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Portrait of Anton Reicha made in 1815 by M.F. Dien.
Portrait of Anton Reicha made in 1815 by M. F. Dien.

Anton (Antonín, Antoine) Reicha (Rejcha) (February 26, 1770 – May 28, 1836) was a Czech-born naturalized French composer. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Year 1770 ( MDCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Friday Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Naturalization is the acquisition of Citizenship or Nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance A contemporary and lifelong friend of Beethoven, Reicha is now best remembered for his substantial early contribution to the wind quintet literature and his role as a teacher - his pupils included Franz Liszt and Hector Berlioz. Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. A wind quintet, also sometimes known as a woodwind quintet, is a group of five wind players (most commonly flute, Oboe, clarinet, horn Reicha was also an accomplished theorist and wrote several treatises on various aspects of composition. Music theory is the field of study that deals with the Mechanics of music and how Music works Some of his theoretical work dealt with experimental methods of composition, which he applied in a variety of works such as fugues and etudes for piano and string quartets. In Music, a fugue (ˈfjuːg is a type of contrapuntal composition or technique of composition for a fixed number of parts, normally referred An étude (a French word meaning study) is an instrumental Musical composition, most commonly of considerable difficulty usually designed to provide practice The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers A string quartet is a Musical ensemble of four String instruments &mdash usually two Violins a Viola and Cello &mdash or a piece

Contents

Life

1770–1805: Early years, first visit to Paris and the Viennese period

Reicha was born in Prague. Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. His father Simon, the town piper of the city, died when Anton was just 10 months old. Apparently Reicha's mother was not interested in her son's education, and so in 1780 Reicha ran away from home following a sudden impulse - as is recounted in his memoirs, he jumped onto a passing carriage[1]. Reicha went to Klatovy to his grandfather first, and then was adopted by his uncle Josef Reicha, a virtuoso cellist, conductor and composer, who lived at Wallerstein, Bavaria. Klatovy (ˈklatovɪ German: Klattau) is a town in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic. Josef Reicha ( Rejcha) ( 12 February, 1752 &ndash 5 March, 1795) was a Czech Cellist, Composer and The violoncello (abbreviated to cello, or 'cello, plural cellos or celli —the c is tʃ Conducting is the act of directing a Musical performance by way of visible gestures Wallerstein is a Surname, which can refer to Immanuel Wallerstein (born 1930 U Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 Josef and his wife did not have children, and apparently the young Anton had their full attention: Josef taught him violin and piano, his wife insisted that the boy learned French and German, and Reicha also received instruction in flute. The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The flute is a Musical instrument of the Woodwind family Unlike other woodwind instruments a flute is a Reedless wind instrument that produces its [2]

In 1785 the family moved to Bonn, where Reicha became a member of the Hofkapelle under the direction of his uncle, playing the violin and the second flute. Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany. Located about 20 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member The flute is a Musical instrument of the Woodwind family Unlike other woodwind instruments a flute is a Reedless wind instrument that produces its The young Beethoven became a viola player and organist in the Hofkapelle in 1789 and Reicha befriended him; the two became lifelong friends. Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. The viola is a bowed String instrument. It is the middle voice of the Violin family, Christian Gottlob Neefe, who was one of the most important figures in the musical life of the city at the time, might have instructed both Reicha and Beethoven in composition, and possibly also introduced them to the works of Johann Sebastian Bach, such as the Well-Tempered Clavier. Christian Gottlob Neefe ( 5 February 1748 &ndash 28 January, 1798) was a German Opera Composer and conductor WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" The Well-Tempered Clavier ( Das Wohltemperirte Clavier in the original old German spelling BWV 846–893 is a collection of solo keyboard music composed by

From about 1785 Reicha studied composition secretly, against his uncle's wishes, yet already by 1787 he composed and conducted his first symphony. A symphony is a Musical composition, often extended and usually for Orchestra. In 1789 he entered the University of Bonn. The University of Bonn ( German: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn) is a public research university located in Bonn, Germany Reicha was studying and worked as performer until 1794, when Bonn was attacked and captured by the French forces. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Reicha managed to escape to Hamburg, vowed never to perform again, and started earning his living by teaching harmony and composition, as well as the piano. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany He also occupied himself with composition, studied mathematics, philosophy and, significantly, methods of teaching composition. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language In 1799 Reicha moved to Paris, hoping to achieve success with his operas. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city These hopes were dashed, however: he could neither get his old librettos accepted, nor find suitable new ones, despite support from his friends and influential members of the aristocracy. In 1801 Reicha left Paris for Vienna. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria.

