Arab nationalism is a nationalist ideology common with Arabs in the 20th century. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding ^[1] It is based on the premise that nations from Morocco to the Arabian peninsula are united by their common linguistic, cultural and historical heritage. ^[2] Pan-Arabism is a related concept, which calls for the creation of a single Arab state, but not all Arab nationalists are also Pan-Arabists. Pan-Arabism is a movement for Unification among the peoples and countries of the Arab World, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arab independence refers to the concept of the removal or minimization of direct Western influence in the Middle East, and the dissolution of regimes in the Arab world which are considered to be dependent upon favorability with the West to the detriment of their local populations.

Contents 1 The rise of Arab nationalism 2 Attempts for State Unity 3 Ba'athism 4 Arab nationalist thinkers 5 Prominent Arab nationalist heads of state 6 See also 7 Further reading 8 References 9 Sources

The rise of Arab nationalism

The political orientation of Arab nationalists in the years prior to the First World War was generally moderate. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Their demands were of a reformist nature, limited in general to autonomy within the Ottoman Empire, greater use of Arabic in education, and local service in peacetime for Arab conscripts to the imperial army. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Some radicalisation followed the 1908 revolution in the empire and the Turkicisation programme imposed by the new Committee of Union and Progress (CUP, often known as the Young Turks) government. Turkification is a term used to describe a process of cultural change in which something or someone who is not a Turk becomes one voluntarily or by force The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP (İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti initially a secret society established as the "Committee of Ottoman Union" (İttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti However, Arab nationalism was not yet a mass movement, even in Syria where it was strongest - one of the key elements of early Arab Nationalism was the desire for a 'Greater Syria' that incorporated Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine. Many Arabs gave their primary loyalty to their religion or sect, their tribe, or their own particular governments. The ideologies of Ottomanism and Pan-Islamism were strong competitors of Arab nationalism. Ottomanism ( Osmanlılık or Osmanlıcılık) was a concept which developed prior to the First Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire. Pan-Islamism ( اتّحاد الاسلام) is a Political movement advocating the unity of Muslims under one Islamic state or a Caliphate

In 1913, Arab intellectuals and some politicians met in Paris at the first Arab Congress. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city They produced a set of demands for greater autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. They also requested that Arab conscripts to the Ottoman army not be required to serve in other regions except in time of war.

During World War I, the British designed and produced a flag representing Arab nationalism. Mark Sykes created the black, white, green, and red banner, variations of which can still be seen in the flags of a number of Arab states. It was originally created for King Hussein's Hejaz forces. Sayyid Hussein bin Ali, GCB (1854 &mdash June 4, 1931) ( حسین بن علی; Ḥusayn bin ‘Alī) was the Sharif al-Hejaz (also Hijaz, Hedjaz; الحجاز al-Ḥiǧāz, literally "the barrier" is a region in the west of present-day Saudi Arabia [3]

Nationalist sentiments became more prominent during the collapse of Ottoman authority. The brutal repression of the secret societies in Damascus and Beirut by Jamal Pasha, who executed patriotic intellectuals in 1915 and 1916, strengthened anti-Turkish feeling, while the British, for their part, incited the Sharif of Mecca to launch the Arab Revolt during the First World War. Anti-Turkism, Turkophobia, Turcophobia or anti-Turkish sentiment is the hostility towards Turkish people, Turkish culture, the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Arab Revolt (1916&ndash1918 ( الثورة العربية Al-Thawra al-`Arabīya) was initiated by the Sherif Hussein ibn Ali with the aim of securing World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Ottomans were defeated and the rebel forces, loyal to the Sharif's son Faysal ibn al-Husayn entered Damascus in 1918. Faisal bin Al Hussein Bin Ali El-Hashemi, GCB, GCMG ( فيصل بن حسين Fayṣal ibn Ḥusayn; 20 May 1883 &ndash September 8 Arab unity then saw its first failed attempt with the establishment of the short-lived Kingdom of Syria under Faysal.

