51 tin ← antimony → tellurium As ↑ Sb ↓ Bi Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	antimony, Sb, 51
Chemical series	metalloids
Group, Period, Block	15, 5, p
Appearance	silvery lustrous gray
Standard atomic weight	121.760(1)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 18, 5
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	6. Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 Tellurium (tɪˈlʊəriəm/ /tɛl- is a Chemical element that has the symbol Te and Atomic number 52 Arsenic (ˈɑrsənɪk is a Chemical element that has the symbol As and Atomic number of 33 Bismuth (ˈbɪzməθ is a Chemical element that has the symbol Bi and Atomic number 83 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Metalloid is a term used in Chemistry when classifying the Chemical elements On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties nearly every element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic A period 5 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. See also Electron configuration The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36 The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 697  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	6. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 53  g·cm−3
Melting point	903. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 78 K (630. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 63 °C, 1167. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 13 °F)
Boiling point	1860 K (1587 °C, 2889 °F)
Heat of fusion	19. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 79  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	193. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required 43  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity	(25 °C) 25. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 23  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 807 876 1011 1219 1491 1858
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	rhombohedral
Oxidation states	−3, 3, 5
Electronegativity	2. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 05 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st:  834  kJ·mol−1
	2nd:  1594. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material 9  kJ·mol−1
	3rd:  2440  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	145  pm
Atomic radius (calc. Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth )	133  pm
Covalent radius	138  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	no data
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 417 n Ω·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 24. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 4  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 11. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes 0  µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 3420 m/s
Young's modulus	55  GPa
Shear modulus	20  GPa
Bulk modulus	42  GPa
Mohs hardness	3. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 0
Brinell hardness	294  MPa
CAS registry number	7440-36-0
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of antimony iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 121Sb 57. The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation Hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter loaded on a material test-piece CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Antimony ( Sb)Standard atomic mass 121760(1 u Table Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide 36% 121Sb is stable with 70 neutrons 123Sb 42. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 64% 123Sb is stable with 72 neutrons 125Sb syn 2. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 7582 y Beta- 0. A year (from Old English gēr) is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the Orbit of the Earth around the Sun In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted 767 125Te
References

Antimony (IPA [æˈntɪməˌniː] (Received Pronunciation), /ˈæntɪmoʊni/ (US)) is a chemical element with the symbol Sb (Latin: stibium, meaning "mark") and atomic number 51. Tellurium (tɪˈlʊəriəm/ /tɛl- is a Chemical element that has the symbol Te and Atomic number 52 Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages Received Pronunciation ( RP) is a form of Pronunciation of the English language (specifically British English) which has long been perceived as A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton A metalloid, antimony has four allotropic forms. Metalloid is a term used in Chemistry when classifying the Chemical elements On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties nearly every element Allotropy (Gr allos, other and tropos, manner is a behavior exhibited by certain Chemical elements these elements can exist in two or more different The stable form of antimony is a blue-white metalloid. Yellow and black antimony are unstable non-metals. Antimony is used in flame-proofing, paints, ceramics, enamels, a wide variety of alloys, electronics, and rubber. Paint is any Liquid, liquifiable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque Solid The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos) In a discussion of Material science, enamel (or vitreous enamel or porcelain enamel in U An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical

Contents 1 Properties 2 Applications 3 Etymology 4 History 5 Sources 6 Precautions 7 Chemistry 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links

Properties

Antimony in its elemental form is a silvery white, brittle, fusible, crystalline solid that exhibits poor electrical and heat conductivity properties and vaporizes at low temperatures. Fusibility is the ease with which a material will Melt. Materials such as solder require a low melting point so that when heat is applied to a joint the solder will melt before In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating Electrical conductivity or specific conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to conduct an Electric current. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. Evaporation is the process by which Molecules in a Liquid state (e Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature A metalloid, antimony resembles a metal in its appearance and in many of its physical properties, but does not chemically react as a metal. Metalloid is a term used in Chemistry when classifying the Chemical elements On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties nearly every element It is also attacked by oxidizing acids and halogens. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are Abundance Owing to their high Reactivity, the halogens are found in the environment only in compounds or as Ions Halide ions and oxoanions Antimony and some of its alloys are unusual in that they expand on cooling. Antimony is geochemically categorized as a chalcophile, occurring with sulfur and the heavy metals lead, copper, and silver. The Goldschmidt classification, developed by Victor Goldschmidt, is a geochemical classification which groups the Chemical elements according to their preferred Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen

Estimates of the abundance of antimony in the Earth's crust range from 0. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 2 to 0. 5 ppm. "Parts-per" notation is used especially in Science and Engineering, to denote Ratios (relative proportions in measured quantities particularly

Applications

Antimony is increasingly being used in the semiconductor industry in the production of diodes, infrared detectors, and Hall-effect devices. A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that Dioden2jpg|thumb|right|150px|Figure 2 Various semiconductor diodes Infrared ( IR) radiation is Electromagnetic radiation whose Wavelength is longer than that of Visible light, but shorter than that of The Hall effect refers to the Potential difference ( Hall voltage) on the opposite sides of an Electrical conductor through which there is an Electric As an alloy, this metalloid greatly increases lead's hardness and mechanical strength. An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly The most important use of antimony is as a hardener in lead for storage batteries. Uses include:

• Batteries
• antifriction alloys
• type metal
• small arms and tracer ammunition
• cable sheathing
• matches
• medicines, antiprotozoan drugs
• plumbing
• soldering - some "lead-free" solders contain 5% Sb
• main and big-end bearings in internal combustion engines (as alloy)
• used in the past to treat Schistosomiasis; today Praziquantel is universally used
• used in linotype printing machines

Antimony compounds in the form of oxides, sulfides, sodium antimonate, and antimony trichloride are used in the making of flame-proofing compounds, ceramic enamels, glass, paints, and pottery. In electronics a battery is a combination of two or more Electrochemical cells which store chemical Energy which can be converted into electrical energy The term type metal (sometimes called "hot metal" represents a range of metal Alloys that are used in traditional Typefounding and Mechanical typesetting Small arms is a term used by the Armed forces to refer to Infantry Weapons such as the Firearms that an individual soldier can carry Tracer ammunition ( tracers) are special Bullets that are modified to accept a small Pyrotechnic charge in their base A match is a consumable Tool for lighting a Fire under controlled circumstances on demand A solder is a fusible metal Alloy with a melting point or melting range of 90 to 450 ° C (200 to 840 ° F) used in a process called The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever) is a Parasitic disease caused by several species of fluke Praziquantel (Biltricide is an Anthelmintic effective against Flatworms. An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element The term sulfide ( sulphide in British English) refers to several types of Chemical compounds containing Sulfur in its lowest Oxidation The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos) Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many Paint is any Liquid, liquifiable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque Solid Pottery is the Ceramic ware made by potters It also refers to a group of materials that includes Earthenware, Stoneware Antimony trioxide is the most important of the antimony compounds and is primarily used in flame-retardant formulations. These flame-retardant applications include such markets as children's clothing, toys, aircraft and automobile seat covers. It is also used in the fiberglass composites industry as an additive to polyester resins for such items as light aircraft engine covers. The resin will burn while a flame is held to it but will extinguish itself as soon as the flame is removed. Antimony sulfide is also one of the ingredients of safety matches. A match is a consumable Tool for lighting a Fire under controlled circumstances on demand

In the 1950s, tiny beads of a lead-antimony alloy were used for the emitters and collectors of NPN alloy junction transistors. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly The alloy-junction transistor, or alloy transistor, was an early type of Bipolar junction transistor, developed at General Electric and RCA in

The natural sulfide of antimony, stibnite, was known and used in Biblical times, as medicine and in Islamic/Pre-Islamic times as a cosmetic. Stibnite, sometimes called antimonite, is a Sulfide Mineral with the formula Sb 2 S 3 Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the

In Islam , a hadeeth (book of Prophet Muhammads(pbuh) life & doingd reports the following; Muhammad (pbuh) said: “The best of your kohl is ithmid (antimony), for it makes the vision clear and makes the hair grow. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics ” (there are two types of ithmid , male, and female, guessing it is the male kind he is talking about)

Stibnite is still used in some developing countries as medicine. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Antimony has been used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever) is a Parasitic disease caused by several species of fluke Antimony attaches itself to sulfur atoms in certain enzymes which are used by both the parasite and human host. Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Small doses can kill the parasite without causing damage to the patient. Antimony and its compounds are used in several veterinary preparations like Anthiomaline or Lithium antimony thiomalate, which is used as a skin conditioner in ruminants. Veterinary medicine the application of medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife Antimony has a nourishing or conditioning effect on keratinized tissues, at least in animals. Tartar emetic is another antimony preparation which is used as an anti-schistosomal drug. Treatments chiefly involving antimony have been called antimonials. Antimonials, in pre-modern Medicine, were remedies principally containing Antimony, used chiefly for Emetic purposes

Antimony-based drugs such as Allopurinol, and Meglumine, are also considered the drugs of choice for the treatment of Leishmaniasis in domestic animals. Unfortunately, as well as having low therapeutic indices, the drugs are poor at penetrating the bone marrow, where some of the Leishmania amastigotes reside, and so cure of the disease - especially the visceral form - is very difficult.