In Vienna he began studying with Antonio Salieri and Johann Georg Albrechtsberger. Antonio Salieri ( 18 August 1750 &ndash 7 May 1825) was an Italian Composer and conductor. Johann Georg Albrechtsberger ( February 3, 1736 - March 7, 1809) was an Austrian musician who was born at Klosterneuburg, Both were renowned teachers whose pupils included Schubert (Salieri) and Beethoven (both), and Albrechtsberger was also an important theorist. Reicha visited Haydn, whom he already met several times in Bonn and Hamburg during the 1790s, and renewed his friendship with Beethoven, whom he hasn't seen since 1792, when the latter moved from Bonn to Vienna. Reicha's move to Vienna marked the beginning of a more productive and successful period in the composer's life. Reicha himself reflected on this time in his memoirs: "The number of works I finished in Vienna is astonishing. Once started, my verve and imagination were indefatigable. Ideas came to me so rapidly it was often difficult to set them down without losing some of them. I always had a great penchant for doing the unusual in composition. When writing in an original vein, my creative faculties and spirit seemed keener than when following the precepts of my predecessors. "[3] In 1801 Reicha's opera L'ouragan, which failed in Paris, was performed at the palace of Prince Joseph Franz Maximilian Lobkowicz, Beethoven's patron. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Empress Maria Theresa commissioned another opera after this performance, Argine, regina di Granata, which also was performed (although privately). Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia see also names in other languages; May 13, 1717 November 29 1780) was the Archduchess regnant Reicha's studies in Hamburg came to fruition here with the publication of several semi-didactic, encyclopedic works such as 36 Fugues for piano (published in 1803, dedicated to Haydn) and L'art de varier, a large-scale variation cycle (composed in 1803-4 for Prince Louis Ferdinand), and the treatise Practische Beispiele (published in 1803), which was supplied with 24 compositions. 36 Fugues, sometimes assigned Opus number 36 is a cycle of Fugues for Piano composed by Anton Reicha. Variation form Variation form include Ground bass, Passacaglia, Chaconne, and theme and variations

1806-18: Departure from Vienna and life in Paris

Reicha's life and career in Vienna were interrupted by Napoleon's military activities. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. In November 1805 the city was occupied by French troops. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. In 1806 Reicha travelled to Leipzig to arrange a performance of his new work, the cantata Lenore (stopping at Prague to see his mother for the first time since 1780), but because Leipzig was blockaded by the French, not only the performance was cancelled, but also Reicha himself could not return to Vienna for several months. This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong When he did return, it wasn't for long, because by 1808 Austrian Empire was already preparing for another war, the War of the Fifth Coalition, and so Reicha decided to move, once again, to Paris. For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. The War of the Fifth Coalition in 1809 pitted a coalition of the Austrian Empire and the United Kingdom against Napoleon 's French Empire and This time three of Reicha's many operas were produced, and all failed to attract attention; nevertheless, his fame as theorist and teacher increased steadily, and by 1817 most of his pupils became professors at the Conservatoire de Paris. The Conservatoire de Paris is an institution of higher education that has played an important role in the development of Music in France and Western Europe Reicha himself was appointed professor of counterpoint and fugue at the Conservatoire in 1818. In Music, counterpoint is the relationship between two or more voices that are independent in contour and Rhythm, and interdependent in Harmony In Music, a fugue (ˈfjuːg is a type of contrapuntal composition or technique of composition for a fixed number of parts, normally referred

Anton Reicha's gravestone at Père Lachaise, Paris.
Anton Reicha's gravestone at Père Lachaise, Paris. Père Lachaise Cemetery (Cimetière du Père-Lachaise officially cimetière de l'Est, "East Cemetery" is the largest Cemetery in the city of Paris

This second Paris period produced several important theoretical writings. Cours de composition musicale, published by 1818, became the standard text on composition at the Conservatoire; the Traité de mélodie of 1814, a treatise on melody, also was widely studied. In Music, a melody (from Greek μελῳδία - melōidía, "singing chanting" also tune, voice, or Another semi-didactic work, 34 Études for piano, was published by 1817. It was also in Paris that Reicha started composing wind quintets, which proved to be his most enduring works (but which were far removed from the experimental writing of the Vienna period fugues). A wind quintet, also sometimes known as a woodwind quintet, is a group of five wind players (most commonly flute, Oboe, clarinet, horn Reicha's personal life also improved: he got married in 1818 to Virginie Enaust. The couple had two daughters.

