This article is about the historical city. For the modern city, see Antakya

Antioch on the Orontes (Greek: Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ, Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη; Latin: Antiochia ad Orontem; also Great Antioch or Syrian Antioch) was an ancient city on the eastern side of the Orontes River. Antakya (انطاكية Anṭākyä; Ἀντιόχεια Antiókheia or Antiócheia) is the seat of the Hatay Province in southern Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. See Orontid dynasty for the Armenian kings and satraps called Orontes Continuously inhabited since then, it became the modern city of Antakya, Turkey. Antakya (انطاكية Anṭākyä; Ἀντιόχεια Antiókheia or Antiócheia) is the seat of the Hatay Province in southern Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches

Founded near the end of the 4th century BC by Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander the Great's generals. The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC. Seleucus I (surnamed for later generations Nicator, Greek: Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ, i Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Antioch eventually rivaled Alexandria as the chief city of the nearer East and was a cradle of gentile Christianity. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια The term Gentile (from Latin, gentilis, meaning of or belonging to a clan or tribe refers to non- Israelite tribes or nations in the Bible. It was one of the four cities of the Syrian tetrapolis. The Syrian Tetrapolis consisted of the cities Antioch, Seleucia Pieria, Apamea, and Laodicea in Syria.

Contents 1 Geography 2 History 2.1 Prehistory 2.2 Foundation by Seleucus I 2.3 Hellenistic age 2.4 Roman period 2.5 Late Antiquity 2.6 Arab period 2.7 Crusader era 3 Archaeology 4 Notable people 5 References 6 See also 7 External links

Geography

Two routes from the Mediterranean, lying through the Orontes gorge and the Beilan Pass, converge in the plain of the Antioch Lake (Balük Geut or El Bahr) and are met there by

1. the road from the Amanic Gates (Baghche Pass) and western Commagene, which descends the valley of the Kara Su,
2. the roads from eastern Commagene and the Euphratean crossings at Samosata (Samsat) and Apamea Zeugma (Birejik), which descend the valleys of the Afrin and the Kuwaik, and
3. the road from the Euphratean ford at Thapsacus, which skirts the fringe of the Syrian steppe. For the kingdom please see Kingdom of Commagene. Commagene or Kommagene ( Greek: Kομμαγηνή, Kommagênê Կոմմագենէ Samosata (Շամշատ Shamshat was an ancient city on the right (west bank of the Euphrates whose ruins existed at the modern city of Samsat, Adıyaman Province Thapsacus (Hebrew Tiphsah) meaning ford or passage was an ancient town along the western bank of the Euphrates river that would now lie in modern A single route proceeds south in the Orontes valley.

History

Prehistory

The settlement of Meroe pre-dated Antioch. A shrine of Anat, called by the Greeks the "Persian Artemis," was located here. Anat, also ‘Anat is a major northwest Semitic goddess ‘Anat in Ugarit In the Ugaritic Ba‘al / Hadad cycle ‘Anat This site was included in the eastern suburbs of Antioch. There was a village on the spur of Mount Silpius named Io, or Iopolis. This name was always adduced as evidence by Antiochenes (e. g. Libanius) anxious to affiliate themselves to the Attic Ionians--an eagerness which is illustrated by the Athenian types used on the city's coins. Libanius ( Greek: Λιβάνιος, Libanios; ca 314-ca 394 was a Greek-speaking teacher of rhetoric of the later Roman Empire, an educated The Ionians ( Greek:, Iōnes singular) were one of the three populations into which the Ancient Greeks considered the population of Hellenes to have been Io may have been a small early colony of trading Greeks (Javan). John Malalas mentions also an archaic village, Bottia, in the plain by the river. John Malalas or Ioannes Malalas (or Malelas) (Syriac word for "rhetor" "orator" ( Greek:) (c

Foundation by Seleucus I

Alexander the Great is said to have camped on the site of Antioch, and dedicated an altar to Zeus Bottiaeus, which lay in the northwest of the future city. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' This account is found only in the writings of Libanius, a 4th century AD orator from Antioch, and may be legend intended to enhance Antioch's status. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century But the story is not unlikely in itself. ^[1]