A coin made of antimony was issued in the Keichow Province of China in 1931. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The coins were not popular, being too soft and they wore quickly when in circulation. After the first issue no others were produced. ^[1]

Etymology

The ancient words for antimony mostly have, as their chief meaning, kohl, the sulfide of antimony. Kohl is a mixture of Soot and other ingredients used predominantly by Middle Eastern North African Sub-Saharan African and South Asian Pliny the Elder, however, distinguishes between male and female forms of antimony; his male form is probably the sulfide, the female form, which is superior, heavier, and less friable, is probably native metallic antimony. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author ^[2]

The Egyptians called antimony mśdmt; in hieroglyphics, the vowels are uncertain, but there is an Arabic tradition that the word is mesdemet. ^[3] The Greek word, stimmi, is probably a loan word from Arabic or Egyptian, and is used by the Attic tragic poets of the 5th century BC; later Greeks also used stibi, as did Celsus and Pliny, writing in Latin, in the first century AD. Aulus Cornelius Celsus (ca 25 BC—ca 50 was a Roman encyclopedist and Physician. Pliny also gives the names stimi [sic], larbaris, alabaster, and the "very common" platyophthalmos, "wide-eye" (from the effect of the cosmetic). Alabaster is a name applied to varieties of two distinct Minerals Gypsum (a hydrous sulfate of Calcium) and Calcite Later Latin authors adapted the word to Latin as stibium. The Arabic word for the substance, as opposed to the cosmetic, can appear as ithmid, athmoud, othmod, or uthmod. Littré suggests the first form, which is the earliest, derives from stimmida, (one) accusative for stimmi. The Dictionnaire de la langue française by Émile Littré, commonly called simply the " Littré " is a four-volume Dictionary of the ^[4]

The use of Sb as the standard chemical symbol for antimony is due to the 18th century chemical pioneer, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, who used this abbreviation of the name stibium. Friherre Jöns Jacob Berzelius (20 August 1779 &ndash 7 August 1848 was a Swedish chemist

The medieval Latin form, from which the modern languages, and late Byzantine Greek, take their names, is antimonium. The origin of this is uncertain; all suggestions have some difficulty either of form or interpretation. The popular etymology, from anti-monachos or French antimoine, still has adherents; this would mean "monk-killer", and is explained by many early alchemists being monks, and antimony being poisonous. ^[5] So does the hypothetical Greek word antimonos, "against one", explained as "not found as metal", or "not found unalloyed". ^[6] Lippmann conjectured a Greek word, anthemonion, which would mean "floret", and he cites several examples of related Greek words (but not that one) which describe chemical or biological efflorescence. Effloresce redirects here for the album by Oceansize see Effloresce (album. ^[7]

The early uses of antimonium include the translations, in 1050-1100, by Constantine the African of Arabic medical treatises. Constantine the African ( Latin Constantinus Africanus c 1020 Carthage or Sicily&ndash1087 monastery of Monte Cassino, near Cassino Principality ^[8] Several authorities believe that antimonium is a scribal corruption of some Arabic form; Meyerhof derives it from ithmid;^[9] other possibilities include Athimar, the Arabic name of the metal, and a hypothetical *as-stimmi, derived from or parallel to, the Greek. ^[10]

History

Antimony's sulfide compound, antimony (III) trisulfide, Sb₂S₃ was recognized in antiquity, at least as early as 3000 BC. The 4th millennium BC saw major changes in human culture It marks the beginning of the Bronze Age and of Writing. Pastes of Sb₂S₃ powder in fat^[11] or in other materials have been used since that date as eye cosmetics in the Middle East and farther afield; in this use, Sb₂S₃ is called kohl. Kohl is a mixture of Soot and other ingredients used predominantly by Middle Eastern North African Sub-Saharan African and South Asian It was used to darken the brows and lashes, or to draw a line around the perimeter of the eye.

