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Anti-racism includes beliefs, actions, movements, and policies adopted or developed to oppose racism. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that In general, anti-racism is intended to promote an egalitarian society in which people do not face discrimination on the basis of their race, however defined. Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal) is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals and have Unlike most discrimination policies discrimination between, which is the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences focused here discrimination against is The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets By its nature, anti-racism tends to promote the view that racism in a particular society is both pernicious and socially pervasive, and that particular changes in political, economic, and/or social life are required to eliminate it.

Contents

American origins of modern anti-racism

Many of founders of the United States of America did not exhibit anti-racist tendencies, and many were owners of black slaves. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse In fact, protections of the legal practice of slavery based on racism were written into the text of the original Constitution of the United States. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States.

This was despite implicitly anti-racist founding statements such as "all men are created equal" from the American Declaration of Independence of 1776. The quotation "All men are created equal" is arguably the best-known phrase in any of America 's political documents as the idea it expresses is generally considered The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4 1776 announcing that the thirteen American colonies then Year 1776 ( MDCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Although such inconsistencies were pointed this out by black westerners, like Olaudah Equiano, and whites, like Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration, serious political change on the issue would have to wait until the American Civil War. The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Olaudah Equiano ( c 1745 &ndash 31 March 1797) also known as Gustavus Vassa, was one of the most prominent people of African heritage involved White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South

The first great successes of anti-racism were won by the abolitionist movement, both in England and the United States. Though many abolitionists did not regard blacks or mulattos as equal to whites, they did in general believe in freedom and often even equal of treatment for all people. Mulatto is a term used to describe a person with one white parent and one black parent or a person whose Ancestry is a mixture of black and white Political freedom is the absence of interference with the sovereignty of an individual by the use of coercion or aggression The Equal Protection Clause, part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, provides that "no state shall… deny to any person A few, like John Brown, went further. John Brown (May 9 1800 December 2 1859 was an American Abolitionist who advocated and practiced armed Insurrection as a means to end all Slavery Brown was willing to die on behalf of, as he said, "millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments. . . . " Many black abolitionists, like Frederick Douglass, explicitly argued for the humanity of blacks and mulattos, and for the equality of all people. Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, February 14 1818 February 20 1895 was an American abolitionist, editor, Orator

During the American Civil War, anti-racism in the North became much stronger and more generally disseminated. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The success of black troops in the Union Army had a dramatic impact on Northern sentiment. Buffalo Soldiers is a Nickname originally applied to the members of the U The Union Army was the army that fought for the Union during the American Civil War. The Emancipation Proclamation was a notable example of this shift in political attitudes, although it notably did not completely extinguish legal slavery in several states. The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. After the war, the Reconstruction government was often explicitly anti-racist, most notably in passing the Fourteenth Amendment and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution to guarantee the rights of blacks and mulattos, but also in its general support for black and mulatto rights and in its commitment to equal treatment. The Fourteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution is one of the post- Civil War Reconstruction Amendments, first The Fifteenth Amendment ( Amendment XV) of the United States Constitution prohibits each government in the United States to prevent a citizen from voting based on that As a result, many ex-slaves had access to education for the first time. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Blacks and mulattos were also allowed to vote, which meant that African-Americans were elected to Congress in numbers not seen before -- or since. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses

Due to prolonged racist resistance in the South, however, and a general collapse of idealism in the North, Reconstruction ended, and gave way to the nadir of American race relations. The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive The nadir of American race relations refers to the period in United States history from the end of Reconstruction to the beginning of the 20th Century, The period from about 1890 to 1920 saw the re-establishment of racist Jim Crow laws and a general abandonment of anti-racist ideology. Woodrow Wilson, a revisionist historian who regarded Reconstruction as a disaster, resegregated the federal government. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. For the critical reexamination of historical facts see Historical revisionism. The Ku Klux Klan grew to its greatest peak of popularity and strength. Ku Klux Klan ( KKK) is the name of several past and present secret domestic terrorist organizations in the United States, generally in the southern states that are D. W. Griffith's "The Birth of a Nation" was a movie sensation. The Birth of a Nation (also known as The Clansman) a Silent film directed by D During this period, John Brown's anti-racist stance was so incomprehensible that he became regarded as insane. Traditionally insanity or madness is the behaviour whereby a person flouts societal norms and may become a danger to himself and others

Racial equality proposal of Japan in Paris Peace Conference, 1919

(For more detailed information, see Paris Peace Conference, 1919).

Japan first proposed articles dedicated to the elimination of racial discrimination to be added to the rules of the League of Nations. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 This was the first proposal concerning the international elimination of racial discrimination in the world.