After Alexander's death in 323 BC, his generals divided up the territory he had conquered. Seleucus I Nicator won the territory of Syria, and he proceeded to found four "sister cities" in northwestern Syria, one of which was Antioch. Seleucus I (surnamed for later generations Nicator, Greek: Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ, i Like the other three, Antioch was named by Seleucus for a member of his family. He is reputed to have built sixteen Antiochs. ^[2]

Seleucus founded Antioch on a site chosen through ritual means. An eagle, the bird of Zeus, had been given a piece of sacrificial meat and the city was founded on the site to which the eagle carried the offering. Eagles are large birds of prey which are members of the Bird order Falconiformes and family Accipitridae, and belong to several genera Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology He did this in the twelfth year of his reign. Antioch soon rose above Seleucia Pieria to become the Syrian capital. Seleucia Pieria ( Greek Σελεύκεια Πιερία later Suedia) was a town in antiquity the capital of Seleucus I Nicator, in Syria Prima.

Hellenistic age

The original city of Seleucus was laid out in imitation of the grid plan of Alexandria by the architect Xenarius. The grid plan or gridiron plan is a type of City plan in which Streets run at right angles to each other forming a grid. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια Libanius describes the first building and arrangement of this city (i. Libanius ( Greek: Λιβάνιος, Libanios; ca 314-ca 394 was a Greek-speaking teacher of rhetoric of the later Roman Empire, an educated p. 300. 17). The citadel was on Mt. Silpius and the city lay mainly on the low ground to the north, fringing the river. Two great colonnaded streets intersected in the centre. Shortly afterwards a second quarter was laid out, probably on the east and by Antiochus I, which, from an expression of Strabo, appears to have been the native, as contrasted with the Greek, town. Antiochus I Soter (unknown - 261 BC was a king of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. It was enclosed by a wall of its own. In the Orontes, north of the city, lay a large island, and on this Seleucus II Callinicus began a third walled "city," which was finished by Antiochus III. Seleucus II Callinicus or Pogon (the epithets meaning "beautiful victor" and "bearded" respectively was a ruler of the Hellenistic Antiochus III the Great, ( Greek; ca 241&ndash187 BC ruled 222&ndash187 BC younger son of Seleucus II Callinicus A fourth and last quarter was added by Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175-164 BC); and thenceforth Antioch was known as Tetrapolis. Another Antiochus IV Epiphanes was king in Commagene under Caligula and Claudius. Events By place Seleucid Empire King Seleucus IV of Syria arranges for the exchange of his brother Antiochus for From west to east the whole was about 6 km in diameter and little less from north to south, this area including many large gardens.

The new city was populated by a mix of local settlers that Athenians brought from the nearby city of Antigonia, Macedonians, and Jews (who were given full status from the beginning). The total free population of Antioch at its foundation has been estimated at between 17,000 and 25,000, not including slaves and native settlers. ^[1] During the late Hellenistic period and Early Roman period, Antioch population reached its peak of over 500,000 inhabitants (estimates vary from 400,000 to 600,000) and was the third largest city in the world after Rome and Alexandria. By the 4th century, Antioch's declining population was about 200,000 according to Chrysostom, a figure which again does not include slaves. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century This article refers to the Christian saint For other uses of the name see Chrysostomos.

About 6 km west and beyond the suburb Heraclea lay the paradise of Daphne, a park of woods and waters, in the midst of which rose a great temple to the Pythian Apollo, also founded by Seleucus I and enriched with a cult-statue of the god, as Musagetes, by Bryaxis. Bryaxis (born revoca 350 BC was an Ancient Greek sculptor He worked on the mausoleum of Maussollos at Halicarnassus which was commissioned A companion sanctuary of Hecate was constructed underground by Diocletian. Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus ( ca. December 22 244 The modern historian Timothy Barnes takes December 22 as his birthdate The beauty and the lax morals of Daphne were celebrated all over the western world; and indeed Antioch as a whole shared in both these titles to fame. Its amenities awoke both the enthusiasm and the scorn of many writers of antiquity.