Reicha stayed in Paris for the rest of his life. During the last decade of his life, Reicha was fully accepted in France: he became a naturalized citizen in 1829 [4], then a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur in 1835, and also in 1835 he succeeded François-Adrien Boieldieu at the Académie française. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Naturalization is the acquisition of Citizenship or Nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born François-Adrien Boieldieu ( December 16, 1775 in Rouen &ndash October 8, 1834 in Varennes-Jarcy, Essonne L'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. He published two more large treatises: Traité de haute composition musicale (1824–6), which dealt with composition, and Art du compositeur dramatique (1833) on writing opera. Reicha's ideas expressed in the former work sparked some controversy at the Conservatoire. In 1826 Franz Liszt and Hector Berlioz became Reicha's students, Charles Gounod followed some time later. Biography Gounod was born in Paris, the son of a pianist mother and a draftsman father Frédéric Chopin considered studying with him in 1829, but decided not to. In June 1835 César Franck started studying with him, although only did so for 10 months, until Reicha died in May 1836. César Franck (December 10 1822 – November 8 1890 a Composer, Organist and music teacher of Belgian and German origin who lived in France He was buried at the Père Lachaise Cemetery. Père Lachaise Cemetery (Cimetière du Père-Lachaise officially cimetière de l'Est, "East Cemetery" is the largest Cemetery in the city of Paris

Works

See also: List of compositions by Anton Reicha

It is difficult to present a coherent list of Reicha's works, because the opus numbers assigned to them at the time of publication are in disarray, supposedly some pieces were lost, and many works were published several times, sometimes as part of larger collections. This article lists compositions by Anton Reicha an eighteenth century composer Reicha's surviving oeuvre covers a vast array of genres and forms, from opera to piano fugues. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers In Music, a fugue (ˈfjuːg is a type of contrapuntal composition or technique of composition for a fixed number of parts, normally referred He is best known today for his wind quintets - 25 works composed in Paris between 1811 and 1820, which were played all over Europe. A wind quintet, also sometimes known as a woodwind quintet, is a group of five wind players (most commonly flute, Oboe, clarinet, horn Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Reicha claimed in his memoirs that his wind quintets filled a void: "At that time, there was a dearth not only of good classic music, but of any good music at all for wind instruments, simply because the composers knew little of their technique. A wind instrument is a Musical instrument that contains some type of Resonator (usually a tube in which a column of air is set into vibration by the player blowing "[5]. Indeed, Reicha's experiences as a flautist must have helped in creation of these pieces, in which he systematically explored the possibilities of the wind ensemble and invented an extended sonata form that could accommodate as many as five principal themes. A flautist, flutist, or flute player is a Musician who plays the Flute. Sonata form is a Musical form that has been used widely since the early Classical period. [6]

