- Antinomia redirects here. For the brachiopod genus, see Antinomia (brachiopod). Brachiopods (from Latin brachium, arm + New Latin -poda, foot are a small phylum of Benthic Invertebrates Also A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic
Antinomy (Greek αντι-, against, plus νομος, law) literally means the mutual incompatibility, real or apparent, of two laws. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly It is a term used in logic and epistemology. Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge
The term acquired a special significance in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, who used it to describe the equally rational but contradictory results of applying to the universe of pure thought the categories or criteria of reason proper to the universe of sensible perception or experience (phenomena). Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Experience as a general concept comprises Knowledge of or skill in or Observation of some thing or some event gained through involvement in or Empirical reason cannot here play the role of establishing rational truths because it goes beyond possible experience and is applied to the sphere of that which transcends it. In Philosophy, the adjective transcendental and the noun transcendence convey three different but related primary meanings all of them derived from the word's literal
For Kant there are four antinomies connected with
- the limitation of the universe in respect of space and time,
- the theory that the whole consists of indivisible atoms (whereas, in fact, none such exist),
- the problem of freedom in relation to universal causality
- the existence of a necessary being
about each of which pure reason contradicts the empirical, as thesis and antithesis. This was part of Kant's critical program of determining limits to science and philosophical inquiry. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Kant claimed to solve these contradictions by saying, that in no case is the contradiction real, however really it has been intended by the opposing partisans, or must appear to the mind without critical enlightenment. It is wrong, therefore, to impute to Kant, as is often done, the view that human reason is, on ultimate subjects, at war with itself, in the sense of being impelled by equally strong arguments towards alternatives contradictory of each other. The difficulty arises from a confusion between the spheres of phenomena and noumena. A phenomenon (from Greek φαινόμενoν, pl φαινόμενα - phenomena) is any observable occurrence "Noumena" redirects here For the band see Noumena (band. In fact no rational cosmology is possible. Cosmology (from Greek grc κοσμολογία - grc κόσμος kosmos, "universe" and grc -λογία -logia) is study
It can also be argued that antinomies do not highlight limitations in the power of logical reasoning. This is because the conclusion that there is a limitation is (supposedly) derived from the antinomy by logical reasoning; therefore any limitation in the validity of logical reasoning imposes a limitation on the conclusion that there is a limitation on logical reasoning. (This is an argument by self-reference. Self-reference is a phenomenon in natural or Formal languages consisting of a sentence or Formula referring to itself directly or ) In short, in terms of the validity of logical reasoning as a whole, antinomies are self-isolating: they are like scattered discontinuities within the field of logic, incapable of casting doubt on anything else but themselves.
This carefree position is incompatible with the principle of explosion. The principle of explosion is the law of Classical logic and a few other systems (e In mathematical logic, antinomies are patently not self-isolating, and are usually seen as disasters for the formal system in which they arise (as Russell's paradox in Frege's work). Mathematical logic is a subfield of Logic and Mathematics with close connections to Computer science and Philosophical logic. In formal logic, a formal system (also called a logical system, a logistic system, or simply a logic Formal systems in mathematics consist Part of the Foundations of mathematics, Russell's paradox (also known as Russell's antinomy) discovered by Bertrand Russell in 1901 showed that the Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege ( 8 November 1848, Wismar, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin &ndash 26 July 1925
See also
- Interesting number paradox
- Richard's paradox
- Ship of Theseus
- Sorites paradox
- Mereological nihilism - Philosophical theory that may avoid antinomies
References
- John Watson, Selections from Kant (trans. The interesting number paradox is a semi-humorous paradox that arises from attempting to classify Numbers as "interesting" or "dull" Richard's paradox is a fallacious Paradox of mathematical mapping first described by the French Mathematician Jules Richard in 1905 The Ship of Theseus, also known as Theseus's paradox, is a Paradox that raises the question of whether an object which has had all its component parts replaced The Sorites paradox ( σωρός ( sōros) being Greek for "heap" and σωρίτης ( sōritēs) the adjective is a Mereological nihilism (also called compositional nihilism or what some philosophers just call Nihilism) is the position that objects with proper parts do not exist (not only Glasgow, 1897), pp. 155 foll.
- W. Windelband, History of Philosophy (Eng. trans. 1893)
- H. Sidgwick, Philos. of Kant, lectures x. and xi. (Lond. , 1905)
- F. Paulsen, I. Kant (Eng. trans. 1902), pp. 216 foll.
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
- This article was originally based on material from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, which is licensed under the GFDL. The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing ( FOLDOC) is an online searchable encyclopedic Dictionary of Computing subjects The GNU Free Documentation License ( GNU FDL or simply GFDL) is a Copyleft License for free documentation designed by the Free Software
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