Antioch became the capital and court-city of the western Seleucid empire under Antiochus I, its counterpart in the east being Seleucia on the Tigris; but its paramount importance dates from the battle of Ancyra (240 BC), which shifted the Seleucid centre of gravity from Asia Minor, and led indirectly to the rise of Pergamum. Antiochus I Soter (unknown - 261 BC was a king of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire. For the Syrian seaport of the same name that figures in the travels of Saint Paul see Seleucia Pieria. Events By place Carthage Two of Carthage 's Mercenary commanders — Spendius and Mathos — convince the

The Seleucids reigned from Antioch. We know little of it in the Greek period, apart from Syria, all our information coming from authors of the late Roman time. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Among its great Greek buildings we hear only of the theatre, of which substructures still remain on the flank of Silpius, and of the royal palace, probably situated on the island. It enjoyed a reputation for letters and the arts (Cicero pro Archia, 3); but the only names of distinction in these pursuits during the Seleucid period, that have come down to us, are Apollophanes, the Stoic, and one Phoebus, a writer on dreams. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman The mass of the population seems to have been only superficially Hellenic, and to have spoken Aramaic in non-official life. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Aramaic is a Semitic language with The nicknames which they gave to their later kings were Aramaic; and, except Apollo and Daphne, the great divinities of north Syria seem to have remained essentially native, such as the "Persian Artemis" of Meroe and Atargatis of Hierapolis Bambyce. DAPHNE is an Arcade emulator application that emulates a variety of Laserdisc video games with the intent of preserving these games and making For the metal band see Atargatis (band. Atargatis, in Aramaic ‘Atar‘atah, was a Syrian deity "the great Manbij or Hierapolis Bambyce ( منبج) is an ancient city in the Aleppo Governorate, Syria.

The epithet, "Golden," suggests that the external appearance of Antioch was impressive, but the city needed constant restoration owing to the seismic disturbances to which the district has always been subjected. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer The first great earthquake in recorded history was related by the native chronicler John Malalas. John Malalas or Ioannes Malalas (or Malelas) (Syriac word for "rhetor" "orator" ( Greek:) (c It occurred in 148 BC and did immense damage.

Local politics were turbulent. In the many dissensions of the Seleucid house the population took sides, and frequently rose in rebellion, for example against Alexander Balas in 147 BC, and Demetrius II in 129 BC. The latter, enlisting a body of Jews, punished his capital with fire and sword. In the last struggles of the Seleucid house, Antioch turned against its feeble rulers, invited Tigranes of Armenia to occupy the city in 83 BC, tried to unseat Antiochus XIII in 65 BC, and petitioned Rome against his restoration in the following year. This article is about a king of Armenia in the 1st century BCE. Year 83 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Sulla returns to Italy from his campaigns Year 65 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome In response to the illegal exercise of Citizen rights Its wish prevailed, and it passed with Syria to the Roman Republic in 64 BC, but remained a civitas libera. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Year 64 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Servilius Rullus, Roman Tribune