Although the proposal received a majority (11 out of 16) of votes, the chairman, U. S. President Woodrow Wilson, overturned it saying that important issues should be unanimously approved. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. It is said that behind the scenes, Billy "Sea Otter" Hughes and Joseph Cook vigorously opposed it as it undermined the White Australia Policy. William Morris 'Billy' Hughes, CH, KC (25 September 1862 &ndash 28 October 1952 Australian politician was the seventh Prime Minister of Australia For the actor Joe Cook see Joe Cook (actor. Sir Joseph Cook, GCMG (7 December 1860 &ndash 30 July 1947 was an Australian The White Australia policy is a term used to describe a collection of historical policies that intentionally restricted non-white Immigration to Australia from

The revival of anti-racism in the United States

Anti-racism showed signs of revival in the 1920s and 1930s. At that time, anthropologists such as Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, and Ashley Montagu argued for the equality of humans across races and cultures. Franz Boas ( July 9, 1858 &ndash December 21, 1942) was a German - American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern Ruth Benedict (born Ruth Fulton, June 5, 1887 – September 17, 1948) was an American Anthropologist. Margaret Mead ( December 16, 1901, Philadelphia &ndash November 15, 1978, New York City) was an American Montague Francis Ashley Montagu (born Israel Ehrenberg on June 28 1905, East London England - died November 26 1999, Princeton New Jersey Eleanor Roosevelt was a very visible advocate for minority rights during this period. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (ˈɛlɪnɔr ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 11 1884 &ndash November 7 1962 Socialist organizations like the wobblies, which gained some popularity during the Great Depression were often explicitly anti-racist. The Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW or the Wobblies) is an international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati Ohio, USA

Beginning with the Harlem Renaissance and continuing into the 1960s, many African-American writers, including James Weldon Johnson, Langston Hughes, Richard Wright, and James Baldwin argued forcefully against racism. The Harlem Renaissance was named after the anthology The New Negro, edited by Alain Locke in 1925 James Weldon Johnson ( June 17, 1871 – June 26, 1938) was an American author politician diplomat critic journalist poet anthologist Langston Hughes (February 1 1902 &ndash May 22 1967 was an American Poet, Novelist Playwright, Short story writer and Columnist Richard Wright may refer to Richard Wright (musician (1943–2008 also known as Rick Wright founding member of Pink Floyd Richard B James Arthur Baldwin ( August 2, 1924 – November 30, 1987) was an American Novelist, Writer, Playwright

Anti-racism won its most notable and lasting victories in the United States during the Civil Rights Movement. See also Protests of 1968 Historically the civil rights movement was a concentrated period of time around the world of approximately twenty years (1960-1980 in Jim Crow laws were repealed in the South and blacks finally re-won the right to vote in Southern states. The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enacted primarily but not exclusively in the Southern and border states of the United States between 1876 and 1965 Civil-rights leader Martin Luther King Jr.'s famous "I Have a Dream" speech may be the best-known condensation of anti-racist ideology in the U. Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader " I Have A Dream " is the popular name given to the historic public speech by Martin Luther King Jr S. , and possibly in the world; and even possibly, the best known speech of all time.

Anti-racism's influence

Anti-racist ideology has been hugely influential. It has been a catalyst for feminism, anti-war, and anti-imperialist movements. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate The term anti-war usually refers to the opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. Anti-imperialism, strictly speaking is a term that may be applied to or movement opposed to some form of Imperialism. Henry David Thoreau's opposition to the Mexican-American War, for example, was based in his fear that the U. S. was using the war as an excuse to expand American slavery into new territories. Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia in 1607 and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth Thoreau's response was chronicled in his famous essay "Civil Disobedience", which in turn helped ignite Gandhi's successful campaign against the British in India. Civil disobedience is the active refusal to obey certain Laws demands and commands of a Government, or of an occupying power, without resorting to physical Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Gandhi's example in turn inspired the American Civil Rights movement.

Indeed, as James Loewen notes in "Lies My Teacher Told Me": "Throughout the world, from Africa to Northern Ireland, movements of oppressed people continue to use tactics and words borrowed from our abolitionist and civil rights movements. James (Jim W Loewen (b February 6, 1942) is a sociologist Professor, and author whose best known work is Lies My Teacher Told Me Everything Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of " In East Germany, in revolutionary Iran, in Tiananmen Square, in South Africa, images, words, and tactics developed by anti-racism, or pro-human rights supporter, or supporters of self-determination and national freedom have been used regularly and repeatedly. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Tiananmen Square ( is the large Plaza near the center of Beijing, China, named after the Tiananmen (literally Gate of Heavenly Peace