During the war the British had been a major sponsor of Arab nationalist thought and ideology, as a weapon to use against the power of the Ottoman Empire. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located However, the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement between Britain and France provided for the division of the eastern Arab lands between the two imperial powers. During the interwar years and the British Mandate period, when Arab lands were under French and British colonial control, Arab nationalism became an important anti-colonial opposition movement against British rule. The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement

Important Arab nationalist thinkers in the inter-war period included Amin al-Rihani, Constantin Zureiq, Zaki al-Arsuzi, Michel Aflaq and Sati' al-Husri. Amin al-Rihani (أمين الريحاني; also Ameen Fares Rihani (1876 in what is today Lebanon – 1940 was a Lebanese writer a major figure in the mahjar literary Constantin Zureiq (قسطنطين زريق (born Damascus 1909-2000 a prominent Arab intellectual and academic was one of the pioneering theorists of modern Zakī al-Arsūzī (in Arabic: زكي الأرسوزي born Lattakia June 1899 died Damascus July 1968 was a Syrian political activist and writer Michel Aflaq ( Arabic: ميشيل عفلق Mīšīl ʿAflaq, born Damascus 1910 died Paris June 23, 1989) was the Sāti` al-Husrī (in Arabic: ساطع الحصري August 1879 – 1967 was a Syrian writer and educationist whose ideas are widely considered to have played a fundamental Competing ideologies included Islamism and local nationalism, notably the Lebanese nationalism promoted by various, predominantly Christian, thinkers and politicians in that country, and the Greater Syrian nationalism developed most notably by Antun Saadeh, which gained a certain adherence in Syria and Lebanon. Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only Antun Sa'adah (انطون سعادة (March 1 1904-July 8 1949 was a Syrian nationalist thinker from Lebanon and founder of the Syrian Social Nationalist Communism also became a significant ideological force, first and most notably in Iraq, but later also in Syria and to a certain extent in Egypt. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based However, while generally hostile for pragmatic reasons to specific pan-Arab political projects, Arab communism was not altogether incompatible with the general demands of nationalism. Pan-Arabism is a movement for Unification among the peoples and countries of the Arab World, from the Atlantic Ocean to the

Gamal Abdul Nasser, the leader of Egypt, was a significant player in the rise of Arab Nationalism. Opposed to the British control of the Suez Canal Zone and concerned at Egypt becoming a Cold War battleground Nasser pushed for a collective Arab security pact within the framework of the Arab League. A key aspect of this was the need for economic aid that was not dependent on peace with Israel and the establishment of US or British military bases within Arab countries.

Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal and directly challenged the dominance of the Western powers in the region. At the same time he opened Egypt up as a Cold War zone by receiving aid and arms shipments from the USSR that were not dependent on treaties, bases and peace accords. However, because of the connotations for Cold War dominance of the region, Egypt also received aid from the US, who sought to promote the emerging Arab Nationalism as a barrier to communism.

Attempts for State Unity

During the 20th century, the rivalry between Syria and Egypt for preeminence undermined the process of uniting the Arab world. ^[4] In 1958, the states of Egypt and Syria temporarily joined to create a new nation, the United Arab Republic. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The United Arab Republic ( الجمهورية العربية المتحدة al-Jumhūrīyah al-‘Arabīyah al-Muttaḥidah / al-Jumhūrīyah al-‘Arabīyah It was accompanied by attempts to include Iraq and North Yemen in the union. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The United Arab States (UAS was a short-lived Confederation of Egypt, Syria and North Yemen between 1958 and 1961 This very exercise, while fostering Egypt's position at the centre of Arab politics, led to the weakening of Syria. With the Iraqi revolution taking place in the same year, Western powers feared the fallouts of a powerful Arab Nationalism in the region. Foreign powers were not only concerned about the possible spread of such revolutionary movements in other Arab states, but also worried about losing the control and monopoly over the region's natural oil resources. However, due to discontent over the hegemony of Egypt and after a coup in Syria that introduced a more radical government to power, the UAR (United Arab Republic) collapsed in 1961; leaving room for Egyptian hegemony,under the leadership of President Gamal Abdal Nasser. Gamal Abdel Nasser (جمال عبد الناصر Gamāl ‘Abd an-Nāṣir; - January 15 1918 September 28 1970) was the second President The term United Arab Republic continued to be used in Egypt until 1971, after the death of Nasser.

