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Antoine Marie Joseph Artaud, better known as Antonin Artaud (born September 4, 1896, in Marseille; died March 4, 1948 in Paris) was a French playwright, poet, actor and director. This article is a general introduction to French literature For detailed information on French literature in specific historic periods see the separate historical articles in the Medieval French literature is for the purpose of this article Literature written in Oïl languages (particularly Old French and early Middle For more information on historical developments in this period see Renaissance, History of France, and Early Modern France. French literature of the 17th century &mdashthe so-called Grand Siècle &mdashspans the reigns of Henry IV of France, the Regency of Marie de Medici French literature of the 18th century usually refers to the literature written between 1715, the year of the death of King Louis XIV of France, and 1798 the year French literature of the nineteenth century is for the purpose of this article literature written in French from (roughly 1799 to 1900 French literature of the twentieth century is for the purpose of this article literature written in French from (roughly 1895 to 1990 Contemporary French literature is French literature roughly from the 1990s to Today. Chronological list of French language authors (regardless of nationality by date of birth Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or Drama. A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works A theatre director or stage director is a practitioner in the Theatre field who oversees and orchestrates the mounting of a theatre production (a play, Antonin is a diminutive form of Antoine (little Anthony), and was among a long list of names which Artaud went by throughout his life.
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Biographical information
Artaud's parents, Euphrasie Nalpas and Antoine-Roi Artaud, were of Greek origin (Smyrna), and he was much affected by this background. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions This article is on the Ancient Greek city of Smyrna principally in connection with the ruins remaining to this day [1] Although his mother had nine children, only Antoine and two siblings survived infancy.
At the age of four, Artaud had a severe attack of meningitis. Meningitis is Inflammation of the protective membranes covering the Brain and Spinal cord, known collectively as the Meninges. The virus gave Artaud a nervous, irritable temperament throughout adolescence. A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable He also suffered from neuralgia, stammering and severe bouts of depression. Neuralgia is a painful disorder of the Nerves. Under the general heading of neuralgia are Trigeminal neuralgia (TN Atypical trigeminal neuralgia (ATN Major depressive disorder, also known as major depression, unipolar depression, unipolar disorder, clinical depression, or simply depression As a teenager, he was allegedly stabbed in the back by a pimp for apparently no reason, similar to the experience of playwright Samuel Beckett. A pimp (also called fleshmonger) finds and manages clients for Prostitutes and engages them in Prostitution (in Brothels in most cases and Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989 was an Irish Writer, Dramatist and poet
Artaud's parents arranged a long series of sanatorium stays for their disruptive son, which were both prolonged and expensive. A sanatorium (also sanitorium, sanitarium) is a medical facility for long-term illness typically Tuberculosis. They lasted five years, with a break of two months, June and July 1916, when Artaud was conscripted into the army. Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority The French Army, officially the Armée de Terre (Land Army is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and its largest He was allegedly discharged due to his self-induced habit of sleepwalking. Sleepwalking (also called somnambulism or noctambulism) is a Parasomnia or Sleep disorder where the sufferer engages in During Artaud's "rest cures" at the sanatorium, he read Rimbaud, Baudelaire, and Poe. "Rimbaud" redirects here For other uses see Rimbaud (disambiguation Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (ræm'boʊ or in French aʁtyʁ Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, In May 1919, the director of the sanatorium prescribed laudanum for Artaud, precipitating a lifelong addiction to that and other opiates. Laudanum (ˈlȯd-nəm or ˈlȯ-də-nəm also known as Opium Tincture or Tincture of Opium, is an Alcoholic herbal preparation For other uses see Opiate (disambiguation, or for the class of drugs see Opioid.
