schools of Islam traditionally accepted the institution of Slavery. Christianity does not have a clear position regarding slavery, in favour or against Judaism has been influenced by the experience of slavery of the Hebrews in the land of Egypt, as narrated in the biblical story of The Exodus Note The Zanj Rebellion was not a single revolt but a series of small revolts that eventually culminated to a large revolt Afro-Arab (sometimes referred to as African Arab) refers to people who possess both Black African and Arab ancestry Black orientalism is a terminology that is used for an intellectual and cultural movement within primarily African American circles which while similar to the general movement Slavery was an important part of Ottoman society As late as 1908 women slaves were still sold in the Ottoman Empire. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people

• [2] Mintz, S. , Digital History/Slavery Facts & Myths

Bibliography

Books in English

• The African Diaspora in the Mediterranean Lands of Islam (Princeton Series on the Middle East) by Eve Troutt Powell (Editor), John O. Hunwick (Editor)
• Edward A. Alpers, The East African Slave Trade (Berkeley 1967)
• Robert C. Davis, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500-1800 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003) ISBN 978-1403945518
• Allan G. B. Fisher, Slavery and Muslim Society in Africa, ed. C. Hurst (London 1970, 2nd edition 2001)
• Murray Gordon, Slavery in the Arab world (New York 1989)
• Bernard Lewis, Race and slavery in the Middle East (OUP 1990)
• Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah trans. Bernard Lewis (born May 31, 1916 in London, England) is a British - American Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun (full name أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون,, ( May 27, 1332 AD/732 AH &ndash March 19 F. Rosenthal ed. N. J. Dawood (Princeton 1967)]
• Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa (Cambridge 2000)
• Ronald Segal, Islam's Black Slaves (Atlantic Books, London 2002)

Audio Material

• Owen 'Alik Shahadah, African Holocaust Audio Documentary

Books and articles in French

• Serge Daget, De la traite à l'esclavage, du Ve au XVIIIe siècle, actes du Colloque international sur la traite des noirs (Nantes, Société française d'histoire d'Outre-Mer, 1985)
• Jacques Heers, Les Négriers en terre d'islam (Perrin, Pour l'histoire collection, Paris, 2003) (ISBN 2-262-01850-2)
• Murray Gordon, L'esclavage dans le monde arabe, du VIIe au XXe siècle (Robert Laffont, Paris, 1987)
• Bernard Lewis, Race et esclavage au Proche-Orient, (Gallimard, Bibliothèque des histoires collection, Paris, 1993) (ISBN 2-07-072740-8)
• Olivier Petré-Grenouilleau, Les Traites oubliée des négrières (la Documentation française, Paris, 2003)
• Jean-Claude Deveau, Esclaves noirs en Méditerranée in Cahiers de la Méditerranée, vol. 65, Sophia-Antipolis
• Olivier Petré-Grenouilleau, La traite oubliée des négriers musulmans in L'Histoire, special number 280 S (October 2003), pages 48-55.

Websites

• Arab Slave Trade.com
• BBC - History - British Slaves on the Barbary Coast
• Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History
• The Thomas Jefferson Papers - America and the Barbary Pirates - (American Memory from the Library of Congress)
• Audio recorded immediately after 100 slaves freed on the South Sudan / Darfur border Creepy Sleepy
• A two-hour and twenty minute audio documentary from South Sudan and Darfur Produced by Dan Patterson