Citizendia
Your Ad Here

For other uses, see Aqueduct (disambiguation).
Pont du Gard, France, a Roman aqueduct built circa 19 BC. It is one of France's top tourist attractions and a World Heritage Site.
Pont du Gard, France, a Roman aqueduct built circa 19 BC. The Pont du Gard is an aqueduct in the South of France constructed by the Roman Empire, and located in Vers-Pont-du-Gard near Remoulins This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC It is one of France's top tourist attractions and a World Heritage Site. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex
The Aqueduct in Kavala, Greece. 25 meters height and a total of 60 arches. It was built in AD 1530 on a Roman model during the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent.
The Aqueduct in Kavala, Greece. 25 meters height and a total of 60 arches. It was built in AD 1530 on a Roman model during the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent.

An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another. Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways The word is derived from the Latin aqua, "water," and ducere, "to lead. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. " The word is also used for any bridge that carries water, similar to viaducts, though they carry water instead of a road or railway. A bridge is a Structure built to span a Gorge, Valley, Road, railroad track, River, Body of water A viaduct is a Bridge composed of several small spans The term viaduct is derived from the Latin via for road and ducere to Sufficiently large aqueducts may also be usable by boats or ships. A boat is a Watercraft of modest size designed to float or plane on water and provide transport over it A ship /ʃɪp/ is a large vessel that floats on water Ships are generally distinguished from Boats based on size While a road bridge often carries the roadway at a more elevated level than the rest of the road, such a variation of height is not possible for an aqueduct.

Contents

Ancient aqueducts

View from inside a Roman aqueduct from the Pools of Solomon to Jerusalem
View from inside a Roman aqueduct from the Pools of Solomon to Jerusalem

Although famously associated with the Romans, aqueducts were devised much earlier in the Near East and Indian subcontinent, where peoples such as the Egyptians and Harappans built sophisticated irrigation systems. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC B Syria - Belka Woman from Damascus Arab from Baghdadjpg|thumb|Inhabitants of the Near East late nineteenth century This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin Roman-style aqueducts were used as early as the 7th century BC, when the Assyrians built a limestone aqueduct 30 feet (10 m) high and 900 feet (300 m) long to carry water across a valley to their capital city, Nineveh. The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. Nineveh ( Akkadian: Ninua; Aramaic: ܢܝܢܘܐ Hebrew נינוה Nīnewē; Arabic نينوى Naīnuwa) The full length of the aqueduct ran for 50 miles (80 km).

In the new world, the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán was watered by two aqueducts in the middle of the second millennium. Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political There are some towns in Mexico which are spelled "Tenochtitlán" like San Lorenzo The second millennium is a period of time that commenced on January 1, 1001, and ended on December 31, 2000.

Roman aqueducts

Main article: Roman aqueduct

Roman aqueducts were built in all parts of the Roman Empire, from Germany to Africa, and especially in the city of Rome itself, where they totaled over 260 miles (416 km). The ancient Romans constructed numerous aqueducts ( Latin aquaeductūs, sing The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The aqueducts were important for supplying water to large cities across the empire, and they set a high standard of engineering that was not surpassed for more than a thousand years. No mortar was needed to build these structures as the stones fit together so precisely.

Modern aqueducts

The Central Arizona Project Aqueduct, the largest and most expensive aqueduct system ever constructed in the United States.
The Central Arizona Project Aqueduct, the largest and most expensive aqueduct system ever constructed in the United States. The Central Arizona Project (CAP is a 336 mi (541 km diversion canal in Arizona in the United States The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Much of the expertise of the Roman engineers was lost in the Dark Ages, and in Europe the construction of aqueducts largely ceased until the High Middle Ages. Origins The Romans are generally famous for their advanced Engineering accomplishments although some of their own inventions were improvements on older ideas concepts This article is about the phrase "Dark Age(s" as a characterization of the Early Middle Ages in Western Europe The High Middle Ages was the period of European history in the 11th 12th and 13th centuries (AD 1000&ndash1299 An example of an extant small scale aqueduct system built in 1202 by Cistercian monks is the Spanish Real Monasterio de Nuestra Señora de Rueda, whose central heating and waste disposal system relied upon a series of aqueducts originating from a diversion of the Ebro River. MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective Real Monasterio de Nuestra Señora de Rueda (Royal Monastery of Our Lady of the Wheel is an early Cistercian monastery in the Aragon region of Spain. The Ebro ( Ebre) is Spain 's most voluminous river Its source is in Fontibre ( Cantabria) Through most of the Middle Ages and even up to the 19th century, water was instead usually supplied through the digging of wells, though this could cause serious public health problems when local water supplies became contaminated. One notable exception was the New River, a man-made waterway in England, opened in 1613 to supply London with fresh drinking water over a distance of 38 miles (62 km). The New River is a man-made waterway in England, opened in 1613 to supply London with fresh drinking water taken from the River Lee and from Amwell A waterway is any navigable Body of water. These include Rivers Lakes Seas Oceans and Canals In order for a waterway England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The development of canals provided another spur to aqueduct building. Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways

