Antonio Hurtado de Mendoza (Spanish: Antonio de Mendoza) (1495, Granada – July 21, 1552, Lima), was the first viceroy of New Spain, serving from April 17, 1535 to November 25, 1550, and the third viceroy of Peru, from September 23, 1551 to July 21, 1552. Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking The Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato de Nueva España was a name given to the Viceroy -ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in North America, Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World
Mendoza came from a distinguished family of military officers and statesmen. After three high-ranking noblemen declined the appointment as viceroy of New Spain, it was accepted by don Antonio, who had served capably in the Court and as Spanish ambassador to Hungary.
He became viceroy in 1535 and governed for 15 years, longer than any subsequent viceroy.
On his arrival in New Spain, he found a recently conquered colony beset with Indian uprisings and rivalry among the conquerors. His difficult assignment was to govern in the king's name without making enemies of Hernán Cortés, whom Emperor Charles V (King Charles I of Spain) and the Council of the Indies judged too rough to be made a duke and given a higher post than the Captaincy-General of New Spain, a post for which he was well suited. Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro 1st Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca ( 1485&ndash December 2, Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was The Council of the Indies, officially the Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies (In Spanish " el Real y Supremo Consejo de Indias " was the He was also directed to increase royal revenues and regulate the affairs of the Indians.
As viceroy, Mendoza commissioned the expedition of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado to explore and establish settlements in the northern lands of New Spain in 1540-42, the expedition of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo to explore the western coastline of Alta California in 1542-43, and the expedition of Ruy López de Villalobos to the Philippines in 1542-43. Francisco Vázquez de Coronado y Luján (Born in 1510 &ndash Died on September 22 1554 was a Spanish Conquistador, who visited New Mexico and other Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo (ca 1499 &ndash January 3 1543 was a Portuguese explorer known as João Rodrigues Cabrilho in Portuguese noted for his exploration Alta California (Upper California was formed in 1804 when the Province of the Californias, then a part of the Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas in the Ruy López de Villalobos (b 1500 - d 1544 was a Spanish explorer who sailed the Pacific from Mexico ( New Spain) to establish a The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Codex Mendoza is named for him. The Codex Mendoza is an Aztec codex, created about twenty years after the Spanish conquest of Mexico with the intent that it be seen by Charles He probably commissioned it.
Don Antonio and Bishop Juan de Zumárraga cooperated in the founding of two great institutions of Mexico: the Colegio de Santa Cruz at Tlatelolco (1536), where the sons of Aztec nobles studied Latin, rhetoric, philosophy and music, and the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico (1552), modeled on the University of Salamanca, which trained young men for the Church. Juan de Zumárraga (1468 &ndash 3 June 1548) was a Spanish Basque Franciscan Prelate and first Bishop The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The Real Colegio de Santa Cruz in Tlatelolco, Mexico, was the first European school of higher learning in the Americas. Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Rhetoric has had many definitions no simple definition can do it justice Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. The National Autonomous University of Mexico (in Spanish: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM) is a Public university based The University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca located in the town of Salamanca, west of Madrid, is the oldest university in Spain (the older These institutions were the first and second universities respectively to be founded in the Americas. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America In 1536 he began the minting of silver and copper coins, known as macuquinas. Also under his instructions, the first printing press in the New World was brought to Mexico in 1539, by printer Juan Pablos (Giovanni Paoli). A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image The first book printed in Mexico, and consequently the New World, was entitled La Escala Espiritual de San Juan Clímaco. The Ladder of Divine Ascent or Ladder of Paradise (Κλίμαξ Scala or Climax Paradisi) is an important work for Monasticism On May 18, 1541 don Antonio founded the city of Valladolid (now Morelia, Michoacán). Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Morelia is the capital of the Mexican state of Michoacán de Ocampo. Michoacán formally Michoacán de Ocampo (from Nahuatl Michhuacān "place of the fishermen" is one of the 31 constituent states
In 1542 a formidable insurrection of the Indians, called the Mixtón Rebellion, was suppressed. An insurgency is a violent internal uprising against a sovereign government that lacks the organization of a revolution For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. After the conquest of Mesoamerica, the Spaniards sent various expeditions to explore La Gran Chichimeca. On March 25, 1544 Viceroy Mendoza promulgated the New Laws, inspired by the great reformer Frey Bartolomé de las Casas and intended to ease the plight of Indians under the system of forced labor. Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. The New Laws (or Leyes Nuevas in Spanish) of 1542 were created to prevent the exploitation of the indigenous people by the encomenderos Bartolomé de las Casas, OP ( August 24 1484 &ndash July 17 1566) was a 16th century Spanish Dominican Mendoza was both unable and unwilling to enforce these laws in the face of rigorous opposition from the holders of the encomienda grants. The encomienda system is a Trusteeship labor system that was employed by the Spanish crown during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the When news reached Mexico of the civil war that had broken out in Peru over similar reforms, thought to undermine the rigorous encomienda system, he had the laws suspended and then revoked.
Nevertheless, Mendoza was sympathetic to the Indians and did much to improve their lot. In 1547 he convened an ecclesiastical conference to treat of the condition of the Indians, with las Casas in attendance. An Ecclesiastical conference is a meetings of Roman Catholic clerics for the purpose of discussing in general matters pertaining to their state of life in particular questions He fixed a maximum number of hours they could be employed in the mines, ordered payment for the labor of free Indians, and protected Indian lands from appropriation by the Spanish.
In 1548 he suppressed an uprising of the Zapotecs.
During his term of office, Mendoza is credited with consolidating the sovereignty of the Crown throughout the Spanish conquests in New Spain and limiting the power and ambition of the first conquistadors. This article is about the Spanish explorer soldiers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuriesfor other uses see Conquistador (disambiguation A Conquistador
An able and honest viceroy, he governed with justice, efficiency and some compassion. Much of the political and economic policies he established endured throughout the entire colonial period. He promoted the construction of hospitals and schools and encouraged improvements in agriculture, ranching and mining. His administration did much to bring stability and peace to New Spain.
He was succeeded as viceroy of New Spain by Luis de Velasco. Luis de Velasco (1511 &ndash July 31, 1564) was the second Viceroy of New Spain during the Spanish colonization of the Americas
On July 4, 1549 in Brussels, Emperor Charles V named Mendoza viceroy of Peru. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is He traveled overland from Mexico to Panama, and then by boat to Peru. He arrived and took up his new office on November 25, 1550. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the However, he soon became ill, and died in 1552. His tomb is in the Cathedral of Lima, along with that of the Spanish conqueror of Peru, Francisco Pizarro. The Basilica Cathedral of Lima is a Roman Catholic cathedral located in the Main Plaza of downtown Lima, Peru. Francisco Pizarro González 1st Marqués de los Atabillos (c 1471 or 1476 &ndash 26 June 1541 was a Spanish Conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire
Mendocino County, California, is named in his honor. Mendocino County is a County located on the north coast of the U California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean.
References
- (Spanish) "Mendoza, Antonio de," Enciclopedia de México, v. 9. Mexico City, 1988.
- (Spanish) "Mendoza, Antonio de," Encyclopædia Britannica, v. 6. Chicago, 1983.
- (Spanish) García Puron, Manuel, México y sus gobernantes, v. 1. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrua, 1984.
- (Spanish) Orozco Linares, Fernando, Gobernantes de México. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985, ISBN 968-38-0260-5.
External links
| Preceded by Newly Established |
Viceroy of New Spain 1535–1549 |
Succeeded by Luis de Velasco |
| Preceded by Pedro de la Gasca |
Viceroy of Peru 1550–1552 |
Succeeded by Melchor Bravo de Saravia |
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