An antidote or counterdose is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning. Foals are a band from Oxford England. The band are signed with Transgressive Records in Europe and Sub Pop in the USA Antidotes is the debut studio album of UK indie math rock band Foals. Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicos and logos) is the study of the adverse effects of Chemicals on living organisms Forensic toxicology is the use of Toxicology and other disciplines such as Analytical chemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical chemistry to aid medicolegal Toxinology is the specialized area of Toxicology that deals specifically with animal plant and microbial toxins but is also considered a science in its own right The history of Poison stretches from before 4500 BC to the Present day. S00-T14 - Injury (S00-S09 Head ( Superficial Injury of head ( Superficial injury of 17 Injury and poisoning (800-999 fracture of skull (800-804 ( Fracture of Vault of skull ( Fracture of Base of skull In the context of Biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, Illness, or Death to Organisms usually by This article is about the class of Biotoxins For other uses see Venom (disambiguation and Venomous (disambiguation. A toxicant is a chemical compound that has an effect on organisms Acceptable daily intake or ADI is a measure of the amount of a specific substance (usually a Food additive, or a residue of a veterinary drug or pesticide in Acute toxicity describes the adverse effects of a substance which result either from a single exposure or from multiple exposures in a short space of time (usually less than 24 hours Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a toxic substance at a rate greater than that at ftudruinsubstance is lost Biomagnification, also known as bioamplification, or biological magnification is the increase in concentration of a substance such as the Pesticide Fixed Dose Procedure (FDP proposed in 1984 is a method to assess a substance's acute oral Toxicity. In Toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for “Lethal Dose 50%” or LCt50 (Lethal Concentration & Time of a A lethal dose (LD is an indication of the Lethality of a given substance or type of Radiation. Toxic capacity can mean the Toxicity of a substance possibly in relation to a specific Organism and toxic capacity can mean the capacity of an organism Toxicity Class refers to a classification system for Pesticides created by a national or international government-related or -sponsored organization A toxin ( Greek:, toxikon, lit (poison for use on arrows is a Poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms that is active at very low This article is about the class of Biotoxins For other uses see Venom (disambiguation and Venomous (disambiguation. A neurotoxin is a Toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells ( Neurons, usually by interacting with Membrane proteins such as Ion channels Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = "dead" is the name given to unnatural Death of cells and living tissue. Hemotoxins, haemotoxins or hematotoxins are Toxins that destroy Red blood cells (that is cause Hemolysis) disrupt Blood Mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης (mykes mukos "fungus" is a Toxin produced by an organism of the Fungus kingdom which includes Mushrooms Aflatoxins are naturally occurring Mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus, a Fungus, most notably Aspergillus Phototoxins are Toxins that can cause allergic reactions in particularly susceptible individuals and which can cause dangerous Photosensitivity in a much broader range This is a list of toxins poisons and chemical weapons from works of fiction (usually in Fantasy and Science fiction) The Bradford sweets poisoning was the accidental Arsenic poisoning of more than 200 people in Bradford, England in 1858 an estimated 20 people died when sometimes referred to as, is a neurological syndrome caused by severe Mercury poisoning. is a Neurological syndrome caused by severe Mercury poisoning. Alexander Litvinenko was a former officer of Russian Federal Security Service, who escaped prosecution in Russia and received a Political asylum in The Bhopal disaster was an Industrial disaster that occurred in the city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, resulting in the immediate deaths The 2007 pet food recalls comprise the contamination and wide recall of many brands of cat and dog foods beginning in March 2007 and the ensuing developments This is a list of Poisonings in chronological order of victim Toxic metals are Metals that form Poisonous soluble compounds and have no biological role i Lead poisoning (also known as saturnism, plumbism, or painter's colic) is a medical condition caused by increased levels of the metal Lead in Mercury poisoning (also known as mercurialism, hydrargyria, Hunter-Russell syndrome, or acrodynia when affecting children is a Disease Cadmium has no constructive purpose in the Human body It and its compounds are extremely Toxic even in low concentrations and will Bioaccumulate in Antimony (IPA (Received Pronunciation, /ˈæntɪmoʊni/ (US is a Chemical element with the symbol Sb (stibium meaning "mark" and Arsenic Poisoning kills by Allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic Enzymes, leading to death from multi-system Beryllium (bəˈrɪliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Be and Atomic number 4 Iron poisoning is caused by a large excess of Iron intake It has been primarily been associated with young children who consumed large quantities of iron supplement pills Thallium (ˈθæliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tl and Atomic number 81 In high concentrations soluble Fluoride Salts are somewhat Toxic. Oxygen toxicity or oxygen toxicity syndrome (also known as the " Paul Bert effect" or the "Lorrain Smith effect" describes harmful effects caused There are four syndromes called shellfish poisoning, which share some common features and are primarily associated with bivalve molluscs (such as Mussels Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP is one of the four recognized syndromes of Shellfish poisoning (the others being Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP is one of the four recognised symptom types of Shellfish poisoning, the others being Paralytic shellfish poisoning, Neurotoxic Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP is a human illness caused by consumption of the marine biotoxin called Domoic acid. Ciguatera is a Foodborne illness poisoning in humans caused by eating Marine species whose flesh is contaminated with a toxin known as Ciguatoxin, Scombroid food poisoning is a foodborne Illness that results from eating spoiled (decayed Fish. Tetrodotoxin (anhydrotetrodotoxin 4-epitetrodotoxin tetrodonic acid TTX is a potent Neurotoxin with no known antidote which blocks Action potentials in Nerves Pesticide Poisonings occur when chemicals intended to control a pest affect non-target organisms such as Humans Wildlife, or Bees Since Many Organophosphates are potent Neurotoxins functioning by inhibiting the action of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE in nerve cells. Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease) is any Illness resulting from the consumption of food Historically most cases of nicotine poisoning have been the result of its use as an Insecticide; however such use is less frequent now than previously Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs after the inhalation of Carbon monoxide gas Vitamin poisoning, or hypervitaminosis, refers to a condition of high storage levels of Vitamins which can lead to Toxic Symptoms The medical The term drug overdose (or simply overdose or OD) describes the Ingestion or application of a Drug or other substance in quantities See also List of deadly fungi Mushroom poisoning, also known as mycetism, refers to deleterious effects from ingestion of Toxic substances present This is a list of Plants containing Poisonous parts that pose a serious risk of illness, injury or Death to Humans or Animals. Hazard symbols are easily recognizable symbols designed to warn about hazardous materials or locations The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation In Biology, a mutagen ( Latin, literally origin of change) is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic information (usually DNA) This is a list of Extremely Hazardous Substances as defined by Section 302 of the U Biological warfare (BW — known as a germ warfare, biological weapons and bioweaponry — is the use of any Pathogen ( Bacterium