The 19th century saw aqueduct building resume on a large scale to supply fast-growing cities and water-hungry industries. The developments of new materials (such as cast iron) and new technologies (such as steam power) enabled significant improvements to be made. Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but identifies a large group of Ferrous Alloys which solidify with a Eutectic. A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid. For instance, cast iron permitted the construction of larger, more highly pressurised inverted siphons, while steam- and electrically powered pumps enabled a major increase in the quantity and speed of water flow. A siphon (also spelled syphon) is a continuous tube that allows liquid to drain from a reservoir through an intermediate point that is higher than the reservoir the flow being For information on Wikipedia project-related discussions see WikipediaVillage pump. England led the world in aqueduct construction, with notable examples being built to convey water to Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester. Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary

Remains of the Schoharie Crossing, an aqueduct that once carried the Erie Canal over the Schoharie Creek near Amsterdam, New York.
Remains of the Schoharie Crossing, an aqueduct that once carried the Erie Canal over the Schoharie Creek near Amsterdam, New York. The Erie Canal is a popular canal in New York state from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, approximately 360 miles connecting the Great Lakes
Mathur Aqueduct in Tamilnadu state, India carries irrigation water from one hill to another
Mathur Aqueduct in Tamilnadu state, India carries irrigation water from one hill to another

In modern times the largest aqueducts of all have been built in the United States to supply that country's biggest cities. Purpose The Aqueduct was constructed in 1966 by the late Chief Minister of Tamilnadu K Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Catskill Aqueduct carries water to New York over a distance of 120 miles (190 km), but it is dwarfed by aqueducts in the far west of the country, most notably the Colorado River Aqueduct, which supplies the Los Angeles area with water from the Colorado River nearly 250 miles (400 km) to the east, and the 444 mile (714. The Catskill Aqueduct, part of the New York City water supply system, brings water from the Catskill Mountains to Yonkers where it connects to other parts of the sytem New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous DWARF is a widely used standardized Debugging data format. DWARF was originally designed along with ELF, although it is independent of Object file The Western United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American West or simply the West &mdashtraditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost The Colorado River Aqueduct is a 242-mi (392 km water conveyance in southern California in the United States. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West The Colorado River (' Aha Kwahwat in Mojave) is a River in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, approximately 5 km) California Aqueduct which runs from the Sacramento Delta to Lake Perris. The California Aqueduct is a 444  Mile  (715  km)-long Aqueduct in the United States

Uses of aqueducts

Historically, many agricultural societies have constructed aqueducts to irrigate crops. Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops Archimedes invented the water screw to raise water for use in irrigation of croplands. Archimedes of Syracuse ( Greek:) ( c. 287 BC – c 212 BC was a Greek mathematician, Physicist, Engineer The Archimedes' screw, Archimedean screw, or screwpump is a Machine historically used for transferring water from a low-lying body of water into Irrigation

Another widespread use for aqueducts is to supply large cities with clean drinking water. Some of the famed Roman aqueducts still supply water to Rome today. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 In California, USA, three large aqueducts supply water over hundreds of miles to the Los Angeles area. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Two are from the Owens River area and a third is from the Colorado River. The Owens River is a River in eastern California in the United States, approximately long The Colorado River (' Aha Kwahwat in Mojave) is a River in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, approximately

In more recent times, aqueducts were used for transportation purposes to allow canal barges to cross ravines or valleys. Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways BARGE, the Big August RecGambling Excursion is a yearly convention held in Las Vegas during the first weekend of August During the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century, many aqueducts were constructed as part of the general boom in canal-building. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the

In modern civil engineering projects, detailed study and analysis of open channel flow is commonly required to support flood control, irrigation systems, and large water supply systems when an aqueduct rather than a pipeline is the preferred solution. Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built The Manning formula, known also as the Gauckler-Strickler formula in Europe is an Empirical formula for open channel flow or flow driven by Gravity. The aqueduct is a simple way to get water to other ends of a field.

In the past, aqueducts often had channels made of earth or other porous materials. Significant amounts of water are lost through such unlined aqueducts. As water gets increasingly scarce, these canals are being lined with concrete, polymers or impermeable soil. Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag A polymer is a large Molecule ( Macromolecule) composed of repeating Structural units typically connected by Covalent Chemical bonds In some cases, a new aqueduct is built alongside the old one because it cannot be shut down during construction.

