This article is about the practice of apprenticeship. For other uses, see The Apprentice (disambiguation).

Apprenticeship is a system of training a new generation of skilled crafts practitioners. The term training refers to the acquisition of knowledge skills and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge Apprentices (or in early modern usage "prentices") build their careers from apprenticeships. Career is a term defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as an individual's "course or progress through life (or a distinct portion of life" Most of their training is done on the job while working for an employer who helps the apprentices learn their trade. An informal, theoretical education may also be involved.

Contents 1 Development 2 Modern analogs 3 India 4 Australia 5 Turkey 6 United Kingdom 7 Germany 7.1 History 7.2 Business professions 7.3 Trade and craft professions 8 France 9 United States 9.1 American apprenticeship educational regime 9.2 Example of a U.S. apprenticeship program 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links

Development

The system of apprenticeship first developed in the later Middle Ages and came to be supervised by craft guilds and town governments. A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers A master craftsman was entitled to employ young people as an inexpensive form of labour in exchange for providing formal training in the craft. A master craftsman (sometimes called only master or grandmaster, Meister was a member of a Guild. Most apprentices were males, but female apprentices were found in a number of crafts associated with embroidery, silk-weaving etc. Embroidery is the Art or Handicraft of decorating fabric or other Materials with designs stitched in strands of thread or Apprentices were young (usually about fourteen to twenty-one years of age), unmarried and would live in the master craftsman's household. Most apprentices aspired to becoming master craftsmen themselves on completion of their contract (usually a term of seven years), but some would spend time as a journeyman and a significant proportion would never acquire their own workshop. A journeyman is a trader or crafter who has completed an Apprenticeship. A workshop is a room or Building which provides both the area and Tools (or machinery) that may be required for the manufacture or repair

Subsequently governmental regulation and the licensing of polytechnics and vocational education formalised and bureaucratised the details of apprenticeship. Institute of technology, and polytechnic, are designations employed in a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable Vocational education or Vocational Education and Training (VET also called Career and Technical Education (CTE prepares learners for jobs that are based Bureaucracy is the structure and set of regulations in place to control activity usually in large organizations and government

Modern analogs

The modern concept of an internship is similar to an apprenticeship. An intern or stagiaire is one who works in a temporary position with an emphasis on on-the-job training rather than merely employment making it similar to an Apprenticeship Universities still use apprenticeship schemes in their production of scholars: bachelors are promoted to masters and then produce a thesis under the oversight of a supervisor before the corporate body of the university recognises the achievement of the standard of a doctorate. Scholarly method &mdash or as it is more commonly called scholarship &mdash is the body of principles and practices used by scholars to make their claims about the world as A dissertation (also called thesis or disquisition) is a document that presents the author's Research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature A supervisor, foreman foreperson team leader overseer cell coach facilitator or area coordinator is a manager in business A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Another view of this system is of graduate students in the role of apprentices, post-docs as journeymen, and professors as masters. See also Postgraduate Training in Education Postgraduate education (synonymous in North America with graduate education, and sometimes described A postdoctoral fellow (colloquially " post-doc " is a temporary research position held by a person who has completed his or her doctoral studies A journeyman is a trader or crafter who has completed an Apprenticeship. The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies A master craftsman (sometimes called only master or grandmaster, Meister was a member of a Guild.

Also similar to apprenticeships are the professional development arrangements for new graduates in the professions of accountancy and the law a British example was training contracts known as 'articles of clerkship'. Professional development refers to skills and knowledge attained for both personal development and career advancement Accountancy or accounting is the measurement statement or provision of assurance about financial information primarily used by Lenders managers, A "solicitor" is a term used in many Common law jurisdictions for a lawyer who offers legal services outside of the courts An articled clerk is an Apprentice in a professional firm in Commonwealth countries

India

In India, the Apprentices Act was enacted in 1961. It regulates the programme of training of apprentices in the industry so as to conform to the syllabi, period of training etc. as laid down by the Central Apprenticeship Council and to utilise fully the facilities available in industry for imparting practical training with a view to meeting the requirements of skilled manpower for industry.

The Apprentices Act enacted in 1961 and was implemented effectively in 1962. Initially the Act envisaged training of trade apprentices. The Act was amended in 1973 to include training of graduate and diploma engineers as "Graduate" & "Technician" Apprentices. The Act was further amended in 1986 to bring within its purview the training of the 10+2 vocational stream as "Technician (Vocational)" Apprentices.

Overall responsibility is with the Directorate General of Employment & Training (DGE&T) in the Union Ministry of Labour. DGE&T is also responsible for implementation of the Act in respect of Trade Apprentices in the Central Govt. Undertakings & Departments. This is done through six Regional Directorates of Apprenticeship Training located at Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kanpur & Faridabad.

State Apprenticeship Advisers are responsible for implementation of the Act in respect of Trade Apprentices in State Government Undertakings/ Departments and Private Establishments. Department of Education in the Ministry of HRD is responsible for implementation of the Act in respect of Graduate, Technician & Technician (Vocational) Apprentices. This is done through four Boards of Apprenticeship Training located at Kanpur, Kolkata , Mumbai & Chennai.

Australia

Australian Apprenticeships is the new name for the scheme formerly known as 'New Apprenticeships'. Under the scheme, involving 400,000 people in 500 occupations, the Australian Government incentives and personal benefits programme are still the same. Australian Apprenticeships still encompass all apprenticeships and traineeships. They combine time at work with training and can be full-time, part-time or school-based. you can get apprenticeships starting at age 14 if you have a willing employer^[1]

Turkey

In Turkey, apprenticeship has been part of the small business culture for centuries since the time of Seljuk Turks who claimed Anatolia as their homeland in 11th century. Seljuk ( Arabic: السلاجقة Turkish: Selçuk; also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq) was the eponymous hero of the Seljuks The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language

There are three levels of apprenticeship. First level is the apprentice, i. e. the "cirak" in Turkish. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. The second level is pre-master which is called, "kalfa" in Turkish. The mastery level is called as "usta" and is the highest level of achievement. An 'usta' is eligible to take in and accept new 'ciraks' to train and bring them up. The training process usually starts when the small boy is of age 10-11 and becomes a full grown master at the age of 20-25. Many years of hard work and disciplining under the authority of the master is the key to the young apprentice's education and learning process.

In Turkey today there are many vocational schools that train young kids to gain skills to learn a new profession. The student after graduation looks for a job at the nearest local marketplace usually under the authority of a master.

United Kingdom

Apprenticeships have a long tradition in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In early modern England 'parish' apprenticeships under the Poor Law came to be used as a way of providing for poor children of both sexes alongside the regular system of apprenticeships, which tended to provide for boys from slightly more affluent backgrounds. The early modern period is a term initially used by historians to refer mainly to the period roughly from 1500 to 1800 in Western Europe ( Early modern Europe) A parish is a Local church; it is an administrative unit typically found in episcopal or presbyterian churches This article deals chiefly with the English Poor Laws covering England and Wales

In modern times, apprenticeship became less important, especially as employment in heavy industry and artisan trades declined. Heavy industry does not have a single fixed meaning as compared to Light industry. An artisan, also called a Craftsman, is a skilled manual worker who crafts items that may be functional or strictly decorative including furniture clothing Traditional apprenticeships reached their lowest point in the 1970s: by that time, training programmes were rare and people who were apprentices learned mainly by example. In 1986, National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs) were introduced, in an attempt to revitalise vocational training. National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs are vocational awards in England and Wales that are achieved through assessment and training Vocational education or Vocational Education and Training (VET also called Career and Technical Education (CTE prepares learners for jobs that are based Still, by 1990, apprenticeship took up only two-thirds of one percent of total employment.

In 1994, the Government introduced Modern Apprenticeships (since renamed 'Apprenticeships'), based on frameworks devised by Sector Skills Councils. Her Majesty's Government, or when the monarch is male His Majesty's Government, is the title used by the Government of the United Kingdom, based at Sector Skills Councils (SSCs are state-sponsored employer-led organisations that cover specific economic sectors in the United Kingdom. These frameworks contain a number of separately certified elements:

• a knowledge-based element, typically certified through a qualification known as a ‘Technical Certificate’;
• a competence-based element, typically certified through an NVQ; and
• Key Skills (literacy and numeracy). ^[2]

There are now more than 160 apprenticeship frameworks (2005). Unlike traditional apprenticeships, the current scheme extends beyond craft and skilled trades to parts of the service sector with no apprenticeship tradition. The Department for Children, Schools and Families has stated its intention to make apprenticeships a "mainstream" part of England's education system. The Department for Children Schools and Families ( DCSF) is a British government department created on 28 June 2007 following the disbanding of the England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Education in the United Kingdom is organised separately in each of the countries of the United Kingdom with power over education in Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland being devolved ^[2]

Employers who offer apprenticeship places have an employment contract with their apprentices, but off-the-job training and assessment is wholly funded by the state for apprentices aged between 16 and 18. A contract of employment is a category of Contract used in Labour law to attribute right and responsibilities between parties to a bargain In England, Government only contributes 50% of the cost of training for apprentices aged 19 and over.