The wind quintets represent a more conservative trend in Reicha's oeuvre, however, especially when compared to his earlier work, namely the compositions of the Viennese period. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Technical wizardry prevails in compositions that illustrate Reicha's theoretical treatise Practische Beispiele of 1803, where techniques such as bitonality and polyrhythm are explored in extremely difficult sight reading exercises. The Musical use of more than one key simultaneously is polytonality. Sight-reading is the reading and performing of a piece of written Music, specifically when the performer has not seen it before [7] 36 fugues for piano, published in 1803, was conceived as an illustration of Reicha's neue Fugensystem, a new system for composing fugues. 36 Fugues, sometimes assigned Opus number 36 is a cycle of Fugues for Piano composed by Anton Reicha. Reicha suggested fugal answers could be placed on any scale degree (rather than the standard dominant) to widen the possibilities for modulation and undermine the tonal stability of the fugue. In Music theory, a scale degree is the name of a particular note of a scale in relation to the tonic (the note of the scale that is considered In Music, the dominant is the Fifth degree of the scale. For example in the C Major scale (white keys on a piano starting with C the In Music, modulation is most commonly the act or process of changing from one key ( tonic, or tonal center) to another Tonality is a system of Music in which specific hierarchical pitch relationships are based on a key "center" or tonic. [8] The fugues of the collection not only illustrate this point, but also employ a variety of extremely convoluted technical tricks, such as polyrhythm (no. 30), combined (nos. 24, 28), asymmetrical (no. 20) and simply uncommon (no. 10 is in 12/4, no. 12 in 2/8) metres and time signatures, some of which are derived from folk music, an approach that directly anticipates that of later composers such as Béla Bartók. Meter or metre is a concept related to an underlying division of time characteristic of western music The time signature (also known as " meter signature" is a notational convention used in Western Musical notation to specify how many beats Béla Viktor János Bartók (March 25 1881&ndashSeptember 26 1945 was a Hungarian Composer and Pianist, considered to be one of the greatest [9] Number 13 is a modal fugue played on white keys only, in which cadences are possible on all but the 7th degree of the scale without further alteration. In Music, a scale is an ordered series of Musical intervals which along with the key or tonic, define the pitches However mode In Music alteration, an example of Chromaticism, is the use of a neighboring pitch in the Chromatic scale in place of its Diatonic neighbor such Six fugues employ two subjects, one has three, and number 15 employs six subjects. In several fugues Reicha establishes a link with the old tradition by using subjects by Haydn (no. 3), Bach (no. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" 5), Mozart (no. 7), Scarlatti (no. Giuseppe Domenico Scarlatti (October 26 1685 – July 23 1757 was a Neapolitan Composer who spent much of his life in Spain and Portugal. 9), Frescobaldi (no. Girolamo Frescobaldi (baptized mid-September 1583 – March 1 1643 was an Italian musician one of the most important Composers of keyboard music in the late 14) and Handel (no. 15). Many of the technical accomplishments are unique to fugue literature.

The etudes of op. An étude (a French word meaning study) is an instrumental Musical composition, most commonly of considerable difficulty usually designed to provide practice 97, Études dans le genre fugué, published in Paris by 1817, are similarly advanced. Each composition is preceded by Reicha's comments for young composers who chose to study the work. Thirty of thirty-four etudes included are fugues, and every etude is preceded by a prelude dedicated to a particular technique or compositional problem. Again an exceptionally large number of forms and textures is used, including, for example, the variation form with extensive use of invertible counterpoint (no. Variation form Variation form include Ground bass, Passacaglia, Chaconne, and theme and variations In Music theory, the word inversion has several meanings There are inverted chords, inverted melodies, inverted intervals, and 3), or an Andante in C minor based on the famous Folia harmonic progression. La Folía is one of the oldest remembered European musical themes on record Reicha's massive cycle of variations, L'art de varier, uses the same pedagogical principle and includes variations in form of four-voice fugue, program music variations, toccata-like hand-crossing variations, etc, foreshadowing in many aspects not only Beethoven's Diabelli Variations, but also works by Schubert, Wagner and Debussy. Programme music is a form of Art music intended to evoke extra-musical ideas images in the mind of the listener by musically representing a scene image or mood Toccata (from Italian toccare, "to touch" is a Virtuoso piece of music typically for a keyboard or Plucked string instrument Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. The 33 Variations on a waltz by Anton Diabelli Op 120 commonly known as the Diabelli Variations, is a set of variations for the Piano Achille-Claude Debussy (aʃil klod dəbysi (August 22 1862 &ndash March 25 1918 was a French Composer. [10]

Many of Reicha's string quartets are similarly searching, and too foreshadow numerous later developments. A string quartet is a Musical ensemble of four String instruments &mdash usually two Violins a Viola and Cello &mdash or a piece The eight Vienna string quartets (1801-5) are amongst his most important works. Though largely ignored since Reicha's death, they were highly influential during his lifetime, and left their mark on the quartets of Beethoven and Schubert[11], much like Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier was ignored by the public but well-known to Beethoven and Chopin. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" The Well-Tempered Clavier ( Das Wohltemperirte Clavier in the original old German spelling BWV 846–893 is a collection of solo keyboard music composed by Reicha also wrote prolifically for various kinds of ensembles other than wind quintets and string quartets: there are violin sonatas, piano trios, horn trios, various works for wind or string instrument accompanied by strings, works for voice, etc. A violin sonata is a musical composition for solo Violin, which is nearly always accompanied by a Piano or other keyboard instrument or by Figured bass A piano trio is a group of Piano and two other instruments usually a Violin and a Cello, or a piece of Music written for such a group He also wrote much large-scale music - at least eight symphonies are known, seven operas, choral works including a Requiem, and many more. A symphony is a Musical composition, often extended and usually for Orchestra. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto The Requiem (from Latin requiem, accusative case of requies, rest or Requiem Mass (informally a funeral Mass also known formally (in Latin as the