Roman period

The Romans both felt and expressed boundless contempt for the hybrid Antiochenes. Their emperors, however, favoured the city from the first, seeing it as a more suitable capital for the eastern part of the empire than Alexandria could be, because of the isolated position of Egypt. To a certain extent they tried to make it an eastern Rome. Caesar visited it in 47 BC, and confirmed its freedom. Year 47 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Quintus Fufius Calenus, A great temple to Jupiter Capitolinus rose on Silpius, probably at the insistence of Octavian, whose cause the city had espoused. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was A forum of Roman type was laid out. The Forum was the public space in the middle of a Roman city It had a great social importance and was often the scene of diverse activities including political discussions Tiberius built two long colonnades on the south towards Silpius. Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (or Tiberius I) born Tiberius Claudius Nero (November 16 42 BC – March 16 AD 37) was the second Roman Agrippa and Tiberius enlarged the theatre, and Trajan finished their work. Agrippa redirects here For other uses of the name see Agrippa (disambiguation. Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who Antoninus Pius paved the great east to west artery with granite. Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus ( September 19, 86 &ndash March 7 161) generally known in English as Antoninus Pius A circus, other colonnades and great numbers of baths were built, and new aqueducts to supply them bore the names of Caesars, the finest being the work of Hadrian. The ancient Romans constructed numerous aqueducts ( Latin aquaeductūs, sing Publius Aelius Hadrianus (January 24 76 &ndash July 10 138 as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after The Roman client, King Herod, erected a long stoa on the east, and Agrippa encouraged the growth of a new suburb south of this. Stoa (plural stoae or stoæ) in Ancient Greek architecture; covered walkways or Porticos commonly for public usage Agrippa redirects here For other uses of the name see Agrippa (disambiguation.

The chief events recorded under the empire are the earthquakes that shook Antioch. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial One, in AD 37, caused the emperor Caligula to send two senators to report on the condition of the city. Year 37 was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 31 AD 12 &ndash January 24 AD 41 more commonly known by his nickname Caligula (kəˈlɪɡjʊlə was a Roman Emperor Another followed in the next reign; and in 115, during Trajan's sojourn in the place with his army of Parthia, the whole site was convulsed, the landscape altered, and the emperor himself forced to take shelter in the circus for several days. Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who He and his successor restored the city; but in 526, after minor shocks, the calamity returned in a terrible form; the octagonal cathedral which had been erected by the emperor Constantius II suffered and thousands of lives were lost, largely those of Christians gathered to a great church assembly. Events By Place Europe Athalaric succeeds Theodoric as king of the Ostrogoths, and Amalaric becomes king of the Flavius Iulius Constantius, known in English as Constantius II ( 7 August, 317 - November 3, 361) was a Roman Emperor Especially terrific earthquakes on November 29, 528 and October 31, 588 are also recorded. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Events By Place Byzantine Empire February 13 — Justinian appoints a commission (including the Jurist Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse DLXXXVIII in Roman numerals Events By Place Byzantine Empire Guaram becomes prince of Iberia.

At Antioch Germanicus died in 19 AD, and his body was burnt in the forum. Germanicus Julius Caesar ( 24 May 16 BC or 15 BC&ndash October 10, 19) Year 19 was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Titus set up the Cherubim, captured from the Jewish temple, over one of the gates. Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Titus ( December 30 39 &ndash September 13 81) was a Roman Emperor who CHERUB is a series of young adult books written by the author Robert Muchamore. Commodus had Olympic games celebrated at Antioch, and in 256 the town was suddenly raided by the Persians, who slew many in the theatre. Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus ( August 31, 161 – December 31, 192) was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 180 to 192 (also with The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games Events By Place Roman Empire Goths invade Asia Minor. Dacia is lost for the Roman Empire.

Late Antiquity

The chief interest of Antioch under the empire lies in its relation to Christianity. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Evangelized perhaps by Peter, according to the tradition upon which the Antiochene patriarchate still rests its claim for primacy (cf. Acts xi. ), and certainly by Barnabas and Paul during Paul's first missionary journey^[3]. Saint Barnabas (1st century born Joseph was an early Christian convert one of the earliest disciples in Jerusalem. Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and Its converts were the first to be called Christians (Acts 11:26). The Acts of the Apostles is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. This is not to be confused with Antioch in Pisidia, to which the early missionaries later travelled (Acts 13:14 - 13:50). Antioch in Pisidia &ndash alternatively Antiochia in Pisidia or Pisidian Antioch (Ἀντιόχεια τῆς Πισιδίας and in Roman Empire Geography Although close to Mediterranean Sea on the map the warm climate of the south cannot pass the height of the Taurus Mountains. The Acts of the Apostles is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament.