Government funding agencies contract with 'learning providers' to deliver apprenticeships. The Learning and Skills Council is a Non-departmental public body jointly sponsored by the Department for Innovation Universities and Skills and Department of Children These organisations provide off-the-job tuition and manage the bureaucratic workload associated with the apprenticeships. Providers are usually private training companies but might also be Further Education colleges, voluntary sector organisations, Chambers of Commerce or employers themselves. Further education (often abbreviated "FE" is Post-secondary Education (in addition to that received at Secondary school) that is distinct from The voluntary sector (also non-profit sector) is the sphere of social activity undertaken by Organizations that are non-profit and non-governmental A chamber of commerce (also referred to in some circles as a board of trade) is a form of Business network.

Germany

Apprenticeships are part of Germany's very successful dual education system, and as such form an integral part of many people's working life. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A dual education system is practised in several countries notably Germany, Austria and Switzerland, but also Denmark, the Netherlands Finding a full employment without having completed an apprenticeship is almost impossible. For some particular technical university professions a completed apprenticeship is often recommended (food technology) or even mandatory (marine engineering). Food tech room MarlingJPG|thumb|300px|right|The food technology room at Marling School in Stroud Gloucestershire. Marine Engineers are the members of a ship's crew that operate and maintain the propulsion and other systems on board the vessel

Young people can learn one of 356 (2005) apprenticeship occupations (Ausbildungsberufe), such as doctor's assistant, banker, dispensing optician, plumber or oven builder. personal assistantAn assistant is a Person or electronic tool who or that assists another person accomplish his or her goals Scientific Equipment OpticianAn optician is an Eye care professional who provides corrective lenses based on a prescription for the correction of a Refractive The dual system means that apprentices spend most of their time in companies and the rest in formal education. Usually, they work for three to four days a week in the company and then spend one or two days at a vocational school (Berufsschule). ATTENTION *** This article is not "Vocational education in the United States" These Berufsschulen have been part of the education system since the 19th century.

In 2001, two thirds of young people aged under 22 began an apprenticeship, and 78% of them completed it, meaning that approximately 51% of all young people under 22 have completed an apprenticeship. One in three companies offered apprenticeships in 2003; in 2004 the government signed a pledge with industrial unions that all companies except very small ones must take on apprentices. Industrial unionism is a labor union organizing method through which all workers in the same industry are organized into the same union—regardless of skill or trade—thus

History

In 1969, a law (the Berufsbildungsgesetz) was passed which regulated and unified the vocational training system and codified the shared responsibility of the state, the unions, associations and the chambers of trade and industry. The dual system was successful in both parts of divided Germany. In the GDR, three quarters of the working population had completed apprenticeships. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state

Business professions

The precise skills and theory taught on German apprenticeships are strictly regulated. The employer is responsible for the entire education programme. Apprentices are not allowed to be employed and have only an apprenticeship contract. The full content of the apprentice education must be provided and taught by the employer. The time taken is also regulated. Each occupation learnt takes a different time, but the average is 35 months.

Thus, everyone who has, for example, completed an apprenticeship as an Industriekaufmann (roughly an Industrial Business Manager) has learned the same skills and has attended the same courses in procurement and stocking up, controlling, staffing, accounting procedures, production planning, terms of trade and transport logistics and various other subjects. Procurement is the acquisition of goods and/or services at the best possible Total cost of ownership, in the right quantity and quality at the right time in the right place Staffing may refer to Staffing agency Staffing level Staffing bedeutet so was wie in der Art der Personalführung Accountancy or accounting is the measurement statement or provision of assurance about financial information primarily used by Lenders managers, In international Economics and International trade, terms of trade or TOT is the relative prices of a country's export to import Logistics is the management of the flow of Goods, Information and other resources including Energy and people between the point of origin and the point Someone who has not taken this apprenticeship or did not pass the final examinations at the Industrial Chamber of Commerce is not allowed to call himself an Industriekaufmann.