Many of these uses have been controversial. For example, Ho Chi Minh was an admirer of John Brown. For the city named after him see Ho Chi Minh City. Hồ Chí Minh (name The pro-life movement often draws connections between its goals and the goals of abolitionism. Overview See also Ethical aspects of abortion Pro-life individuals generally believe that human life should be valued either from conception or Implantation In Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe has used anti-racist rhetoric to a land-distribution scheme which resulted in widespread starvation. See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election However, it has been argued that Mr. Mugabe himself heads a racist government due to his blatant acts of hostility and oppression toward White Zimbabweans (see Land reform in Zimbabwe). Land reform in Zimbabwe began after the signing of the Lancaster House Agreement in 1979 in an effort to more equitably distribute land between the historically disenfranchised [1][2][3]

Still, whether one supports or despises use or abuse of the anti-racist ideal or rhetoric in any particular context, anti-racism's success, at least in one sense, has been overwhelming. Not so long ago, racism was the explicit ideology of the West. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Today, on the other hand, it is eschewed, at least in name, by almost every prominent figure of note. In recent years, no major public figures, including Strom Thurmond and David Duke, have defined themselves as white supremacists. James Strom Thurmond ( December 5, 1902 – June 26, 2003) was an American politician who served as governor of South Carolina and David Ernest Duke (born July 1, 1950) is a former Louisiana State Representative, a Candidate in Presidential primaries for the White supremacy is a racist ideology based on the assertion that White people are superior to other racial groups.

Controversies

Despite anti-racism's successes, some people feel that racism is still a powerful force in Western societies. Some proponents of anti-racism point to ongoing differences in quality of life among different races as examples of the effects of underlying racist attitudes and point to phenomena such as the drug war, the prison system, ongoing segregation of housing, racial profiling, police brutality, U. The War on Drugs is a prohibition campaign undertaken by the United States government with the assistance of participating countries intended to reduce the Illegal A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of Racial profiling is the inclusion of racial or ethnic characteristics in determining whether a person is considered likely to commit a particular type of crime or Police brutality is the world wide use of excessive force usually physical but potentially also in the form verbal attacks and psychological intimidation, by S. imperialism, and the immigration reductionism movement. Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude Immigration reduction refers to movements that advocate a reduction in the amount of Immigration allowed into their country Many political commentators have also noted that politicians play on racially biased fears when advocating policies associated with the War on Terrorism, such as those policies relevant to the current Iraq War. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign Anti-racists have advocated various responses to this perceived underlying racism, from constitutional changes (for instance, changes in drug laws or in school funding) to greater individual sensitivity. A few of the more controversial programs advocated by some anti-racists include reparations, affirmative action, diversity training, and the antifa movement. In Jurisprudence, reparation is replenishment of a previously inflicted loss by the criminal to the victim Affirmative action in the United States|Employment equity (Canada|Reservation in India|Numerus clausus The term affirmative action describes many policies aimed at a historically Diversity training is Training for the purpose of increasing participants' cultural awareness knowledge and skills which is based on the assumption that the training will Militant anti-fascism is a form of Anti-fascism that advocates the use of Violence against Fascism.

Critics of contemporary anti-racism say that ethnicity amid some degree of ethnocentrism is legitimate and beneficial and that there are non-discriminatory explanations to most racial differences in social and economic position. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own Culture. They also feel that an automatic presumption that racism is to blame for such differences is corrosive to society as a whole. Members of the majority group become frustrated and resentful as they find themselves accused of having racist attitudes regardless of their efforts to be "color-blind", and members of minorities lose any sense of personal responsibility for their well-being, replacing it with an inveterate hatred for the larger society[4] Many consider anti-racism to be fueled by a leftist coalition between white guilt and identity politics, and have stated that anti-racism, as practiced in the contemporary Western world, is essentially racism against white people. Identity politics is Political action to advance the interests of members of a group whose members are oppressed by virtue of a shared and marginalized Identity (such However, anti-anti-racist groups do not consider themselves racist.

Others, however, claim the existence of preconceptions towards race, gender and age which affect the way we see and relate with/to others and which accumulate over time leading to considerable differences which in turn mold the person into a preconceived role with "proper" limits and aspirations.