Paris
In March 1920, Artaud moved to Paris. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city At the age of 27, Artaud sent some of his poems to the journal La Nouvelle Revue Française; they were rejected, but the editor wrote back seeking to understand him, and a relationship in letters was born. La Nouvelle Revue Française ( NRF, or The New French Review in English is a Literary magazine founded in 1909 by André Gide This epistolary work, "Correspondence avec Jacques Rivière," is Artaud's first major publication. An epistolary novel German Briefroman ---> is a Novel written as a series of documents Jacques Rivière ( 15 July 1886 in Bordeaux &ndash 14 February 1925 in Paris) was a French " Man of letters In November 1926, Artaud was expelled from the surrealist movement, in which he had participated briefly, for refusing to renounce theater as a bourgeois commercial art form, and for refusing to join the French Communist Party along with the other Surrealists. Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members The French Communist Party ( French: Parti communiste français or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of
Artaud cultivated a great interest in cinema as well, writing the scenario for the first Surrealist film, The Seashell and the Clergyman, directed by Germaine Dulac. La Coquille et le clergyman ( English: The Seashell and the Clergyman) ( 1928) is considered by many to be the first Surrealist Germaine Dulac ( 17 November 1882, Amiens, France - 20 July 1942, Paris) was a French film director and early He also acted in Abel Gance's Napoleon in the role of Jean-Paul Marat, and in Carl Theodor Dreyer's The Passion of Joan of Arc as the monk Massieu. Abel Gance (25 October 1889 - 10 November 1981 was a French Film director, producer, Writer, Actor and editor best Napoléon ( 1927) is an epic silent French Film directed by Abel Gance that tells the story of the rise of Napoleon Carl Theodor Dreyer Jr ( February 3, 1889 - March 20, 1968) was a Danish Film director. The Passion of Joan of Arc (La Passion de Jeanne d'Arc is a Silent film produced in France in 1928. Artaud's portrayal of Marat used exaggerated movements to convey the fire of Marat's personality.
In 1926-28, Artaud ran the Alfred Jarry Theater, along with Roger Vitrac. Roger Vitrac (1899–1952 was a French surrealist playwright and poet He produced and directed original works by Vitrac, as well as pieces by Claudel and Strindberg. The theatre advertised that they would produce Artaud's play Jet de sang in their 1926-1927 season, but it was never mounted and was not premiered until 40 years later. Jet of Blood ( Jet de Sang) also known as Spurt of Blood, is an extremely short play by the French Surrealist Theatre practitioner The Theater was extremely short-lived, but was attended by an enormous range of European artists, including Andre Gide, Arthur Adamov, and Paul Valery. Arthur Adamov ( 23 August 1908 – 15 March 1970) was a Playwright, one of the foremost exponents of the Theatre of the Absurd Ambroise-Paul-Toussaint-Jules Valéry (French pɔl valeˈʁi October 30, 1871 – July 20, 1945) was a French Poet
The 1930s saw the publication of The Theatre and Its Double, his most well-known work. The Theatre and Its Double ( Le Théâtre et son Double) is a collection of Essays French poet and playwright Antonin Artaud and published in This book contained the two manifestos of the Theater of Cruelty, essential texts in understanding his artistic project. For the Roxy Music album see Manifesto (album. A manifesto is a public declaration of principles and intentions often In 1935, Artaud's production of his adaptation of Shelley's The Cenci premiered. The Cenci is a Verse Drama by Percy Bysshe Shelley written in the summer of 1819, and inspired by a real Italian family the The Cenci was a commercial failure, although it employed innovative sound effects and had a set designed by Balthus. Balthasar Kłossowski de Rola ( February 29, 1908 in Paris &ndash February 18, 2001 in Rossinière, Switzerland
After the production failed, Artaud received a grant to travel to Mexico where he gave lectures on the decadence of Western civilization. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. He also studied the Tarahumaran people and experimented with peyote, recording his experiences which were later released in a volume called Voyage to the Land of the Tarahumara. The Tarahumara are an indigenous people of northern Mexico, renowned for their long-distance running ability Lophophora williamsii (loʊˈfɒfərə wɪlˈjæmsiaɪ lō-fof′ŏ-ră will-yăm′sē-ī better known by its common name Peyote, (from the The content of this work closely resembles the poems of his later days, concerned primarily with the supernatural. The term supernatural or supranatural ( Latin: super, supra "above" + natura "nature" pertains to entities events Artaud also recorded his horrific withdrawal from heroin upon entering the land of the Tarahumaras; having deserted his last supply of the drug at a mountainside, he literally had to be hoisted onto his horse, and soon resembled, in his words, "a giant, inflamed gum". Heroin ( INN: diacetylmorphine, BAN: diamorphine) is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from Morphine, a derivative Having beaten his addiction, however, Artaud would return to opiates later in life.
