| Comune di Aquileia | |
|---|---|
 Municipal coat of arms |
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  |
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| Country |  Italy |
| Region | Friuli-Venezia Giulia |
| Province | Udine (UD) |
| Mayor | Alviano Scarel (since June 2004) |
| Elevation | 5 m (16 ft) |
| Area | 36 km² (14 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| - Total | 3,330 |
| - Density | 93/km² (241/sq mi) |
| Time zone | CET, UTC+1 |
| Coordinates | |
| Gentilic | Aquileiesi |
| Dialing code | 0431 |
| Postal code | 33051 |
| Frazioni | Beligna, Belvedere, Viola, Monastero |
| Patron | Sts. Hermagoras and Fortunatus |
| - Day | July 12 |
| Website: www.comune.aquileia.ud.it | |
| Archaeological Area and the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia* | |
|---|---|
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
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| State Party | Italy |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | iii, iv, vi |
| Reference | 825 |
| Region† | Europe and North America |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1998 (22nd Session) |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO. |
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Aquileia (also called Aquilegia, Friulian Aquilee, Slovene Oglej) is an ancient Roman city in what is now Italy, at the head of the Adriatic at the edge of the lagoons, about 10 km from the sea, on the river Natiso (modern Natisone), the course of which has changed somewhat since Roman times. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Friuli-Venezia Giulia ( Friulian: Friûl-Vignesie Julie, Friaul-Julisch Venetien Furlanija - Julijska krajina Friul-Venezsia Jułia is one of the twenty In Italy, a Province (in Italian provincia) is an administrative division of intermediate level between Municipality ( Comune The Province of Udine (It Provincia di Udine, Friulian Provincie di Udin) is a province in the autonomous Friuli-Venezia Giulia "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+1 is used in the following locations Central European Time West Africa Time Western European Summer Time A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place Here are a list of area codes in Italy. All numbers here begin with the country code (0039 A frazione, in Italy, is the name given in administrative law to a type of territorial subdivision of a Comune; for other Administrative Saint Hermagoras of Aquileia, also spelled Hermenagoras Hermogenes Ermacoras (Sant'Ermagora died c Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex As of 2008 there are a total of 878 World Heritage Sites located in 145 "State Parties" Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. Asia Minor, Cyprus, all of the Aegean Islands, the Canaries A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Friulian ( or affectionately marilenghe in Friulian friulano in Italian) (also Eastern Ladin) is a Romance language belonging Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language "Ancient" redirects here For other uses see Ancient_(disambiguation. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Natisone (Latin Natiso; Friulian: Nadison; Slovenian: Nadiža) is a river of Eastern Friuli, in north-eastern Italy
Contents |
History
Aquileia was founded as a colony by the Romans in 180/181 BC along the Natissa River, on land south of the Julian Alps but about 8 miles north of the lagoons. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Events By place Egypt Ptolemy V is poisoned after a reign of 24 years in which the Egyptian kingdom has declined in power and The Julian Alps (Julijske Alpe Alpi Giulie are a Mountain range of the Southern Limestone Alps that stretches from north-eastern Italy to Slovenia Apparently named from a indigenous world Akylis, the colony served as a frontier fortress at the north-east corner of transpadane Italy and was intended to protect the Veneti, faithful Roman allies, during the Illyrian Wars and act as a butress to check the advance of other warlike people, such as the hostile tribes of Carni and Istri. In the Illyrian Wars of 229 BC and 219 BC, Rome overran the Illyrian settlements in the Neretva river valley and suppressed the In fact, Aquileia was founded on a site not far from where Gaulish invaders had attempted to settle in 183 BC. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western
The colony was established with Latin rights by the triumvirate of Publius Scipio Nasica, Caius Flaminius, and Lucius Manlius Acidinus, two of whom were of consular and one of praetorian rank. Gaius Flaminius Nepos was a Politician and Consul of the Roman Republic in the 3rd century BC For others of this Gens, see Manlius. For other Manlii with the cognomen "Acidinus" see Acidinus (cognomen. Consul (abbrev cos; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire They led 3000 pedites (infantry), mainly from Samnium, who with their families formed the bulk of the settlers and were soon supplemented by native Veneti. Samnium ( Oscan: Safinim; Italian Sannio) is a historical region of the south central Apennines in Italy, that was home to the It is likely that Aquileia had been a center of Venetia even before the coming of the Romans. And Aquileia's strategic military position also served to promote the Venetic trade in amber imported from the Baltic.