In recent years the belief that race has no effect on intelligence or potential -- a basic tenet of anti-racist philosophy -- has been challenged by scholars such as Charles Murray, Michael Levin, and J. Philippe Rushton and defended by other scholars such as Stephen Jay Gould, Richard Levin and Richard Lewontin. This article is about the political scientist For other people with the same name see Charles Murray (disambiguation. Michael Levin (PhD Columbia University) is professor of philosophy at City University of New York, who has published works on Metaphysics, John Philippe Rushton (born December 3, 1943) is a Psychology professor at the University of Western Ontario, Canada, most widely Stephen Jay Gould (September 10 1941 &ndash May 20 2002 was a prominent American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science Richard Charles Levin (born 1947 is a Professor and American economist, who has served as president of Yale University since 1993 Richard Charles "Dick" Lewontin (born March 29, 1929) is an American Evolutionary biologist They claim that, in light of the slight but definite effect that racial origins have on physical traits like medical risk factors or athletic abilities, there is no reason to suppose that such effects do not extend to mental traits. [5][6] In October 2007, Nobel laureate and discoverer of the DNA structure James Watson caused an uproar by stating that there probably is a link between race and intelligence and that tangible evidence can be expected within about ten years.

See also

Anti-racist organizations

References

  1. ^ UK anger over Zimbabwe violence
  2. ^ Corrupt, greedy and violent
  3. ^ Sentamu urges Mugabe action, The Independent, September 20, 2007
  4. ^ Cultural Whiplash: the Unforeseen Consequences of America's Crusade Against Racial Discrimmination / Patrick Garry (2006) ISBN 1581825692
  5. ^ Does Race Matter? - Recent Developments
  6. ^ Race is More Than Just Skin Deep: A Psychologist's View

ResidentsAgainstRacism (Ireland)

External links

Affirmative action in the United States|Employment equity (Canada|Reservation in India|Numerus clausus The term affirmative action describes many policies aimed at a historically Allophilia —positive attitudes for a group that is not one's own—is a term derived from Greek words meaning "liking or love of the other" (Pittinsky 2005 Anti-racist mathematics is a branch of Education reform theory that attempts to form an Anti-bias curriculum in Mathematics. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Color-blind (sometimes called Race-blind) is a term describing activities undertaken and services provided without regard to the racial characteristics of those who Political correctness (adjectivally politically correct; both forms commonly abbreviated to PC) is a term applied to Language, ideas policies or behavior The study of race and intelligence is a controversial field which seeks to determine whether or not human intellectual abilities vary between races The modern controversy Racial realism is a term used to describe two directly opposed positions both motivated by the perceived durability and social importance of racial distinctions Racism in the United States has been a major issue since the colonial era Social criticism analyzes Social structures which are seen as flawed and aims at practical solutions by specific measures radical Reform or even Revolutionary Teaching for Social justice is an educational philosophy that proponents argue Teaches for Justice and equity all learners in Background BAMN's Principle #3 states"BAMN is committed to making real America's founding declaration that 'all men are created equal Aktion Kinder des Holocaust also known by its initials AKdH is an international community of descendants of survivors of the Holocaust and World War 2 The Anti-Racist Action Network (ARA is a decentralized network of militant anti-fascist and anti-racists in North America Anti-Fascist Action ( AFA) was a militant anti-fascist organisation founded by Red Action and other left-wing Summary CARF ( Campaign Against Racism and Fascism) is an anti-racist group based in London with a history going back to the mid- Nineteen-seventies The Centre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism ( CEOOR) ( Dutch: Centrum voor gelijkheid van kansen en voor racismebestrijding, French Copwatch (also Cop Watch) is a network of Canadian and United States Activist organizations that observe and document police conduct Fight Dem Back, often abbreviated FDB, is an Australian and New Zealand Anti-racist group The Institute of Race Relations is a Think tank based in the United Kingdom. The National Assembly Against Racism (NAAR is a British Anti-racist and Anti-fascist group largely organised around Trade unions and ethnic minority groups Newham Monitoring Project (NMP is a Grassroots community-based Anti-racist organisation in the borough of Newham, East London England working One Peoples Project (OPP is an organization founded in 2000 to monitor and publish information about alleged racist and Far right groups and individuals Red and Anarchist Skinheads ( RASH) is a left-wing Anti-racist, Anti-fascist Skinhead group Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice ( SHARP) are Anti-racist Skinheads who oppose Neo-Nazis and other political racists particularly if those racists Roots of Resistance was an Anti-racist organization active in Vancouver, Canada from 1992 to 1996. The Southern Poverty Law Center ( SPLC) is an American Non-profit legal organization internationally known for its tolerance education programs its legal Night Watch or The Night Watch (De Nachtwacht is the common name of one of the most famous works by Dutch painter Rembrandt Harmenszoon UNITED for Intercultural Action is the biggest European network against Nationalism, Racism, Fascism and in support of Migrants and Refugees The World Conference against Racism ( WCAR) are international events organized by the UNESCO in order to struggle against racism ideologies and behaviours

Dictionary

anti-racism

-noun

  1. opposition to racism
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