An artifact made of antimony dating to about 3000 BC was found at Tello, Chaldea (part of present day Iraq), and a copper object plated with antimony dating between 2500 BC and 2200 BC has been found in Egypt. ^[12] There is some uncertainty as to the description of the artifact from Tello. Although it is sometimes reported to be a vase, a recent detailed discussion of it reports it to be rather a fragment of indeterminate purpose. ^[13]

Antimony was first isolated by Geber (721-815), an Arabian alchemist. For the 12th century astronomer see Jabir ibn Aflah. For the anonymous 14th century Spanish alchemist see Pseudo-Geber. ^[14] The first European description of a procedure for isolating antimony is in the book De la pirotechnia of 1540 by Vannoccio Biringuccio, written in Italian. De la Pirotechnia is considered to be the first book on Metallurgy to have been published in Europe. Vannoccio Biringuccio, sometimes spelt Vannocio Biringuccio, (1480–c This book precedes the more famous 1556 book in Latin by Agricola, De re metallica, even though Agricola has been often incorrectly credited with the discovery of metallic antimony. Georgius Agricola ( March 24, 1494 – November 21, 1555) was a German scholar and scientist De re metallica ( Latin for On the Nature of Metals (Minerals) is a book cataloging the state of the art of Mining, refining and Smelting

According to the traditional history of western alchemy, metallic antimony was described (previous to Biringuccio) by the putative Prior Basilius Valentinus in a Latin manuscript, Currus Triumphalis Antimonii, supposedly circa 1450. Alchemic symbols, originally devised as part of the Protoscience of Alchemy, were used to denote some elements and some compounds until the 18th century Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of Basilius Valentinus, also known under the Anglicized version of his name Basil Valentine was a 15th-century alchemist. This manuscript was published in 1604 in English translation as The Triumphal Chariot of Antimony, by Johann Thölde (1565–1614). The marvelous discovery of a complete set of Valentinus' manuscripts, including the alchemical tales, is fully described by Jean-Jacques Manget in his Bibliotheca chemica curiosa (1702): the manuscripts had been enclosed for more than a century in a pillar of St. Jean-Jacques Manget (1652-1742 was a Swiss physician and writer Peter's Abbey, at Erfurt, until the pillar was shattered by a thunderbolt. Erfurt (ˈɛɐ̯fʊɐ̯t is a City in central Germany. It is the Capital of the state of Thuringia with a population of 202619 (2006 Many scholars have considered Basilius Valentinus a mythological personage. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) declared, after careful enquiry, that no Prior Valentinus ever existed in the Abbey of Erfurt, rather that the name was only a pseudonym – probably of Thölde himself – used to merge poorly translated materials of various origins.

According to the traditional history of Middle Eastern alchemy, pure antimony was well known to Geber, sometimes called "the Father of Chemistry", in the 8th century. For the 12th century astronomer see Jabir ibn Aflah. For the anonymous 14th century Spanish alchemist see Pseudo-Geber. Here there is still an open controversy: Marcellin Berthelot, who translated a number of Geber's books, stated that antimony is never mentioned in them, but other authors claim that Berthelot translated only some of the less important books, while the more interesting ones (some of which might describe antimony) are not yet translated, and their content is completely unknown. Marcellin (or Marcelin Pierre Eugène Berthelot ( October 25, 1827 - March 18, 1907) was a French Chemist and Politician

Sources

Even though this element is not abundant, it is found in over 100 mineral species. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Antimony is sometimes found native, but more frequently it is found in the sulfide stibnite (Sb₂S₃) which is the predominant ore mineral. Stibnite, sometimes called antimonite, is a Sulfide Mineral with the formula Sb 2 S 3 A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Commercial forms of antimony are generally ingots, broken pieces, granules, and cast cake. Other forms are powder, shot, and single crystals.

In 2005, China was the top producer of antimony with about 84% world share followed at a distance by South Africa, Bolivia and Tajikistan, reports the British Geological Survey. The British Geological Survey (BGS is a partly publicly-funded body which aims to advance geoscientific knowledge of the United Kingdom landmass and its Continental

Country	Tonnes	% of total
People's Republic of China	126,000	84. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES 0
South Africa	6,000	4. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa 0
Bolivia	5,225	3. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. 5
Tajikistan	4,073	2. Tajikistan (təˈdʒɪkɨstæn or /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/ Тоҷикистон tɔʤikɪsˈtɔn or, Persian تاجیکستان‎ taajikestaan officially the Republic of 7
Russia	3,000	2. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending 0
Top 5	144,298	96. 2
Total world	150,000	100. 0

Chiffres de 2003, métal contenue dans les minerais et concentrés, source: L'état du monde 2005

The largest mine in China is Xikuangshan mine in Hunan Province. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ( is a province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting (hence the name Hunan, meaning

See also Antimonide minerals, Antimonate minerals.