In 1972, Muammar al-Gaddafi attempted to unite Libya, Egypt and Syria to form the Federation of Arab Republics. Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi 1 (معمر القذافي) (born 7 June 1942) also known as Colonel Gaddafi The Federation of Arab Republics ( Arabic اتحاد الجمهوريات العربية ittiħād al-jumhūriyyāt al-`arabiyya, literally "Union of Arab This loose union lasted until 1977 due to political and territorial disputes between the republics' leadership. In 1974, Muammar al-Qaddafi and Habib Bourgiba attempted their two nations of Libya and Tunisia to form the Arab Islamic Republic. Habib Bourguiba (حبيب بورقيبة Ḥabīb Būrqība ( August 3, 1903 &ndash April 6, 2000) was a Tunisian statesman and the The Arab Islamic Republic was a proposed unification of Tunisia and Libya in 1974 agreed upon by Libyan ruler Muammar al-Qaddafi and Tunisian President The plan was rejected by Bourgiba due to his realization of unity of the Maghreb states. The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset This would later become the Arab Maghreb Union. The Arab Maghreb Union ( Arabic: اتحاد المغرب العربي transliterated: Ittihad al-Maghrib al-Araby French

Ba'athism

Arab nationalists generally rejected religion as a main element in political identity, and promoted the unity of Arabs regardless of sectarian identity. However, the fact that most Arabs were Muslims was used by some as an important building block in creating a new Arab national identity. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.

An example of this was Michel Aflaq, founder along with Salah al-Din al-Bitar and Zaki al-Arsuzi of the Ba'th Party. Michel Aflaq ( Arabic: ميشيل عفلق Mīšīl ʿAflaq, born Damascus 1910 died Paris June 23, 1989) was the Salah ad-Din al-Bitar ( صلاح الدين البيطار) (born Damascus 1912 died Paris 21 July 1980) was a Syrian Zakī al-Arsūzī (in Arabic: زكي الأرسوزي born Lattakia June 1899 died Damascus July 1968 was a Syrian political activist and writer The Arab Socialist Ba'th Party (also spelled Baath or Ba'ath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي was founded in Damascus Aflaq, though himself a Christian, viewed Islam as a testament to the "Arab genius", and once said "Muhammed was the epitome of all the Arabs. So let all the Arabs today be Muhammed. " Since the Arabs had reached their greatest glories through the expansion of Islam, Islam was seen as a universal message as well as an expression of secular genius on the part of the Arab peoples. Islam had given the Arabs a "glorious past", which was very different from the "shameful present". In effect the troubles of the Arab present were because the Arabs had diverged from their "eternal and perfect symbol", Islam. The Arabs needed to have a "renaissance": the meaning of the word ba'th.

Throughout the Middle East, regional nationalisms and allegiances to the post-World War I states such as Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq partly compete and partly coexist with broader Arab nationalism. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. In Lebanon, for instance, the identity of "Arab" is rejected by some Lebanese nationalist groups (especially Maronite), since 40% of Lebanon follows Christianity. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Maronites ( الموارنة,, Syriac: ܡܪܘܢܝܐ, Latin: Ecclesia Maronitarum) are members of one of the Syriac Definitions of "Arab" sometimes vary; see Arab. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding

Arab nationalist thinkers

• Gamal Abdel Nasser
• Michel Aflaq
• George Antonius
• Shakib Arslan
• Zaki al-Arsuzi
• Ma'an Bashour
• George Habash
• Sati' al-Husri
• Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
• Amin al-Rihani
• Constantin Zureiq

Prominent Arab nationalist heads of state

• Hafiz al-Assad
• Ahmed Ben Bella
• Saddam Hussein
• Gamal Abdel Nasser
• Muammar al-Gaddafi
• Shukri al-Quwatli

See also

• Arab League
• Gulf Cooperation Council
• Arab Socialism
• Ba'athism
• Nasserism
• Nationalism
• Pan-Arabism

Further reading

• Islamic critique of Arab Nationalism
• Arab Nationalism: Mistaken Identity by Martin Kramer

References

Sources

• Hinnebusch, Raymond (2003). The International Politics of the Middle East. Manchester University Press.  
• Humphreys, R. Stephen (2005). Between Memory and Desire: The Middle East in a Troubled Age. University of California Press.  

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