The population was estimated by Chrysostom at about 100,000 people at the time of Theodosius. This article refers to the Christian saint For other uses of the name see Chrysostomos. Between 252 and 300, ten assemblies of the church were held at Antioch and it became the seat of one of the four original patriarchates, along with Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Rome (see Pentarchy). Events By Place Roman Empire Valerian recreates Legio III Augusta to fight the Berbers. Events By place Roman Empire The Franks penetrate into what is now northern Belgium (approximate date A patriarchate is the Office or jurisdiction of a Patriarch. A patriarch as the term is used here is either one of the highest-ranking Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Pentarchy is a Greek -derived word meaning "rule by five" Today Antioch remains the seat of a patriarchate of the Oriental Orthodox churches. Patriarch of Antioch is a traditional title carried by the Bishop of Antioch. The Patriarch of Antioch is the head of the Syriac Orthodox Church; this is a list of primates who have held that office One of the canonical Eastern Orthodox churches is still called the Antiochian Orthodox Church, although it moved its headquarters from Antioch to Damascus, Syria, several centuries ago (see list of Patriarchs of Antioch), and its prime bishop retains the title "Patriarch of Antioch," somewhat analogous to the manner in which several Popes, heads of the Roman Catholic Church remained "Bishop of Rome" even while residing in Avignon, France in the 14th Century. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world The Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, also known as the Eastern Orthodox Church of Antioch and All the East, the Antiochian Orthodox Church, the Orthodox Patriarchate Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. The Patriarch of Antioch is one of the original Patriarchs of Early Christianity, who presided over the Bishops of Syria Palestine Armenia and

During the 4th century, Antioch was one of the three most important cities in the eastern Roman empire (along with Alexandria and Constantinople), which led to it being recognized as the seat of one of the five early Christian patriarchates (see Pentarchy). Pentarchy is a Greek -derived word meaning "rule by five"

When the emperor Julian visited in 362 on a detour to Persia, he had high hopes for Antioch, regarding it as a rival to the imperial capital of Constantinople. Flavius Claudius Julianus, known also as Julian or Julian the Apostate (331 or 332 to 26 June 363) was Roman Emperor (Caesar Events By Place Roman Empire Julian gathers an army of 60000 men a fleet of fifty warships and a thousand transport boats Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Antioch had a mixed pagan and Christian population, which Ammianus Marcellinus implies lived quite harmoniously together. Amiricanus Gambilinus (325/330-after 391 was a fourth-century Roman historian. However Julian's visit began ominously as it coincided with a lament for Adonis, the doomed lover of Aphrodite. Adonis (Άδωνης also Άδωνις is a figure of West Semitic origin where he is a central cult figure in various Mystery religions, who enters Thus, Ammianus wrote, the emperor and his soldiers entered the city not to the sound of cheers but to wailing and screaming.

Not long after, the Christian population railed at Julian for his favour to Jewish and pagan rites, and, outraged by the closing of its great church of Constantine, burned down the temple of Apollo in Daphne. Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine Another version of the story had it that the chief priest of the temple accidentally set the temple alight because he had fallen asleep after lighting a candle. In any case Julian had the man tortured for negligence (for either allowing the Christians to burn the temple or for burning it himself), confiscated Christian property and berated the pagan Antiochenes for their impiety. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally

Julian found much else about which to criticize the Antiochenes. Julian had wanted the empire's cities to be more self-managing, as they had been some 200 years before. This page is on the Roman imperial dynasty for Catholic clergy of the same name see Anthonians The Antonines most often referred to were two successive However Antioch's city councilmen showed themselves unwilling to shore up Antioch's food shortage with their own resources, so dependent were they on the emperor. A decurion was a member of a city senate in the Roman Empire. Ammianus wrote that the councilmen shirked their duties by bribing unwitting men in the marketplace to do the job for them.