Aquileia was connected by road with Bononia (Bologna) probably in 173 BC; and subsequently with Genua (Genova) in 148 BC by the Via Postumia, which ran through Cremona, Bedriacum and Altinum, joining the first-mentioned road at Concordia, while the construction of the Via Popilia from Rimini to Ad Portum near Altinum in 132 BC improved the communications still further. Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy Events By place Egypt Ptolemy VI Philometor marries his sister Cleopatra II. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English The Via Postumia was an ancient highroad of northern Italy constructed in 148 BC by the Consul Spurius Postumius Albinus. Cremonese redirects here For the football team see US Cremonese Cremona is a City in northern Italy, situated Altinum (modern Altino, a Frazione of Quarto d'Altino) is the name of an ancient coastal town of the Veneti in Venetia The Via Popilia is either of two different ancient Roman roads begun in the consulship of Publius Popilius Laenas, who was better known for his attack on the Gracchi
In 169 BC, 1,500 more Latin colonists with their families were settled in the town as a reinforcement to the garrison. The discovery of the gold fields near the modern Klagenfurt in 130 BC (Strabo iv. 208) brought it into notice, and it soon became a place of importance, not only owing to its strategic position, but as a centre of trade, especially in agricultural products and viticulture. Klagenfurt guildhall 19072006 01jpg|thumb|220px|City hall in Klagenfurt´s center Neuer Platz]] Klagenfurt am Wörthersee ( Slovene: Celovec) is the Capital It also had, in later times at least, considerable brickfields.
The original Latin colony became a municipium probably in 90 BC. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. A municipium (pl municipia) belonged to the second highest class of Roman cities being Year 90 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Lucius Julius Caesar and Citizens were ascribed to the Roman tribe Velina. The customs boundary of Italy was close by in Cicero's day. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman It was plundered by the Iapydes under Augustus, but, in the period of peace which followed, was able to develop its resources. The Iapydes (or Iapodes, Japodes) were an ancient people who dwelt north of and inland from the Liburnians, off the Adriatic coast and eastwards of the Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Augustus visited it during the Pannonian wars in 12‑10 BC and it was the birthplace of Tiberius' son by Julia, in the latter year. Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (or Tiberius I) born Tiberius Claudius Nero (November 16 42 BC – March 16 AD 37) was the second Roman
It was the starting-point of several important roads leading to the north-eastern portion of the empire — the road (Via Iulia Augusta) by Iulium Carnicum to Veldidena (mod. The Via Julia Augusta is the name given to the Roman road formed by the merging of the Via Aemilia Scauri with the Via Postumia, running from Placentia Wilten, near Innsbruck), from which branched off the road into Noricum, leading by Virunum (Klagenfurt) to Laurieum (Lorch) on the Danube, the road into Pannonia, leading to Aemona (Ljubljana) and Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica), the road to Tarsatica (near Fiume, now Rijeka) and Siscia (Sisak), and that to Tergeste (Trieste) and the Istrian coast. Innsbruck is the capital city of the federal state of Tyrol in western Austria. Innsbruck is the capital city of the federal state of Tyrol in western Austria. Noricum, in ancient Geography, was a Celtic kingdom (perhaps better described as a federation of by tradition twelve tribes stretching over the area of The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, Ljubljana ( is the largest and Capital city of Slovenia. It is located in the center of the country and is a mid-sized city of some 270000 inhabitants Sremska Mitrovica ( Serbian Cyrillic: Сремска Митровица is a city and municipality located Rijeka (other Croatian dialects Rika and Reka, Reka Italian and Hungarian: Fiume, Sankt Veit am Pflaumb is Sisak ( German: Sissek, Hungarian: Sziszek, Italian: Siscia) is a City in Trieste (Trieste Slovene and Croatian: Trst; German: Triest) is a city and port in northeastern Italy very near to This article is about a geographical region bordering the Adriatic Sea
Besides natives of Italy, Celts, Illyrians, Greeks, Egyptians, Jews, and Syrians all settled in the city and contributed to its commercial development. Syrians established a flourishing trade in glasswork. Metal from Noricum was forged and exported. Noricum, in ancient Geography, was a Celtic kingdom (perhaps better described as a federation of by tradition twelve tribes stretching over the area of The ancient Venetic trade in amber from the Baltic was continued. Wine, especially its famous Pucinum was exported. Oil was imported from Proconsular Africa.