Trade and craft professions

The rules and laws for the trade and craftswork apprentices such as mechanics, bakers, joiners, etc. Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both Trade is also called Commerce. A craft is a Skill, especially involving practical arts. It may refer to a Trade or particular art A mechanic is a person who uses Tools to repair things (generally machinery or works to keep things operating properly A bakery (also called baker's or bakehouse) is an establishment which produces or/and sells Bread, pies pastries Cakes Biscuits A Joiner differs from a Carpenter in that he cuts and fits joints in wood that do not use nails usually as a furniture maker are as strict as and even broader than for the business professions. Here the procedures, titles and traditions still strongly reflect the medieval origin of the system. After completing the 3 years of dual education, for example, a baker is allowed to called himself a Bäckereigeselle (bakery journeyman). A journeyman is a trader or crafter who has completed an Apprenticeship. After the apprenticeship the journeyman can enter the Meisterschule (master's school) and continue his education at evening courses or full-time. The graduation from the master's school leads to the title of a master craftsman, for example to being a Bäckermeister (master baker). A master craftsman (sometimes called only master or grandmaster, Meister was a member of a Guild. The master is officially entered in the local trade register, the Handwerksrolle (craftspeople's register). Only a master craftsman is allowed to employ and to train new apprentices. The examination of future journeymen and masters is only possible after several years in active working life. In some mostly safety-related professions, e. g. that of electricians, only a master is allowed to found his own company. An electrician is a Tradesman specializing in electrical wiring of buildings and related equipment

France

In France, apprenticeships also developed between the ninth and thirteenth centuries, with guilds structured around apprentices, journeymen and master craftsmen, continuing in this way until 1791, when the guilds were suppressed. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers A journeyman is a trader or crafter who has completed an Apprenticeship. A master craftsman (sometimes called only master or grandmaster, Meister was a member of a Guild.

In 1851 the first law on apprenticeships came into force. From 1919, young people had to take 150 hours of theory and general lessons in their subject a year. This minimum training time rose to 360 hours a year in 1961, then 400 in 1986.

The first training centres for apprentices (centres de formation d'apprentis, CFAs) appeared in 1961, and in 1971 apprenticeships were legally made part of professional training. In 1986 the age limit for beginning an apprenticeship was raised from 20 to 25. From 1987 the range of qualifications achieveable through an apprenticeship was widened to include the brevet professionnel (certificate of vocational aptitude), the bac professionnel (vocational baccalaureat diploma), the brevet de technicien supérieur(advanced technician's certificate), engineering diplomas and more. The baccalauréat (bakaloʁeˈa often known in France colloquially as le bac or le bachôt, is an academic qualification which

On January 18, 2005, President Jacques Chirac announced the introduction of a law on a programme for social cohesion comprising the three pillars of employment, housing and equal opportunities. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The French government pledged to further develop apprenticeship as a path to success at school and to employment, based on its success: in 2005, 80% of young French people who had completed an apprenticeship entered employment. In France, the term denotes manual labor only. The plan aimed to raise the number of apprentices from 365,000 in 2005 to 500,000 in 2009. To achieve this aim, the government is, for example, granting tax relief for companies when they take on apprentices. (Since 1925 a tax has been levied to pay for apprenticeships. ) The minister in charge of the campaign, Jean-Louis Borloo, also hoped to improve the image of apprenticeships with an information campaign, as they are often connected with academic failure at school and an ability to grasp only practical skills and not theory. Jean-Louis Borloo (born 7 April 1951 in Paris) is a French politician and currently the French Minister of Ecology and Sustainable After the civil unrest end of 2005, the government, led by prime minister Dominique de Villepin, announced a new law. The 2005 civil unrest in France of October and November was a series of Riots and violent clashes involving mainly the burning Dominique de Villepin (born Dominique Marie François René Galouzeau de Villepin (dɔminik də vilpɛ̃ &mdash) on 14 November 1953 in Rabat, Morocco Dubbed "law on equality of chances", it created the First Employment Contract as well as manual apprenticeship from as early as 14 years of age. The contrat première embauche ( CPE) translated first employment contract, was a new form of employment contract pushed in spring 2006 in France From this age, students are allowed to quit the compulsory school system in order to quickly learn a vocation. This measure has long been a policy of conservative French political parties, and was met by tough opposition from trade unions and students. The 2006 youth protests in France occurred throughout France during February, March, and April 2006 as a result of opposition to a measure

United States

Apprenticeship programs in the United States are regulated by the National Apprenticeship Act, also known as the "Fitzgerald Act. The National Apprenticeship Act (also known as the Fitzgerald Act) is a federal law in the United States which regulates Apprenticeship and on-the-job "