The city's impiety to the old religion was clear to Julian when he attended the city's annual feast of Apollo. To his surprise and dismay the only Antiochene present was an old priest clutching a chicken. The chicken ( Gallus gallus, sometimes G gallus domesticus) is a domesticated Fowl which is traditionally believed to have descended from

The Antiochenes in turn hated Julian for worsening the food shortage with the burden of his billeted troops, wrote Ammianus. A billet is the US term for quarters which is a place to which a person generally a Soldier, is assigned to Sleep. Amiricanus Gambilinus (325/330-after 391 was a fourth-century Roman historian. The soldiers were often to be found gorged on sacrificial meat, making a drunken nuisance of themselves on the streets while Antioch's hungry citizens looked on in disgust. The Christian Antiochenes and Julian's pagan Gallic soldiers also never quite saw eye to eye. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western

Even Julian's piety was distasteful to the Antiochenes retaining the old faith. Julian's brand of paganism was very much unique to himself, with little support outside the most educated Neoplatonist circles. Neoplatonism (also Neo-Platonism) is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical Philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD founded by The irony of Julian's enthusiasm for large scale animal sacrifice could not have escaped the hungry Antiochenes. Animal Sacrifice is the Ritual killing of an Animal as part of a Religion. Julian gained no admiration for his personal involvement in the sacrifices, only the nickname axeman, wrote Ammianus.

The emperor's high-handed, severe methods and his rigid administration prompted Antiochene lampoons about, among other things, Julian's unfashionably pointed beard. In the traditional taxonomy of facial hair a goatee is a Beard formed by a tuft of hair on the chin In reply Julian published the curious satiric apologia, still extant, which he called Misopogon (beard hater). The Misopogon, or Beard-Hater, is a satirical essay on philosophers by the Roman Emperor Julian.

Julian's successor, Valens, who endowed Antioch with a new forum, including a statue of Valentinian on a central column, reopened the great church of Constantine, which stood till the Persian sack in 538 by Chosroes. This article is about the Roman Emperor For other people called Valens see Valens Flavius Julius Valens ( Latin: DOMINVS Events By Place Europe March 12 — Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths, ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Khosrau I or Khosrow I ( Chosroes I in classical sources most commonly known in Persian as Anushirvan, Persian انوشيروان meaning

In 387, there was a great sedition caused by a new tax levied by order of Theodosius I, and the city was punished by the loss of its metropolitan status. For the processor see Intel 80387. Events By Place Roman Empire The widowed Emperor Theodosius I Flavius Theodosius (January 11 347 – January 17 395 also called Theodosius I and Theodosius the Great ( Greek: Θεοδόσιος Α΄

Justinian I, who renamed it Theopolis ("City of God"), restored many of its public buildings after the great earthquake of 526, whose destructive work was completed by the Persian king, Khosrau I, twelve years later. Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ( Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός; known in English as Justinian I or Events By Place Europe Athalaric succeeds Theodoric as king of the Ostrogoths, and Amalaric becomes king of the Khosrau I or Khosrow I ( Chosroes I in classical sources most commonly known in Persian as Anushirvan, Persian انوشيروان meaning Antioch lost as many as 300. 000 people. Justinian I made an effort to revive it, and Procopius describes his repairing of the walls; but its glory was past. Procopius of Caesarea ( Προκόπιος ο Καισαρεύς, c

Antioch gave its name to a certain school of Christian thought, distinguished by literal interpretation of the Scriptures and insistence on the human limitations of Jesus. The School of Antioch was one of the two major centers of the study of biblical Exegesis and Theology; the other was the Catechetical school of Alexandria Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Diodorus of Tarsus and Theodore of Mopsuestia were the leaders of this school. Diodore of Tarsus ( Greek Διόδωρος (d ca 390 was a Christian Bishop, a monastic reformer and a theologian. Theodore the Interpreter (ca 350 - 428 was bishop of Mopsuestia, a city in what is now Turkey which has since declined into a village which is now known as The principal local saint was Simeon Stylites, who lived an extremely ascetic life atop a pillar for 40 years some 65 km east of Antioch. Saint Simeon Stylites or Symeon the Stylite (مار سمعان العمودي mār semʕān l-ʕamūdī) (c His body was brought to the city and buried in a building erected under the emperor Leo. Flavius Leo or Leo II ( 467 - November 17, 474) served as Byzantine Emperor from January 18 to November 17