In 1937, Artaud returned to France where he obtained a walking stick of knotted wood that he believed belonged to St. Patrick, but also Lucifer and Jesus Christ. Saint Patrick (Patricius Irish: Naomh Pádraig) was a Roman Britain -born Christian Missionary and is the Patron saint Lucifer is a name frequently given to Satan in Christian belief Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Artaud traveled to Ireland in an effort to return the staff, though he spoke very little English and was unable to make himself understood. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The majority of his trip was spent in a hotel room that he was unable to pay for. On his return trip, Artaud believed he was being attacked by two crew members and retaliated; he was arrested and put in a straitjacket. A straitjacket is a Garment shaped like a Jacket with overlong Sleeves The ends of these can be tied to the back of the wearer so that the arms are kept
Final years
The return from Ireland brought about the beginning of the final phase of Artaud's life, which was spent in different asylums. When France was occupied by the Nazis, friends of Artaud had him transferred to the Psychiatric hospital in Rodez, well inside Vichy territory, where he was put under the charge of Dr. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German A psychiatric hospital (previously called insane asylum, mental hospital; or derogatorily looney bin, nut house or Funny Farm) is Rodez ( Occitan: Rodés) is a city and commune in southern France, in the Aveyron département, of which it is Vichy ( Occitan: Vichèi) is a commune in the department of Allier in Auvergne in central France. Gaston Ferdière. Ferdière began administering electroshock treatments to eliminate Artaud's symptoms, which included various delusions and odd physical tics. Electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT) also known as electroshock, is a controversial psychiatric treatment in which Seizures are electrically induced The doctor believed that Artaud's habits of crafting magic spells, creating astrology charts, and drawing disturbing images, were symptoms of mental illness. Astrology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" and grc -λογία -logia) is a group of Systems Mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern that occurs in an individual and is thought to cause distress or disability that is not expected as The electro-shock treatments have created much controversy, although it was during these treatments — in conjunction with Ferdière's art therapy — that Artaud began writing and drawing again, after a long dormant period. Art therapy is a form of Expressive therapy that uses art materials such as paints chalk and markers In 1946, Ferdière released Artaud to his friends, who placed him in the psychiatric clinic at Ivry-sur-Seine. Ivry-sur-Seine is a Francilienne commune of the Val-de-Marne, located in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France Current psychiatric literature describes Artaud as having schizophrenia, with a clear psychotic break late in life and schizotypal symptoms throughout life. Schizophrenia ( from the Greek roots schizein (σχίζειν "to split" and phrēn Psychosis (from the Greek ψυχή "psyche" for mind or soul and -οσις "-osis" for abnormal condition with adjective psychotic Schizotypal personality disorder, or simply schizotypal disorder, is a Personality disorder that is characterized by a need for Social isolation, odd
Artaud was encouraged to write by his friends, and interest in his work was rekindled. He visited an exhibition of works by Vincent van Gogh which resulted in a study Van Gogh le suicidé de la société (Van Gogh, The Man Suicided by Society), published by K éditeur, Paris, 1947 which won a critics´ prize [1]. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He recorded Pour en Finir avec le Jugement de dieu (To Have Done With the Judgment of god) between November 22 and November 29, 1947. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This work was shelved by Wladimir Porché, the director of the French Radio, the day before its scheduled airing on February 2, 1948. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The performance was prohibited partially as a result of its scatological, anti-American, and anti-religious references and pronouncements, but also because of its general randomness, with a cacophony of xylophonic sounds mixed with various percussive elements. Anti-Americanism, often anti-American sentiment, is opposition or hostility to the people culture or policies of the United States. Antireligion is opposition to Religion. Antireligion is distinct from Atheism, although many antireligionists are also atheists The xylophone (from the Greek words ξύλον - xylon, "wood" + φωνή - phone, "voice" meaning "wooden While remaining true to his Theater of Cruelty and reducing powerful emotions and expressions into audible sounds, Artaud had utilized various, somewhat alarming cries, screams, grunts, onomatopoeia, and glossolalia. Onomatopoeia (also spelled onomatopœia, from Greek: ονοματοποιΐα is a Word or a grouping of words that imitates the sound it is describing Glossolalia is commonly called "speaking in tongues" For other uses of "speaking in tongues" see Speaking in Tongues (disambiguation.