American apprenticeship educational regime

In the United States, education officials and nonprofit organizations who seek to emulate the apprenticeship system in other nations have created school to work education reforms. School-to-work transition is a phrase referring to On-the-job training, Apprenticeships Cooperative education agreements or other programs designed to prepare They seek to link academic education to careers. Some programs include job shadowing, watching a real worker for a short period of time, or actually spending significant time at a job at no or reduced pay that would otherwise be spent in academic classes working at a local business. Job Shadow, in its most traditional sense is a program for High school students to find out what it is like to be in a specific Profession. Some legislators raised the issue of child labor laws for unpaid labor or jobs with hazards.

Main article: School-to-work transition

See also standards based education reform which eliminates different standards for vocational or academic tracks

The standards based education reform movement was based on research by the NCEE (headed by Marc Tucker) in Japan, Denmark, Singapore and Germany. School-to-work transition is a phrase referring to On-the-job training, Apprenticeships Cooperative education agreements or other programs designed to prepare Education reform in the United States since the late 1980s has been largely driven by the setting of academic standards for what students should know and be able to do Education reform in the United States since the late 1980s has been largely driven by the setting of academic standards for what students should know and be able to do The non-profit National Center on Education and the Economy (NCEE was launched in 1989 to address this economic and education challenges facing the country The study "America's Choice, High Skills or Low Wages" found that each of these countries has central ministry which requires a standard curriculum that all students must take with no exceptions. ^[3] The NCEE study proposed creating internationally-benchmarked standards for educational achievement. All education programs would lead to a skill certificate that "certifies that an individual has mastered occupational skills at levels that are a least as challenging as skill standards endorsed by the National Skills Standards Board". The National Skill Standards Board was established as part of Goals 2000 to match the competencies cited by the Department of Labor's SCANS report. The National Skill Standards Board was a coalition of community business labor education and civil rights leaders The National Education Goals were set by the US Congress in the 1990s to set goals for standards-based education reform The Secretary's Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills (SCANS was appointed in 1990 by Lynn Martin the Secretary of the United States Department of Labor. The NCEE study, "A Human Resources Development Plan for the United States," stated, "These new professional and technical certificates and degrees typically are won within three years of acquiring the general education certificate [Certificate of Initial Mastery (CIM)]. . captures all of the essentials of the apprenticeship idea. . . redefines college. . . can access the system through the requirement that their employers spend an amount equal to 1 and 1/2 percent of their salary and wage bill on training leading to national skill certification. "^[4]

In contrast to the scenario of the NCEE study "America's Choice, High Skills or Low Wages", European students in nations such as Germany are actually tracked by test scores between college-bound, skilled apprenticeship and unskilled labor tracks, rather than held to one uniform passing standard. ^[5] After elementary school, half of all German students are tracked to the "Hauptschule" (a five-year, upper-elementary school for manual trades). A "Hauptschule" (general school is a Secondary school in Germany and Austria, starting after 4 years of Elementary schooling Any student At fifteen, students enter this trade school and become apprentices in their chosen professions, graduating with trade certifications at age 18. About one in four are assigned to the Realschule for training in white-collar jobs in finance or administration (which includes on-the-job training from ages 16 to 18). The Realschule is a type of Secondary school in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. Originally, only one quarter of German students attended the Gymnasium (college-preparatory high school, graduation from which is necessary to attend a college or university). A gymnasium (pronounced with ɡ- in several languages is a type of school providing Secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English grammar In Germany, apprenticeships essentially end a person's education by age 16, whereas in the U. S. apprenticeships could occur at any age.

In the United States, school to work programs usually occur only in high school. School-to-work transition is a phrase referring to On-the-job training, Apprenticeships Cooperative education agreements or other programs designed to prepare American high schools were introduced in the early 20th century to educate students of all ability and interests in one learning community rather than prepare a small number for college. Traditionally, American students are tracked within a wide choice of courses based on ability, with vocational courses (such as auto repair and carpentry) tending to be at the lower end of academic ability and trigonometry and pre-calculus at the upper end.