In terms of religion, the Roman pantheon was adopted although a native sungod, Belenus, had a large following. Jews practiced their ancestral religion and it was perhaps some of these Jews who became the first Christians. Meanwhile, soldiers brought the martial cult of Mithras.
In the war against the Marcomanni in 167, the town was hard pressed; its fortifications had fallen into disrepair during the long peace. Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Buri, Suebi or Suevi Nevertheless, when in 168 Marcus Aurelius made Aquileia the principal fortress of the empire against the barbarians of the North and East, it rose to the pinnacle of its greatness and soon had a population of 100,000. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (often referred to as "the wise" ( April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor In 238, when the town took the side of the Senate against the Emperor Maximinus Thrax, the fortifications were hastily restored, and proved of sufficient strength to resist for several months, until Maximinus himself was assassinated. Events By Place Roman Empire Carpians invade Moesia; Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns against them Gaius Iulius Verus Maximinus (c 173&ndash238 also known as Maximinus Thrax (i
During the 4th century, Aquileia maintained its importance. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century Constantine sojourned there on numerous occasions. It became a naval station and, the seat of the Corrector Venetiarum et Histriae; a mint was established, of which the coins were very numerou;, and the bishop obtained the rank of metropolitan archbishop. A corrector (English plural Correctors) is a person who or object that practices Correction, usually by removing or rectifying errors A council held in the city in 381 was only the first of a series of Councils of Aquileia that have been convoked over the centuries. In the history of Christianity and later of the Roman Catholic Church, there have been several Councils of Aquileia
An imperial palace was constructed here, in which the emperors after the time of Diocletian frequently resided; and the city often played a part in the struggles between the rulers of the 4th century: In 340, Emperor Constantine II was killed under its walls while attempting to take the city from his younger brother Constans. Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus ( ca. December 22 244 The modern historian Timothy Barnes takes December 22 as his birthdate Events By Place Roman Empire Constantinople, capital of Emperor Constantius II, becomes the largest city of the world taking Flavius Claudius Constantinus, known in English as Constantine II, (316 – 340 was Roman Emperor from 337 to 340 Flavius Julius Constans (320-350 was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 337 to 350
At the end of the 4th century, Ausonius, describing it as "moenibus et portu celeberrima," enumerated Aquileia as the ninth among the great cities of the world, placing Rome, Mediolanum and Capua before it. This article is about the Roman poet Ausonius For John Ausonius the Swedish murderer see John Ausonius. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Mediolanum, the ancient Milan, was an important Celtic and then Roman centre Capua is a city in the Province of Caserta, Campania, Italy situated 25 km (16 mi north of Naples, on the northeastern edge of However, it was besieged by Alaric and the Vandals in 401, during which time some of its residents fled to the lagoons, and again unsuccessfully in 408. Events By Place World The human population reaches 206 million For the area code see Area code 408. Events By Place Western Roman Empire In the summer of this year In 452, the city was so utterly destroyed by Attila's Huns, that it was afterwards hard to recognize its original site. Events By Place Western Roman Empire Attila, king of the Huns, invades Italy. The Roman inhabitants, together with those of smaller towns in the neighborhood, fled to the lagoons, and so laid the foundations of the cities of Venice and nearby Grado. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Yet Aquileia would rise again, but much diminished and continue to exist until the Lombard invasion of 568. The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from Events By Place Europe April 1 — King Alboin leads the Lombards into Italy refugees fleeing from them go on It was once more destroyed (590) by the Lombards. Events By Place Byzantine Empire Summer - Maurice agrees to Khosrau's entreaties and agrees to restart the war with Persia Meanwhile, the patriarch fled to the island town of Grado which was under the protection of the Byzantines. Grado ( Gravo in the local Venetian dialect Grau in Friulian, Gradež in Slovenian) is a town in the north-eastern Italian When the patriarch residing in Grado was reconciled with Rome in 606, those continuing in their rejection of the Second Council of Constantinople elected a patriarch at Aquileia. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Thus, the diocese was essentially divided into two parts, with the mainland patriarchate of Aquileia under the protection of the Lombards, and the insular patriarchate of Aquileia seated in Grado being protected by the exarchate of Ravenna and later the Doges of Venice. The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from The Exarchate of Ravenna or of Italy was a centre of Byzantine power in Italy, from the end of the 6th century to 751, when the The Doge ( Venetian language, also Doxe, derived from Latin Dux military leader duke cf with the collusion of the Lombards. The line of the patriarchs elected in Aquileia would continue in schism until 699. Events By Place Asia Umayyad general Hajjaj suppresses a rebellion by Ibn al-Ash'ath However, although the kept the title of patriarch of Aquileia, they moved their residence first to Cormons and later to Cividale. Cormons (Krmin is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Gorizia in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about Cividale del Friuli ( Friulian Cividât, Slovenian Čedad) is a town in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Northern Italy, 15 km
The Lombard Dukes of Friuli ruled Aquileia and the surrounding mainland territory from Cividale. Friuli ( Friulian: Cividale del Friuli ( Friulian Cividât, Slovenian Čedad) is a town in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Northern Italy, 15 km In 774, Charlemagne conquered the Lombard duchy and made it into a Frankish one with Eric of Friuli as duke. Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his Eric (also Heirichus or Ehericus; died 799 was the Duke of Friuli ( dux Foroiulensis) from 789 to his death In 787, Charlemagne named the priest and master of grammar at the Palace School Paulinus the new patriarch of Aquileia. Saint Paulinus II (between 730 and 740 - 802 was an Italian ecclesiastic scholar and poet who served as the Patriarch of Aquileia. Although Paulinus, resided mainly at Cividale, his successor Maxentius considered rebuilding Aquileia. However, the project never came to fruition. While Maxentius was patriarch, the pope approved the Synod of Mantua which affirmed the precedence of the mainland patriarch of Aquileia over the patriarch of Grado. However, material conditions were soon to worsen for Aquileia. The ruins of Aquileia were continually pillaged for building material. And with the collapse of the Carolingians in the 10th century, the inhabitants would suffer under the raids of the Magyars.
By the eleventh century, the patriarch of Aquileia had grown strong enough to assert temporal sovereignty over Friuli and Aquileia. The Holy Roman Emperor gave the region to the patriarch as a feudal possession. However, the patriarch's temporal authority was constantly disputed and assailed by the territorial nobility. In 1027 and 1044 Patriarch Poppo of Aquileia, who rebuilt the cathedral of Aquileia, entered and sacked neighboring Grado, and, though the Pope reconfirmed the Patriarch of the latter in his dignities, the town never recovered, though it continued to be the seat of the Patriarchate until its formal transference to Venice in 1450. Poppo of Treffen, also Wolfgang, was the fifty-seventh Patriarch of Aquileia from 1019 to 1045
The seat of the patriarchate of Aquileia had been transferred to Udine in 1238, but returned in 1420 when Venice annexed the territory of Udine. Udine ( Friulian Udin, Slovene Videm, German Weiden, Latin Utinum) is a city in northeastern It was finally suppressed in 1751, and the sees of Udine and Gorizia (Görz) established in its stead. Year 1751 ( MDCCLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Gorizia (Gurize Gorica Görz is a town in northeastern Italy, at the foot of the Alps and bordering Slovenia.