As a result, Fernand Pouey, the director of dramatic and literary broadcasts for French radio, assembled a panel to consider the broadcast of Pour en Finir avec le Jugement de Dieu. Among the approximately 50 artists, writers, musicians, and journalists present for a private listening on February 5, 1948 were Le Petite Prince, Jean Cocteau, Paul Eluard, Raymond Queneau, Jean-Louis Barrault, René Clair, Jean Paulhan, Maurice Nadeau, Georges Auric, Claude Mauriac, and René Char. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (5 July 1889 &ndash 11 October 1963 was a French Poet, Novelist, Dramatist, Designer, Boxing Paul Éluard was the Pen name of Eugène Émile Paul Grindel ( 14 December 1895 – 18 November 1952) a French Raymond Queneau ( February 21, 1903 &ndash October 25, 1976) was a French Poet and Novelist and the co-founder Jean-Louis Barrault ( September 8, 1910 – January 22 1994 in Le Vésinet) was a French Actor, director René Clair (11 November 1898 &ndash 15 March 1981 was a French Filmmaker. Jean Paulhan ( 2 December 1884 — 9 October 1968) was a French writer literary critic and publisher director of the literary magazine Maurice Nadeau (born in 1911 in Paris) is a French Writer and Editor. Georges Auric ( February 15, 1899 &ndash July 23, 1983) was a French composer born in Lodève, Hérault, Languedoc-Roussillon Claude Mauriac ( 25 April 1914 &ndash 22 March 1996) was a French author and journalist eldest son of the author François Mauriac René Char ( June 14, 1907 &ndash February 19, 1988) was a 20th century French Poet. Although the panel felt almost unanimously in favor of Artaud's work, Porché refused to allow the broadcast. Pouey left his job and the show was not heard again until February 23, 1948 at a private performance at the Théâtre Washington. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
In January 1948, Artaud was diagnosed with intestinal cancer. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled He died shortly afterwards on March 4, 1948. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Artaud died alone in his pavilion, seated at the foot of his bed, allegedly holding his shoe. It was suspected that he died from a lethal dose of the drug chloral, although whether or not he was aware of its lethality is unknown. Chloral, also known as trichloroacetaldehyde is the Organic compound with the formula Cl3CCHO Thirty years later, French radio finally broadcast the performance of Pour en Finir avec le Jugement de Dieu.
Artaud's Theatre of Cruelty
Artaud believed that the Theatre should affect the audience as much as possible, therefore he used a mixture of strange and disturbing forms of lighting, sound and performance. In one production that he did about the plague he used sounds so realistic that some members of the audience were sick in the middle of the performance.
In his book The Theatre and Its Double, which was made up of a first and second manifesto, Artaud expressed his admiration for Eastern forms of theatre, particularly the Balinese. The Theatre and Its Double ( Le Théâtre et son Double) is a collection of Essays French poet and playwright Antonin Artaud and published in The term Eastern world refers very broadly to the various Cultures social structures and philosophical systems of " the East " Bali is an Indonesian Island located at, the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to He admired Eastern theatre because of the codified, highly ritualized and precise physicality of Balinese dance performance, and advocated what he called a "Theatre of Cruelty". Dance (from French danser, perhaps from Frankish) is an Art form that generally refers to movement of the body usually rhythmic This article is about the style of drama For the short story see Theatre of Cruelty (Discworld The Theatre of Cruelty is a concept By cruelty, he meant not exclusively sadism or causing pain, but just as often a violent, physical determination to shatter the false reality. Cruelty can be described as indifference to Suffering, and even positive Pleasure in inflicting it Sadism refers to Sexual or non-sexual gratification in the infliction of Pain or humiliation upon or by another person Reality, in everyday usage means "the state of things as they actually exist" He believed that text had been a tyrant over meaning, and advocated, instead, for a theatre made up of a unique language, halfway between thought and gesture. Artaud described the spiritual in physical terms, and believed that all theatre is physical expression in space.
- The Theatre of Cruelty has been created in order to restore to the theatre a passionate and convulsive conception of life, and it is in this sense of violent rigour and extreme condensation of scenic elements that the cruelty on which it is based must be understood. This cruelty, which will be bloody when necessary but not systematically so, can thus be identified with a kind of severe moral purity which is not afraid to pay life the price it must be paid.
- – Antonin Artaud, The Theatre of Cruelty, in The Theory of the Modern Stage (ed. Eric Bentley), Penguin, 1968, p. 66
Evidently, Artaud’s various uses of the term cruelty must be examined to fully understand his ideas. Cruelty can be described as indifference to Suffering, and even positive Pleasure in inflicting it Lee Jamieson has identified four ways in which Artaud used the term cruelty. Cruelty can be described as indifference to Suffering, and even positive Pleasure in inflicting it Firstly, it is employed metaphorically to describe the essence of human existence. Artaud believed that theatre should reflect his nihilistic view of the universe, creating an uncanny connection between his own thinking and Nietzsche’s:
[Nietzsche’s] definition of cruelty informs Artaud’s own, declaring that all art embodies and intensifies the underlying brutalities of life to recreate the thrill of experience … Although Artaud did not formally cite Nietzsche, [their writing] contains a familiar persuasive authority, a similar exuberant phraseology, and motifs in extremis …
- – Lee Jamieson, Antonin Artaud: From Theory to Practice, Greenwich Exchange, 2007, p. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist 21-22
Artaud’s second use of the term (according to Jamieson), is as a form of discipline. Although Artaud wanted to “reject form and incite chaos” (Jamieson, p. 22), he also promoted strict discipline and rigor in his performance techniques. A third use of the term was ‘cruelty as theatrical presentation’. The Theatre of Cruelty aimed to hurl the spectator into the centre of the action, forcing them to engage with the performance on an instinctive level. This article is about the style of drama For the short story see Theatre of Cruelty (Discworld The Theatre of Cruelty is a concept For Artaud, this was a cruel, yet necessary act upon the spectator designed to shock them out of their complacency:
Artaud sought to remove aesthetic distance, bringing the audience into direct contact with the dangers of life. By turning theatre into a place where the spectator is exposed rather than protected, Artaud was committing an act of cruelty upon them.
- – Lee Jamieson, Antonin Artaud: From Theory to Practice, Greenwich Exchange, 2007, p. 23
Artaud put the audience in the middle of the 'spectacle' (his term for the play), so they would be 'engulfed and physically affected by it'. He often referred to this layout as like a 'vortex' - a constantly shifting shape - 'to be trapped and powerless'.
Finally, Artaud used the term to describe his philosophical views, which will be outlined in the following section.
Philosophical views
Imagination to Artaud, is reality; dreams, thoughts and delusions are no less real than the "outside" world. Reality appears to be a consensus, the same consensus the audience accepts when they enter a theatre to see a play and, for a time, pretend that what they are seeing is real.
His later work presents his rejection of the idea of the spirit as separate from the body. His poems imagistically revel in flesh and excretion, but sex was always a horror for him. Civilization was so pernicious that Europe was pulling once proud tribal nations like Mexico down with it into decadence and death. The inevitable end result would be self-destruction and mental slavery. These were two evils Artaud opposed in his own life at great pain and imprisonment, as they could only be opposed personally and not on behalf of a collective or movement. He thus rejected politics and Marxism wholeheartedly, a stance which led to his expulsion by the Surrealists who had begun to embrace it. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members
Artaud saw suffering as essential to existence, and thus rejected all utopias as inevitable dystopia. Utopia is a name for an ideal community taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional Island in the A dystopia (from the Greek δυσ- and τόπος alternatively cacotopia, kakotopia, cackotopia, or anti-utopia) is the vision of a society
Influence
Artaud was heavily influenced by seeing a Colonial Exposition of Balinese Theatre in Marseille. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ He read eclectically, inspired by authors and artists such as Seneca, Shakespeare, Poe, Lautréamont, Alfred Jarry, André Masson, etc. William Shakespeare ( baptised Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, Comte de Lautréamont (lotʁeaˈmɔ̃ in French was the Pen name of Isidore Lucien Ducasse ( April 4 Alfred Jarry ( 8 September 1873 &ndash 1 November 1907) was a French Writer born in Laval, Mayenne André-Aimé-René Masson ( January 4, 1896 &ndash October 28, 1987) was a French Artist.
Artaud's theories in Theatre and Its Double influenced rock musician Jim Morrison. James Douglas Morrison (December 8 1943—July 3 1971 was an American Poet, Singer, Songwriter, Writer, and Film director Mötley Crüe named the Theatre of Pain album after reading his proposal for a Theater of Cruelty, much like Christian Death had with their album Only Theatre of Pain. Mötley Crüe ( IPA pronunciation: /'mɒtliː Theatre of Pain is the third album by rock band Mötley Crüe, released on June 21 1985 Christian Death is an American Deathrock band formed in Los Angeles, California in 1979 Only Theatre of Pain was Christian Death 's debut full-length album The band Bauhaus included a song about the playwright, called "Antonin Artaud", on their album Burning from the Inside [2]. Bauhaus were an English rock band formed in Northampton in 1978 Burning from the Inside is the fourth Album by British Gothic rock band Bauhaus, released in 1983 on Beggar's Banquet Records Charles Bukowski also claimed him as a major influence on his work. Henry Charles Bukowski ( August 16 1920 – March 9 1994) was a German American Poet, Novelist, and Influential Argentinean folk-rock songwriter Luis Alberto Spinetta named his album Artaud and wrote most of the songs on that album based on his writings. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Folk rock is a musical genre combining elements of Folk music and rock music. Luis Alberto Spinetta (born January 23, 1950) is an Argentine musician Composer John Zorn has three records, "Astronome," "Moonchild," and "Six Litanies for Heliogabalus," dedicated to Artaud. John Zorn (born September 2 1953 in Queens, New York City) is an American Avant-garde Composer, arranger, Record
Theatrical practitioner Peter Brook took inspiration from Artaud's "Theatre of cruelty" in a series of workshops that lead up to his well-known production of Marat/Sade. Peter Stephen Paul Brook CH, CBE (born 21 March 1925) is a British theatre and Film director and innovator The Persecution and Assassination of Jean-Paul Marat as Performed by the Inmates of the Asylum of Charenton Under the Direction of the Marquis de Sade (Die Verfolgung und The Living Theatre was also heavily influenced by him, as was much English-language experimental theater and performance art; Karen Finley, Spalding Gray, Liz LeCompte, Richard Foreman, Charles Marowitz, Sam Shepard, Joseph Chaikin, and more all named Artaud as one of their influences. The Living Theatre is an American Theatre company founded in 1947 and based in New York City. Karen Finley (b 1956 Evanston Illinois) is a controversial American Performance artist, whose theatrical pieces and Spalding Rockwell Gray ( June 5, 1941 &ndash ca January 10, 2004) was an American Actor, Screenwriter, Richard Foreman (born in New York on 10 June 1937) is an American Playwright and Avant-garde theater pioneer he is the founder of Sam Shepard (born November 5, 1943) is an American artist who worked as an award-winning Playwright, Writer and Actor. Joseph Chaikin ( September 16, 1935 &ndash June 22, 2003) was an American Theatre director, teacher and playwright
Artaud also had a profound influence on the philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, who borrowed Artaud's phrase "the body without organs" to describe their conception of the virtual dimension of the body and, ultimately, the basic substratum of reality. Gilles Deleuze ( (January 18 1925 &ndash November 4 1995 was a French philosopher of the late 20th century Pierre-Félix Guattari ( April 30, 1930 – August 29, 1992) was a French Militant, institutional Psychotherapist
Bibliography
Works by Artaud:
Artaud, Antonin. Oeuvres complètes d’Antonin Artaud, Paris: Gallimard, 1961 & 1976.
Artaud, Antonin. Collected Works of Antonin Artaud, Trans. Victor Corti. London: Calder and Boyars, 1971.
Artaud, Antonin. Selected Writings, Trans. Helen Weaver. Ed. and Intro. Susan Sontag. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1976.
Artaud, Antonin. Pour en finir avec le jugement de dieu, Original recording. Edited with an introduction by Marc Dachy. Compact Disc. Sub Rosa/aural documents, 1995.
Artaud, Antonin. The Theatre and Its Double, Trans. The Theatre and Its Double ( Le Théâtre et son Double) is a collection of Essays French poet and playwright Antonin Artaud and published in Mary Caroline Richards. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1958.
Artaud, Antonin. 50 Drawings to Murder Magic, Trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith. London: Seagull Books, 2008. ISBN 978-1905422661
In English:
Barber, Stephen Antonin Artaud: Blows and Bombs (Faber and Faber: London, 1993) ISBN 0-571-17252-0
Esslin, Martin. Antonin Artaud. London: John Calder, 1976.
Rainer Friedrich, "The Deconstructed Self in Artaud and Brecht: Negation of Subject and Antitotalitarianism," Forum for Modern Language Studies, 26:3 (July 1990): 282-297.
Innes, Christopher Avant-Garde Theater 1892-1992 (London: Routledge, 1993).
Jamieson, Lee Antonin Artaud: From Theory to Practice (Greenwich Exchange: London, 2007) ISBN 978-1-871551-98-3
Kimberly Jannarone, "The Theater Before Its Double: Artaud Directs in the Alfred Jarry Theater," Theatre Survey 46. 2, Nov. 2005: 247-273.
Koch, Stephen. "On Artaud. " Tri-Quarterly, no. 6 (Spring 1966): 29-37.
Plunka, Gene A. (Ed). Antonin Artaud and the Modern Theater. Cranbury: Associated University Presses. 1994.
Roger Shattuck, "Artaud Possessed," The Innocent Eye (New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1984): 169-186.
Ward, Nigel "Fifty-one Shocks of Artaud", New Theatre Quarterly Vol. XV Part2 (NTQ58 May 1999): 123-128
In French:
Blanchot, Maurice. "Artaud. " La Nouvelle Revue Française 4 (November 1956, no. 47): 873-881.
Héliogabale ou l'Anarchiste couronné, 1969
Brau, Jean-Louis. Antonin Artaud. Paris: La Table Ronde, 1971.
Virmaux, Alain. Antonin Artaud et le théâtre. Paris: Seghers, 1970.
Virmaux, Alain and Odette. Artaud: un bilan critique. Paris: Belfond, 1979.
Virmaux, Alain and Odette. Antonin Artaud: qui êtes-vous? Lyon: La Manufacture, 1986.
References
- ^ John Wakeman, World Authors, 1950-1970: A Companion Volume to Twentieth Century Authors
External links
- To Have Done with the Judgement of God (the renowned radio-play scenario)
- Works by Antonin Artaud (public domain in Canada)
- Site dedicated to A. Artaud
- Artaud @ UBUWEB
- Antonin Artaud profile page on Find-A-Grave
- Antonin Artaud at the Internet Movie Database
- "My Life and Times with Antonin Artaud," an anachronistic film account of Artaud's life. Find A Grave is a Website allowing its users to access maintain and expand an online Database of Burial records
- "Antonin Artaud, a dissertation" Antonin Artaud, A theoretical analysis of the aesthetics foundations behind Antonin Artaud's scenic praxis; and its relative effects upon contemporary film production. (Blogged)
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