Arab period

In 637, during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius, Antioch was conquered by the Arabs in the caliphate of al-Rashidun during the Battle of Iron Bridge. Events By Place Europe Battle of Mag Rath Dál Riata influence in Ulster is greatly reduced or ended Heraclius, or Herakleios (Flavius Heraclius Augustus;) (c 575 - February 11, 641) was a Byzantine Emperor, who ruled the East The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first The Battle of Iron Bridge was fought between the Rashidun army and the Byzantine army, near an Iron bridge spanning the River Orontes The city became known in Arabic as أنطاكيّة Antākiyyah. Since the Umayyad dynasty was unable to penetrate the Anatolian plateau, Antioch found itself on the frontline of the conflicts between two hostile empires during the next 350 years, so that the city went into a precipitous decline. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black

In 969, the city was recovered for the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus II Phocas by Michael Burza and Peter the Eunuch. 969 was a year in the 10th century. Events By Place Byzantine Empire December 11 — John I becomes In 1078, Armenians seized power^[4] until the Seljuk Turks captured Antioch in 1084, but held it only fourteen years before the Crusaders arrived. The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in

Crusader era

The Crusaders Siege of Antioch caused the city to suffer much during the First Crusade. For other uses please see Siege of Antioch (disambiguation The Siege of Antioch took place during the First Crusade in 1097 The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the dual goals of conquering the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land and freeing Although it contained a large Christian population, it was ultimately betrayed by Islamic allies of Bohemund, prince of Taranto who, following a massacre of the Turkish garrison, became its lord. Bohemond I (also spelled Bohemund or Boamund; c 1058&ndash 3 March 1111) Prince of Taranto and Prince of Antioch It remained the capital of the Latin Principality of Antioch for nearly two centuries. The Principality of Antioch, including parts of modern-day Turkey and Syria, was one of the Crusader states created during the First Crusade It fell at last to the Egyptian Mamluk Sultan Baibars, in 1268, after another siege. Baibars, or al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari ( Arabic ar الملك‭ ‬الظاهر‭ ‬ركن‭ ‬الدين‭ ‬بيبرس‭ ‬البندقداري The "Siege of Antioch" may also refer to two battles in 1097 and 1098 during the First Crusade; see Siege of Antioch. Baibars massacred or enslaved the Christian population of 100,000 and destroyed many of the churches. ^{[5][6][7][8][9]} In addition to the ravages of war, the city's port became inaccessible to large ships due to the accumulation of sand in the Orontes river bed. As a result, Antioch never recovered as a major city, with much of its former role falling to the port city of Alexandretta (Iskenderun). İskenderun, also Iskenderon (formerly in Greek Ἀλεξανδρέττα Alexandretta; in Arabic الإسكندرون al-ʼIskandarūn

. For other uses please see Siege of Antioch (disambiguation The Siege of Antioch took place during the First Crusade in 1097 Bohemond I (also spelled Bohemund or Boamund; c 1058&ndash 3 March 1111) Prince of Taranto and Prince of Antioch

Archaeology

Few traces of the once great Roman city are visible today aside from the massive fortification walls that snake up the mountains to the east of the modern city, several aqueducts, and the Cave of St. Paul, said to be a meeting place of an early Christian community. The majority of the Roman city lies buried beneath deep sediments from the Orontes River, or has been obscured by recent construction.