Main sights
Cathedral
The Cathedral of Aquileia is one of the most important edifices of Christianity. It is a flat-roofed basilica erected by Patriarch Poppo in 1031 on the site of an earlier church, and rebuilt about 1379 in the Gothic style by Patriarch Marquad. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period.
The façade, in Romanesque-Gothic style, is connected by a portico to the Church of the Pagans, and the remains of the 5th century Baptistry. The interior has a nave and two aisles, with a noteworthy mosaic pavement from the 4th century. The wooden ceiling is from 1526, while the fresco decoration belongs to various ages: from the 4th century in the St. Peter's chapel of the apse area; from the 11th century in the apse itself; from the 12th century in the so-called "Crypt of the Frescoes", under the presbytery, with a cycle depicting the origins of Christianity in Aquileia and the history of St. Hermagoras, first bishop of the city. Saint Hermagoras of Aquileia, also spelled Hermenagoras Hermogenes Ermacoras (Sant'Ermagora died c
Next to the 11th century Romanesque Holy Sepulchre, at the beginning of the left aisle, is ths of different ages can be seen: the lowest is from a Roman villa of the age of Augustus; the middle one has a typical cocciopesto pavemente; the upper one, bearing blackening from the Attila's fire, has geometrical decorations. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was
Externally, behind the 9th century campanile and the apse, is the Cemetery of the Fallen, where ten unnamed soldiers of World War I are buried.
Ancient remains
The ancient buildings of Aquileia served as stone quarries for centuries, and no edifices of the Roman period remain above ground. Excavations have revealed one street and the north-west angle of the town walls, while the National Archaeological Museum (one of the most important museums of Ancient Rome in the world) contains over 2,000 inscriptions, statues and other antiquities, as well as glasses of local production and a numismatics collection.
The site of Aquileia, believed to be the largest Roman city yet to be excavated, is inscribed on the World Heritage List. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex
Others
In the Monastero fraction is a 5th century Christian basilica, later a Benedictine monastery, which today houses the Paleo-Christian Museum.
See also
- Aquileian rite concerning the schism that created the patriarchate
- Councils of Aquileia
- List of Aquileia Bishops and patriarchs
- Acaste Bresciani
Sources and references
- Catholic Encyclopedia
- Neher in Kirchenlexikon I, 1184-89
- De Rubeis, Monumenta Eccles. The Aquileian Rite was a particular liturgical tradition within the schismatical province of the ancient patriarchal See of Aquileia. In the history of Christianity and later of the Roman Catholic Church, there have been several Councils of Aquileia List of the Bishops and Archbishops of Aquileia. For the ecclesiastical history of the see Patriarchate of Aquileia From 533 until the 7th century Acaste Bresciani ( June 22, 1882 - March 2, 1969) was an Italian religious figure and author The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia Aquil. (Strasburg, 1740)
- Ferdinando Ughelli, Italia Sacra, I sqq. Ferdinando Ughelli ( 21 March, 1595 - 19 May, 1670) was an Italian Cistercian monk and church historian ; X, 207
- Cappelletti, Chiese d'Italia, VIII, 1 sqq.
- Menzano, Annali del Friuli (1858-68)
- Paschini, Sulle Origini della Chiesa di Aquileia (1904)
- Glaschroeder, in Buchberger's Kirchl. Handl. (Munich, 1904), I, 300-301
- Hefele, Conciliengesch. Karl Josef von Hefele ( March 15, 1809 - June 6, 1893) German theologian, was born at Unterkochen in Württemberg II, 914-23.
- For the episcopal succession, see P. B. Gams, Series episcoporum (Ratisbon, 1873-86), and Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi (Muenster, 1898). Pius Bonifacius Gams (b at Mittelbuch, Würtemberg, 23 January[[ 816]] d Konrad Eubel (1842-1923 was a German Franciscan historian He is known for his reference work the Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, on medieval Popes Cardinals and
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