Much of Reicha's music remained unpublished and/or unperformed during the composer's life, and virtually all of his work fell into obscurity after his death. This is partly explained by Reicha's own decisions which he reflects on in his autobiography: "Many of my works have never been heard because of my aversion to seeking performances [. . . ] I counted the time spent in such efforts as lost, and preferred to remain at my desk. "[3] It must also be noted that Reicha frequently advocated ideas, such as the use of quarter tones, that were too far ahead of his time to be understood by his contemporaries. A quarter tone is an interval about half as wide (aurally or logarithmically as a Semitone, which is half a Whole tone. [12]

Writings

Reicha's major theoretical and pedagogical works included the following:

In addition to these, a number of smaller texts by him exist. These include an outline of Reicha's system for writing fugues, Über das neue Fugensystem (published as a foreword to the 1805 edition of 36 fugues), Sur la musique comme art purement sentimental (before 1814, literally "On music a purely emotional art"), Petit traité d’harmonie pratique à 2 parties (c. 1814, a short "practical treatise" on harmony), a number of articles and the poem An Joseph Haydn, published in the preface to 36 fugues (which were dedicated to Haydn).

Notable recordings

Awarded the Deutscher Schallplattenpreis prize. Also includes Andante arioso, Andante and Adagio for wind ensemble.

Media

References

The standard monograph on Reicha. Contains numerous errors, but is richly informative on many aspects of Reicha's life[14]

Notes

  1. ^ Hoyt, Peter A. (March 1993). "Review of Olga Sotolova's 'Antonin Rejcha' (Deryck Viney, translator)". Notes, 2nd Series 49 (3): 996-8. Music Library Association. ISSN 0027-4380. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.  
  2. ^ Demuth, 2 (166)
  3. ^ a b Reicha's autobiography, Notes sur Antoine Reicha, quoted in Ron Drummond, "Program Notes for a Performance of Antonín Rejcha's C Minor String Quartet". Ronald Norman Drummond (born 17 October 1959, in Seattle) is an American writer editor and independent scholar See [1]
  4. ^ Demuth, p. 167.
  5. ^ Reicha's autobiography, Notes sur Antoine Reicha, quoted in Bill McGlaughlin, "A World Of Winds: Making Your Own Quintet - The Father of the Wind Quintet", see [2]
  6. ^ Ron Drummond. "Anton Reicha: A Biographical Sketch", see [3]
  7. ^ Demuth, 7 (171)
  8. ^ Walker, Alan (1987). Alan Walker, FRSC (born 6 April 1930) is an English - Canadian Musicologist and university professor best known as a Franz Liszt: Volume One, the Virtuoso Years, 1811-1847. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 94. ISBN 0-8014-9421-4.  
  9. ^ Václav Jan Sýkora. Preface to an edition of 36 fugues for piano, Kassel: Bärenreiter catalogue numbers 19117-119. 1973
  10. ^ Jan Racek. Foreword to the critical edition of "L'art de varier", Praha: Státní hudební vydavatelství, 1961
  11. ^ See Ron Drummond's articles on Reicha for an extensive discussion of his quartets: [4]. Ronald Norman Drummond (born 17 October 1959, in Seattle) is an American writer editor and independent scholar The first modern edition in score and parts of Reicha's Vienna quartets was published in June 2006 by Merton Music of London, see [5].
  12. ^ Demuth, 5-6 (169-70)
  13. ^ Demuth, 8 (172)
  14. ^ Hoyt, op. cit. , pp. 996-8.

External links

General reference

Scores

Find A Grave is a Website allowing its users to access maintain and expand an online Database of Burial records The Werner Icking Music Archive, often abbreviated WIMA, is a web archive of Public domain Sheet music. The International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP) is a project for the creation of a virtual library of Public domain music scores, based on the
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