American education reformers have sought to end such tracking, which is seen as a barrier to opportunity. By contrast, the system studied by the NCEE actually relies much more heavily on tracking. Education officials in the U. S. , based largely on school redesign proposals by NCEE and other organizations, have chosen to use criterion-referenced tests that define one high standard that must be achieved by all students to receive a uniform diploma. A criterion-referenced test is one that provides for translating test scores into a statement about the Behavior to be expected of a person with that score or their American education policy under the "No Child Left Behind Act" has as an official goal the elimination of the achievement gap between populations. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (Public Law 107-110 often abbreviated in print as NCLB and sometimes shortened in pronunciation to "nickelbee" is a controversial An achievement gap refers to the observed disparity on a number of Educational measures between the performance of groups of students especially groups defined by Gender This has often led to the need for remedial classes in college. ^[6].

Many U. S. states now requiring passing a high school graduation examination to ensure that students across all ethnic, gender and income groups possess the same skills. According to a 2006 study by the Center on Education Policy two-thirds of the 15 million public high school students in the United States of America were required to pass a high school graduation In states such as Washington, critics have questioned whether this ensures success for all or just creates massive failure (as only half of all 10th graders have demonstrated they can meet the standards). ^[7]

There is a movement in the U. S. to revive vocational education. For example, the International Union of Painters and Allied Trades (IUPAT) has opened the Finishing Trades Institute (FTI). The International Union of Painters and Allied Trades (IUPAT is a union representing about 140000 painters, Glaziers wall coverers, flooring installers The FTI is working towards national accreditation so that it may offer associate and bachelor degrees that integrate academics with a more traditional apprentice programs. The IUPAT has joined forces with the Professional Decorative Painters Association (PDPA) to build educational standards using a model of apprenticeship created by the PDPA.

Example of a U. S. apprenticeship program

Persons interested in learning to become electricians can join one of several apprenticeship programs offered jointly by the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers and the National Electrical Contractors Association. Template talkInfobox Union for usage -->The International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW is a labor union No background in electrical work is required. A minimum age of 18 is required. There is no maximum age. Men and women are equally invited to participate. The organization in charge of the program is called the National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee [5]. The National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee is a non-profit organization created in 1941 by the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW and the

Apprentice electricians work 37 to 40 hours per week at the trade under the supervision of a journeyman electrician and receive pay and benefits. They spend an additional 6 hours per week in classroom training. At the conclusion of training (five years for commercial and industrial construction, less for residential construction), apprentices become journeymen (and women). All of this is offered at no charge, except for the cost of books (which is approximately $200 per year). Persons completing this program are considered highly skilled by employers and command high pay and benefits. Other unions such as the Ironworkers, Sheet Metal Workers, Plasterers, Bricklayers and others offer similar programs. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The International Association of Bridge Structural Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron The Sheet Metal Workers International Association is a Trade union of skilled metal workers who perform architectural The International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers (often known by the acronym BAC is a labor union The International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers (often known by the acronym BAC is a labor union

Trade associations such as the Independent Electrical Contractors and Associated Builders and Contractors also offer a variety of apprentice training programs.

See also

• Apprentices mobility
• Education
• German model
• Guild
• Indentured servant
• Journeyman
• Tradesman
• Vocational education

References

Further reading

• Modern Apprenticeships: the way to work, The Report of the Modern Apprenticeship Advisory Committee, 2001 [6]
• Apprenticeship in the British "Training Market", Paul Ryan and Lorna Unwin, University of Cambridge and University of Leicester, 2001 [7]
• Creating a ‘Modern Apprenticeship’: a critique of the UK’s multi-sector, social inclusion approach Alison Fuller and Lorna Unwin, 2003 (pdf)
• Apprenticeship systems in England and Germany: decline and survival. Thomas Deissinger in: Towards a history of vocational education and training (VET) in Europe in a comparative perspective, 2002 (pdf)
• European vocational training systems: the theoretical context of historical development. Wolf-Dietrich Greinert, 2002 in Towards a history of vocational education and training (VET) in Europe in a comparative perspective. (pdf)
• Apprenticeships in the UK- their design, development and implementation, Miranda E Pye, Keith C Pye, Dr Emma Wisby, Sector Skills Development Agency, 2004 (pdf)
• L’apprentissage a changé, c’est le moment d’y penser !, Ministère de l’emploi, du travail et de la cohésion sociale, 2005

External links

• Facts about Germany: Apprenticeships, Federal Foreign Office
• Apprenticeships - a great idea (UK)
• L'Apprenti, in French
• Article on the history of apprenticeship in the U.S. from EH. NET
• Academic Apprentices: Still an Ideal?, Barry Yeoman, Duke Magazine

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