Notable aqueducts

Ancient Greek aqueducts

Roman aqueducts

Segovia, Spain. Roman aqueduct
Segovia, Spain. Segovia is a city in Spain, the capital of the province of Segovia in Castile-Leon. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Roman aqueduct
Roman aqueduct supplying Carthage, Tunisia
Roman aqueduct supplying Carthage, Tunisia
Aqueduct of Valens, Istanbul, Turkey
Aqueduct of Valens, Istanbul, Turkey
Aqueduct near Tokatee Falls in Oregon
Aqueduct near Tokatee Falls in Oregon

See also: List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire

Other aqueducts

Navigable aqueducts

The Longden-on-Tern aqueduct
The Longden-on-Tern aqueduct

Navigable aqueducts are bridge structures which carry canals over other rivers, valleys or railways or roads. They are primarily distinguished by their size, carrying a larger cross-section of water than most water-supply aqueducts. Although Roman aqueducts were sometimes used for transport, aqueducts were not generally used until the 17th century when the problems of summit level canals had been solved and the modern canal system started to appear. A summit level canal is an artificial waterway connecting two separate river valleys

Pontcysyllte Aqueduct
Pontcysyllte Aqueduct

Early aqueducts such as the three on the Canal du Midi (1683) were stone or brick arches, the longest span being 18. The Canal du Midi or Canal des Deux Mers ( Occitan: Canal de las Doas Mars / Canal del Miègjorn) is a 240 km long canal in the south of France 3m on the Cesse Aqueduct (1686). However the weight of the construction to support the trough with the clay or other lining to make it waterproof made these structures clumsy and it was not until 1796 that the first large cast iron aqueduct was built at Longdon-on-Tern by Thomas Telford on the Shrewsbury Canal. Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but identifies a large group of Ferrous Alloys which solidify with a Eutectic. Longdon-on-Tern (also known as Longdon-upon-Tern or colloquially Longdon) is a village in east central Shropshire, England, situated approximately Thomas Telford (9 August 1757 - 2 September 1834 was born in Westerkirk, Scotland. The Shrewsbury Canal (or Shrewsbury and Newport Canal) was a Canal in Shropshire, England. It has a total length of 57m with 3 intermediate piers. Within 10 years he had completed the far more ambitious Pontcysyllte Aqueduct over the Dee valley on the Llangollen Canal which has a total length of 307m. The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct ˌpɔntkəˈsʌɬtɛ (and approximately pronounced "pont-kuss-uth-tay" is a navigable Aqueduct that carries the Llangollen Canal The River Dee ( Welsh: Afon Dyfrdwy) is a 70-mile-long (110 km River. The Llangollen Canal is a Canal in England and Wales. What is today known as the Llangollen Canal was originally the centre section of the Other cast iron aqueducts followed such as the single span Stanley Ferry aqueduct on the Calder and Hebble Navigation in 1839 with its innovative 50m through arch design. Stanley Ferry Aqueduct was built between 1836 and 1839 to take the Aire and Calder Navigation over the River Calder in Yorkshire, England The Calder and Hebble Navigation is a Broad (ie with 14-foot wide locks and bridgeholes inland Waterway in West Yorkshire, England, which has remained A compression arch suspended-deck bridge, or through arch bridge, is a Bridge made from modern materials such as steel or reinforced concrete in which a

The impact of new materials can be seen in the experience of the Canal latéral à la Loire in France. The Canal Latéral à la Loire was constructed between 1827 and 1838 to connect the Canal de Briare at Belleau and the Canal du Centre at Digoin It had 2 substantial arch aqueducts on the higher stretches of the Loire, the longest being 470m completed in 1838, but a river-level crossing was used to cross the Loire to the Canal de Briare because the consequent obstruction to the river during flooding was considered unacceptable. Loire ( Arpitan: Lêre, Occitan: Léger) is an administrative department in the east-central part of France occupying the The Canal de Briare is one of the oldest Canals in France. It is the first summit level canal in Europe that was built using Pound locks connecting the This proved troublesome until the 662m long steel Briare aqueduct was built in 1896, which remained the longest aqueduct in the world until the 21st century when the Magdeburg Water Bridge in Germany took the title. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 The Briare Aqueduct carries the Canal latéral à la Loire over the Loire on its journey to the Seine in France The 918-metre Magdeburg Water Bridge or Wasserstraßenkreuz in German, completed in October 2003 is a Water bridge that connects two important

Water channel of the Nanzen-ji aqueduct, Kyoto, Japan
Water channel of the Nanzen-ji aqueduct, Kyoto, Japan

Notable navigable aqueducts

See also

References

External links

Dictionary

aqueduct

-noun

  1. An artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another.
  2. A structure carrying water over a river or depression, especially in regards to ancient aqueducts.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic