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Pannekoek redirect to this article. Gavril Ilyich Myasnikov (1889-1945 also transliterated as Gavriil Il'ich Miasnikov, was a Russian metalworker from the Urals, who participated in the Revolution Karl Korsch ( August 15, 1886 - October 21, 1961) was a German Marxist theorist Estelle Sylvia Pankhurst ( May 5, 1882 September 27, 1960) was a notable campaigner for the Suffragette movement in the United Jan Appel ( 1890 - 4 May 1985) was an German Left communist Revolutionary who participated in the German Revolution Marck Chirik (13May 1907 Russia – 1990 also known as Marc Laverne was a communist revolutionary and one of the founding militants of the International Communist Paul Mattick ( 13 March 1904 – 7 February 1981) was a Marxist political writer and activist Grandizo Munis (18 April 1912 - 4February 1989 was a Spanish politician ( August 13, 1871 - January 15, 1919) was a German Socialist and a co-founder of the Spartacist League and the Communist The Communist Workers International ( German: Kommunistische Arbeiter-Internationale, KAI or Fourth International was a Council communist The International Communist Party was a left communist international which was also described as a Bordigist party The International Communist Current is an international centralised left communist organisation which was formed in 1975 and which has sections in France Great Britain The International Bureau for the Revolutionary Party is an international tendency whose member organisations identify with the Italian Left communist tradition Luxemburgism (also written Luxembourgism) is a specific revolutionary theory within Communism, based on the writings of Rosa Luxemburg. Council communism is a Far-left movement originating in Germany and the Netherlands in the 1920s Ultra-leftism has two overlapping uses It is used as a generally Pejorative term for certain types of positions on the left that are seen as extreme or intransigent Libertarian Marxism is a school of Marxism that describes itself as taking a less Authoritarian view of Marxist theory than conventional currents such as Stalinism Autonomism refers to a set of Left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. The Situationist International ( SI) was a small group of international political and artistic Agitators with roots in Marxism, Lettrism and the For the general definition of Dutch Pancake, see Pannenkoeken
Antonie (Anton) Pannekoek (January 2, 1873, Vaassen – April 28, 1960, Wageningen) was a Dutch astronomer and Marxist theorist. Pannenkoeken are Dutch Pancakes, yet unlike the usual American pancake Pannenkoeken are usually larger and thinner and sometimes incorporate slices of Smoked Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Epe is a Municipality and a small village in the eastern Netherlands. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Wageningen is a Municipality and a historical town in the central Netherlands, in the province of Gelderland. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Historically Astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky while Astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
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Biography
Pannekoek studied mathematics and physics in Leiden from 1891. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. "Leyden" redirects here For other uses see Leyden (disambiguation. Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Even before he went to college he was interested in astronomy and studied the variability of Polaris. Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Polaris (α UMi / α Ursae Minoris / Alpha Ursae Minoris commonly North(ern Star or Pole Star, and sometimes Lodestar He published his first article, On the Necessity of Further Researches on the Milky Way, as a student. Some years after he had finished his study he started work at the Leidse Sterrewacht (Leiden observatory), where he wrote his thesis.
After reading Edward Bellamy's Equality, Pannekoek became a convinced socialist and started studying Karl Marx's theories. Edward Bellamy (March 26 1850 &ndash May 22 1898 was an American Author and Socialist, most famous for his Utopian Novel, Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Soon Pannekoek became a well-known Marxist writer, writing for both Dutch and German magazines. Dissatisfaction with his job at the observatory led him to move to Berlin, where he became a lecturer at the school funded by the Social Democratic Party of Germany. His radical opinions soon got him in trouble with both the German government and the unions.
He was on holiday in the Netherlands when the First World War broke out. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Prevented from returning to Germany, he started work as a chemistry and science teacher. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Though the Leidse Sterrewacht wanted him back, government opposition because of his Marxist sympathies made this fall through. Instead, the Amsterdam city council got him an appointment at the University of Amsterdam in 1925, first as a part time professor, and in 1932 also as a full professor. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west The University of Amsterdam ( Universiteit van Amsterdam in Dutch) is a comprehensive research University located in the heart of the city of Amsterdam Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar.
Astronomy
In his scientific work, Pannekoek started studying the distribution of stars through the Milky Way, as well as the structure of our galaxy. The Milky Way (a translation of the Latin Via Lactea, in turn derived from the Greek Γαλαξίας (Galaxias sometimes referred to simply Later he became interested in the nature and evolution of stars. Because of these studies, he is considered to be the founder of astrophysics as a separate discipline in the Netherlands. Astrophysics is the branch of Astronomy that deals with the Physics of the Universe, including the physical properties ( Luminosity,
Apart from his theoretical work, he also went on several foreign expeditions to observe solar eclipses and take spectra of stars. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth so that the Sun is wholly or partially obscured In 1926 he undertook an expedition to Java in order to chart the Southern Constellations. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. He was also interested in the history of astronomy and his book about this, A History of Astronomy, was published in Dutch and English. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States
His work in galactic structure, astrophysics and the history of astronomy was of international renown and won him an honorary degree from Harvard University in 1936, as well as the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1951. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Gold Medal is the highest award of the Royal Astronomical Society. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Perhaps the greatest honour he received was when Pannekoek crater on the Moon was named after him. Pannekoek is a lunar Impact crater that is situated on the far side of the Moon, and it can not be viewed directly from the Earth The asteroid 2378 Pannekoek is also named after him. Asteroids, sometimes called Minor planets or planetoids', are bodies—primarily of the inner Solar System —that are smaller than planets but 2378 Pannekoek (1935 CY is a Main-belt Asteroid discovered on February 13, 1935 by H
The Astronomical Institute at the University of Amsterdam, of which he had been a director, still carries his name. The University of Amsterdam ( Universiteit van Amsterdam in Dutch) is a comprehensive research University located in the heart of the city of Amsterdam The University of Amsterdam ( Universiteit van Amsterdam in Dutch) is a comprehensive research University located in the heart of the city of Amsterdam
Council communism
As a recognized Marxist theorist, Pannekoek was one of the founders of the council communist tendency and a main figure in the radical left in the Netherlands and Germany. Council communism is a Far-left movement originating in Germany and the Netherlands in the 1920s For opposition to all forms of government social hierarchy or authority see Anarchism. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
He was best known for his writing on workers' councils. A workers' council is a Deliberative assembly, composed of Working class members intended to institute Workers' self-management or Workers' control He regarded these as a new form of organisation capable of overcoming the limitations of the old organs of the labour movement, the trade unions and social democratic parties. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Basing his theory on what he regarded as the practical lessons of the Russian revolution, Pannekoek argued that the workers' revolution and the transition from capitalism to communism had to be achieved by the workers themselves, democratically organised in workers' councils. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based
He was a sharp critic of anarchism, social-democracy and Lenin and Leninism. Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Leninism refers to various related political and economic theories elaborated by Bolshevik revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin. His analysis of the failure of the Russian revolution was that after Lenin and the Bolsheviks came to power, they crippled the soviets. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. Instead of workers' councils, the Bolsheviks had instituted the rule of their party, which in Pannekoek's view is what led to the institution of the Bolsheviks as a new ruling class. He put his views forward in his 1938 book, Lenin as Philosopher. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
External links
- K. van Berkel, "Pannekoek, Antonie (1873-1960)", in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland.
- Anton Pannekoek texts at Libertarian Communist Library
- Anton Pannekoek Archive of his political writings at Marxists.org
- Anton Pannekoek and the Quest For an Emancipatory Socialism
- Anton Pannekoek Astronomical Institute
- Fintan Lane, Contradicting the Bolsheviks: Anton Pannekoek and European Marxism
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