Sometimes, the antidote for a particular toxin is manufactured by injecting the toxin into an animal in small doses and the resulting antibodies are extracted from the animals' blood. A toxin ( Greek:, toxikon, lit (poison for use on arrows is a Poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms that is active at very low Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are Gamma globulin Proteins that are found in Blood or other Bodily The venom produced by some snakes, spiders, and other venomous animals is often treatable by the use of these antivenins, although a number do lack one, and a bite or sting from such an animal often results in death. This article is about the class of Biotoxins For other uses see Venom (disambiguation and Venomous (disambiguation. A snake is an elongate Reptile of the suborder Serpentes Like all reptiles snakes are covered in scales. Spiders are Predatory Invertebrate Animals that have two body segments, eight legs no chewing mouth parts and no wings Antivenin (or antivenom or antivenene) is a biological product used in the treatment of venomous bites or stings Some animal venoms, especially those produced by arthropods (e. Arthropods are Animals belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, " Joint " g. certain spiders, scorpions, bees, etc. Spiders are Predatory Invertebrate Animals that have two body segments, eight legs no chewing mouth parts and no wings Scorpions are eight-legged Carnivorous Arthropods They are members of the order Scorpiones within the class Arachnida. Bees are flying Insects closely related to Wasps and Ants Bees are a Monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Apoidea ) are only potentially lethal when they provoke allergic reactions and induce anaphylactic shock; as such, there is no "antidote" for these venoms because it is not a form of poisoning, though anaphylactic shock can be treated (e. Anaphylaxis is an acute systemic (multi-system and severe Type I Hypersensitivity allergic reaction in humans and other Mammals g. , by the use of epinephrine).

Some other toxins have no known antidote. For example, the poison ricin, which is produced from the waste byproduct of castor oil manufacture, has no antidote, and as a result is often fatal if it enters the human body in sufficient quantities. Ricin (ˈraɪ sɨn is a Protein Toxin that is extracted from the castor bean ( Ricinus communis) Castor oil is a Vegetable oil obtained from the Castor bean (technically castor seed as the castor plant Ricinus communis, is not a member of

Ingested poisons are frequently treated by the oral administration of activated charcoal, which absorbs the poison, and then it is flushed from the digestive tract, removing a large part of the toxin. Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal or activated coal, is a form of Carbon that has been processed to make it extremely porous and thus to

Poisons which are injected into the body (such as those from bites or stings from venomous animals) are usually treated by the use of a constriction band which limits the flow of lymph and/or blood to the area, thus slowing circulation of the poison around the body.

Poison and toxic signs

• Anticholinergic poisoning is given physostigmine sulfate as the antidote. An anticholinergic agent is a substance that blocks the Neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central and the Peripheral nervous system. Physostigmine (also known as eserine from éséré West African name for the Calabar bean is a Parasympathomimetic, specifically a reversible Cholinesterase
• atropine sulfate poisoning is given Anticholinesterase and pralidoxime chloride 2-PAM as the antidote. Atropine is a Tropane Alkaloid extracted from Deadly nightshade ( Atropa belladonna) Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium and other plants An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor or anti-cholinesterase is a chemical that inhibits the Cholinesterase enzyme from breaking down Acetylcholine Pralidoxime belongs to a family of compounds called Oximes ' that bind to Organophosphate -inactivated Acetylcholinesterase.
• Benzodiazepine poisoning is given flumazenil as the antidote. The benzodiazepines (pronounced, often abbreviated to "benzos") are a class of Psychoactive drugs with varying Hypnotic Flumazenil (also known as flumazepil, code name Ro 15-1788, trade names Anexate, Lanexat, Mazicon, Romazicon
• Beta blocker poisoning is given glucagon as the antidote. Beta blockers (sometimes written as β-blocker) are a class of drugs used for various indications but particularly for the management of Cardiac arrhythmias Glucagon is an important Hormone involved in Carbohydrate metabolism.
• Carbon monoxide poisoning is given oxygen as the antidote. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the
• Cyanide poisoning is given amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, or thiosulfate as the antidote. A cyanide is any Chemical compound that contains the cyano group (C≡N which consists of a Carbon Atom triple-bonded to a Amyl nitrite is the Chemical compound with the formula C5H11ONO Sodium nitrite, with Chemical formula Na[[Nitrogen N]] O 2 is used as a Color fixative and Preservative in meats and Thiosulfate (S2O32&minus is an Oxyanion of Sulfur produced by the reaction of Sulfite ions with elemental sulfur A new patented process uses mesoxalic acid as the antidote. Mesoxalic acid, also called oxomalonic acid or ketomalonic acid, is a natural organic compound found in beet Molasses.
• Digoxin poisoning is given Fragment antigen binding(Fab) fragments that bind to digoxin (trade names Digibind and Digifab) as the antidote. Digoxin ( INN) (dɨˈdʒɒksɨn also known as Digitalis, is a purified Cardiac glycoside extracted from the Foxglove plant Digitalis The fragment antigen binding (Fab fragment is a region on an Antibody which binds to Antigens.
• Ethylene glycol poisoning is given ethanol or fomepizole as the antidote. Ethylene glycol ( monoethylene glycol ( MEG) 12-ethanediol, IUPAC name: ethane-12-diol) is an Alcohol with two -OH Fomepizole or 4-methylpyrazole is indicated for use as an Antidote in confirmed or suspected Methanol or Ethylene glycol poisoning
• Extrapyramidal reactions associated with antipsychotic poisoning is given diphenhydramine hydrochloride and benztropine mesylate as the antidote. In Human anatomy, the extrapyramidal system is a Neural network located in the brain that is part of the Motor system involved in the coordination Antipsychotics are a group of Psychoactive drugs commonly but not exclusively used to treat Psychosis, which is typified by Schizophrenia. Pharmacological action Diphenhydramine (dye fen hye' dra meen works by blocking the effect of histamine at H1 receptor sites
• Heavy metal poisoning is given chelators, calcium disodium edetate (EDTA), dimercaprol (BAL), penicillamine, and 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA, succimer) as the antidote. Chelation is the binding or complexation of a bi- or multidentate Ligand. Dimercaprol ( INN) or British anti-Lewisite (abbreviated BAL) is a compound developed by British biochemists at Oxford University during Penicillamine is a Pharmaceutical of the chelator class It is sold under the trade names of Cuprimine and Depen. Dimercaptosuccinic acid, or DMSA is the Chemical compound with the formula HO2CCH(SHCH(SHCO2H
• Heparin poisoning is given protamine sulfate as the antidote. Heparin, a highly-sulfated Glycosaminoglycan, is widely used as an injectable Anticoagulant and has the highest negative Charge density of any known Protamine sulfate is a drug that reverses the Anticoagulant effects of Heparin by binding to it
• Iron poisoning is given deferioxamine mesylate as the antidote. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26
• Isoniazid poisoning is given pyridoxine as the antidote. Isoniazid (also called isonicotinyl hydrazine or INH) is a first-line antituberculous medication used in the prevention and treatment of Tuberculosis Pyridoxine is one of the compounds that can be called Vitamin B6, along with Pyridoxal and Pyridoxamine.
• Methanol poisoning is given ethanol or fomepizole as the antidote. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Fomepizole or 4-methylpyrazole is indicated for use as an Antidote in confirmed or suspected Methanol or Ethylene glycol poisoning
• Methemoglobinemia poisoning is given methylene blue as the antidote. Methemoglobinemia is a disorder characterized by the presence of a higher than normal level of Methemoglobin (metHb in the Blood. Methylene blue is a heterocyclic aromatic Chemical compound with Molecular formula: C 16 H 18 Cl[[nitrogen
• Opioid poisoning is given naloxone hydrochloride as the antidote. An opioid is a chemical Substance that has a Morphine -like action in the body Naloxone is a drug used to counter the effects of Opioid overdose, for example Heroin or Morphine overdose
• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning is given N-acetylcysteine as the antidote. Paracetamol ( INN) (ˌpærəˈsiːtəmɒl -ˈsɛtə- or acetaminophen ( USAN) is a widely-used Analgesic and Antipyretic Medication Acetylcysteine ( rINN; ˌæsɛtəlˈsɪstiːn əˌsɛtəl- also known as N -acetylcysteine or N -acetyl-L-cysteine (abbreviated
• Thallium poisoning is given Prussian blue as the antidote. Thallium (ˈθæliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tl and Atomic number 81 Prussian blue is a very dark blue colorfast non-toxic Pigment – one of the first synthetic Dyes – which was discovered accidentally in Berlin in 1704
• Warfarin poisoning is given vitamin K phytomenadione and fresh frozen plasma as the antidote. Warfarin (also known under the brand names Coumadin, Jantoven, Marevan, and Waran) is an Anticoagulant. Phylloquinone is a Polycyclic Aromatic Ketone, based on 2- Methyl - 14-naphthoquinone, with a 3- phytyl Substituent Fresh Frozen Plasma ( FFP) is defined as the fluid portion of one unit of Human blood that has been centrifuged separated and frozen solid at -18° C (or colder

See also

• snakebite
• tourniquet