Precautions

Antimony and many of its compounds are toxic. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Clinically, antimony poisoning is very similar to arsenic poisoning. Arsenic (ˈɑrsənɪk is a Chemical element that has the symbol As and Atomic number of 33 In small doses, antimony causes headache, dizziness, and depression. A headache ( cephalalgia in medical terminology is a condition of pain in the Head; sometimes Neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted Many different terms are often used to describe what is collectively known as dizziness. In the fields of Psychology and Psychiatry, the terms depression or depressed refer to both expected and pathologically chronic or severe Larger doses cause violent and frequent vomiting, and will lead to death in a few days.

See also arsenic poisoning. Arsenic Poisoning kills by Allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic Enzymes, leading to death from multi-system

A study [1][2] found that antimony may be leaching from PET bottled water, but at levels below drinking water guidelines. Uses PET can be semi-rigid to rigid depending on its thickness and is very lightweight The guidelines are:

• WHO, 20 µg l^–1
• Japan, 15 µg l^–1[15]
• US EPA, Health Canada and the Ontario Ministry of Environment, 6 µg l^–1
• German Federal Ministry of Environment, 5 µg l^–1[16]

The acidic nature of the drink is sufficient to dissolve small amounts of antimony trioxide contained in the packaging of the drink; modern manufacturing methods prevent this occurrence. Antimony trioxide is the Chemical compound with the formula Sb2O3 However, researchers are concerned that antimony levels correspond to duration the bottle is left to stand - the longer the beverage has been bottled, the higher the antimony leached.

Chemistry

Important compounds of antimony include:

• Antimony pentafluoride SbF₅
• Antimony trioxide Sb₂O₃
• Stibine (antimony trihydride SbH₃)
• Indium antimonide (InSb)
• Fluoroantimonic acid (HSbF₆)

See also Antimony compounds. Antimony pentafluoride is the Chemical compound with the formula Sb[[Fluorine F]]5 Antimony trioxide is the Chemical compound with the formula Sb2O3 Stibine is the Chemical compound with the formula SbH3 This colourless gas is the principal Covalent hydride of Antimony and a heavy analogue Indium antimonide ( is a Narrow gap Semiconductor material from the III - V group used in Infrared detectors including Thermal Fluoroantimonic acid HSbF6 is a mixture of Hydrogen fluoride and Antimony pentafluoride in various ratios

See also

• Antimonial
• Phase change memory
• Naturalis Historia
• Pliny the Elder

References

Bibliography

• W. F. Albright "Notes on Egypto-Semitic Etymology. II", The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 34, No. 4. (Jul. , 1918), pp. 215-255. JSTOR link. esp p. 230
• Endlich, F. M. "On Some Interesting Derivations of Mineral Names", The American Naturalist, Vol. 22, No. 253. (Jan. , 1888), pp. 21-32. JSTOR link. p. 28
• Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th ed. 2004. Entry for antimony.
• Lippmann, E O von [Edmund Oscar]. Edmund Oscar von Lippmann, Edmund Oskar von Lippmann, or Edmund O 1919. Entstehung und Ausbreitung der Alchemie, teil 1. Berlin: Julius Springer. In German.
• Moorey, PRS. 1994. Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: the Archaeological Evidence. New York: Clarendon Press.
• Priesner, Claus and Figala, Karin, eds. 1998. Alchemie. Lexikon einer hermetischen Wissenschaft. München: C. H. Beck. 412 p. In German.
• Sarton, George. 1935. Review of Al-morchid fi'l-kohhl, ou Le guide d'oculistique, translated by Max Meyerhof. Isis (Feb. 1935), 22(2):539-542 (The journal Isis is in the JSTOR archive. JSTOR (short for Journal Storage) is a United States -based online system for archiving Academic journals founded in 1995 ) In French.
• Shotyk, William; Krachler, Michael; Chen, Bin. Contamination of Canadian and European bottled waters with antimony from PET containers J. Environ. Monit 2006, 8:288-292 DOI: 10. 1039/b517844b
• Los Alamos National Laboratory – Antimony
• Public Health Statement for Antimony
• Wakayama, Hiroshi, "Revision of Drinking Water Standards in Japan", Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (Japan), 2003

External links

• National Pollutant Inventory - Antimony and compounds
• WebElements.com – Antimony
• World Mine Production of Antimony, by Country
• AntimonyNet(news,price,ore,analysis,etc)

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