Between 1932 and 1939, archaeological excavations of Antioch were undertaken under the direction of the "Committee for the Excavation of Antioch and Its Vicinity," which was made up of representatives from the Louvre Museum, the Baltimore Museum of Art, the Worcester Art Museum, Princeton University, and later (1936) also the Fogg Art Museum at Harvard University and its affiliate Dumbarton Oaks. The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France The Baltimore Museum of Art in Baltimore Maryland, was founded in 1914 The Worcester Art Museum, located in Worcester Massachusetts, is one of the largest art museums in Central Massachusetts Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. The Fogg Art Museum is the oldest of Harvard University 's art museums Dumbarton Oaks is a 19th century Federal-style Mansion with famous gardens in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington D

The excavation team failed to find the major buildings they hoped to unearth, including Constantine's Great Octagonal Church or the imperial palace. However, a great accomplishment of the expedition was the discovery of high-quality Roman mosaics from villas and baths in Antioch, Daphne and Selecia. One mosaic includes a border that depicts a walk from Antioch to Daphne, showing many ancient buildings along the way. The mosaics are now displayed in the Hatay Archaeological Museum in Antakya and in the museums of the sponsoring institutions. Antakya (انطاكية Anṭākyä; Ἀντιόχεια Antiókheia or Antiócheia) is the seat of the Hatay Province in southern

A statue in the Vatican and a number of figurines and statuettes perpetuate the type of its great patron goddess and civic symbol, the Tyche (Fortune) of Antioch – a majestic seated figure, crowned with the ramparts of Antioch's walls, with the river Orontes as a youth swimming under her feet. In ancient Greek city cults, Tyche (Τύχη meaning "luck" in Greek, Roman equivalent Fortuna) was the presiding Tutelary

In recent years, what remains of the Roman and late antique city have suffered severe damage as a result of construction related to the expansion of Antakya. In the 1960s, the last surviving Roman bridge was demolished to make way for a modern two-lane bridge. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 The northern edge of Antakya has been growing rapidly over recent years, and this construction has begun to expose large portions of the ancient city, which are frequently bulldozed and rarely protected by the local museum.

Notable people

• John Chrysostom (349-407) Patriarch of Constantinople
• George of Antioch

References

• Karl Otfried Müller, Antiquitates Antiochenae (1839)
• Albin Freund, Beiträge zur antiochenischen und zur konstantinopolitanischen Stadtchronik (1882)
• R. Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and Karl Otfried Müller ( August 28, 1797 &ndash August 1, 1840) was a German scholar and Philodorian, or admirer of ancient Forster, in Jahrbuch of Berlin Arch. Institute, xii. (1897)
• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

See also

• Other cities of the ancient world named Antiochia
• Ignatius of Antioch
• Theophilus of Antioch
• Antiochene rite
• Siege of Antioch
• List of traditional Greek place names
• The Martyr of Antioch
• Antakya Archaeological Museum
• The Holy Hand Grenade of Antioch

External links

• Richard Stillwell, ed. Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976: "Antioch on the Orontes (Antaky), Turkey"
• Antioch (Antakya) Includes timeline, maps, and photo galleries of Antioch's mosaics and artifacts
• Antakya Museum Many photos of the collection in Antakya's museum, in particular Roman mosaics
• The Ancient City of Antioch Map
• The Church of Antioch
• The Catholic Church of Antioch
• Antiochepedia - Musings Upon Ancient Antioch

Antiochia or Antiocheia or Antiochea or Antiokheia (Αντιόχεια may refer any of several Hellenistic cities in the Near East Saint Ignatius of Antioch (also known as Theophorus) (ca 35-110 was the third Bishop and Patriarch of Antioch and possibly a student of the Apostle John There is also a Theophilus of Alexandria ( c AD 412 Theophilus, Patriarch of Antioch, succeeded Eros c Antiochene Rite designates the family of liturgies originally used in the Patriarchate of Antioch: that of the Apostolic Constitutions; then that of For other uses please see Siege of Antioch (disambiguation The Siege of Antioch took place during the First Crusade in 1097 This is a list of Greek place names. That is a list of the names of places as they exist in the Greek language. The Martyr of Antioch is an Oratorio (originally described as "A Sacred Musical Drama" by the English Composer, Arthur Sullivan. Construction of Antakya Archaeological Museum (also known as Hatay Archaeological Museum started in 1934 on the recommendation of the French archaeologist M The Holy Hand Grenade of Antioch is a fictional Weapon from the comedy film Monty Python and the Holy Grail.

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