Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism, an international political movement and ideology that supports a Homeland for the Jewish People in Israel (in the dominant interpretations, based on the creation of a Jewish majority). History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the Jewish political movements refer to the organized efforts of Jews to build their own political parties or otherwise represent their interest in politics outside of The terms " Jewish state " and " homeland of the Jewish people " are used to describe the State of Israel and refer to its status as a Nation-state For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. ^[1] Opposition to Zionism takes on a spectrum of religious, ethical, or political forms, including: opposition to the creation of a Jewish state prior to the appearance of the messiah, objection to the idea of a state based on maintenance of a Jewish majority (i. The terms " Jewish state " and " homeland of the Jewish people " are used to describe the State of Israel and refer to its status as a Nation-state e. Israel's demographic aspects), non-violent rejection of the Israeli right to govern other peoples in the region (i. e. Jewish nationalist hegemony over Arab indigenes), and/or violent confrontation of Israel's right to exist in any form (i. The Right to exist is a bedrock principle of international law referring to the right of nations to exist e. a quest for its physical annihilation). Anti-Zionists can be either left-wing or right-wing, religious or secular, Jewish or Gentile. The term Gentile (from Latin, gentilis, meaning of or belonging to a clan or tribe refers to non- Israelite tribes or nations in the Bible. Because anti-Zionism and antisemitism are at times associated, and as both terms can mean different things to different people, the relationship between the two is controversial. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility

History of anti-Zionism

Political Zionism has encountered opposition ever since it was first articulated in the 19th century, initially mostly from within the Jewish community. ^[2] The First Zionist Congress of 1897, which was originally intended to take place in Munich, had to be moved to Basel following the hostile response of the Munich Jewish community. ^[3] The first anti-Zionist demonstrations by Arabs occurred in March and April 1920, with the latter leading to the 1920 Palestine riots. The 1920 Palestine riots, or Nabi Musa riots, were violent Arab disturbances against the Jews in Jerusalem. Periods of violence increased in severity and consequence in the following years. ^[4]

Jewish anti-Zionism

Political opposition

Liberal opposition

Prior to the Second World War many Jews regarded Zionism as a fanciful and unrealistic movement. The loyalty and desirability of Jewish membership in the nation-state was being questioned by some antisemitic regimes and many Jews considered Zionism a threat to Jewish assimilation. One major worldview amongst Jewish communal leaders in the West, following Mendelssohnian teachings, was to stress Jewish loyalty to the nation-state wherever Jews lived and the idea that Jews were not an ethnic or national group, but merely a religious community, like any other - "Englishmen of Jewish faith", "Germans of Jewish faith" and so on. Moses Mendelssohn ( Dessau, 6 September 1729 4 January 1786 in Berlin) was a German Jewish Philosopher Examples of this worldview were the founders of the initially anti-Zionist American Jewish Committee, such as Louis Marshall and Jacob Schiff, and the leaders of the Anglo-Jewish Association and League of British Jews, such as Edwin Montagu and Lucien Wolf. The American Jewish Committee ( AJC) was "founded in 1906 with the aim of rallying all sections of American Jewry to defend the rights of Jews all over the world Louis B Marshall ( December 14, 1856 – September 11, 1929) was a corporate and constitutional Lawyer, Jacob Henry Schiff, born Jacob Hirsch Schiff ( January 10, 1847 &ndash September 25, 1920) was a German -born New York City League of British Jews One week after the Balfour declaration was issued Lionel de Rothschild, Sir Philip Magnus and Lord Swaythling founded the League Edwin Samuel Montagu ( February 6 1879 &ndash November 15 1924) was a British Liberal Jewish politician Lucien Wolf (born 1857 in London; died 1930 was an English Jewish Journalist, historian and advocate of Jewish rights

Socialist opposition

Many working class Jews in Europe and America supported socialist or communist political ideas, and took the view that the defeat of antisemitism and the winning of civic equality for Jews required participation in the common struggle against capitalism and oppressive regimes. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where The largest Jewish political organisation in Europe, the General Jewish Labor Union, also known as the Bund, opposed Zionism right up until the German invasion of Poland in 1939, calling instead for Jewish national cultural autonomy within a socialist state. The Invasion of Poland (1939 precipitated World War II. It was carried out by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small German-allied ^[5] Some Jewish socialists rejected this latter view and became Socialist Zionists. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Labor Zionism ( Labour Zionism, ציונות סוציאליסטית tsionut sotsialistit) can be described as the major stream of the Left wing of the

Other opposition: Autonomists and Territorialists

The Folkists, led by prominent Russian intelectual Simon Dubnow, advocated cultural autonomy for Jews in the diaspora rather than territorial sovereignty. The Folkspartei (ייִדישע פֿאָלקספּאַרטײַ yidishe folkspartei, 'Jewish People's Party folkist party was founded after the 1905 Pogroms in Simon Dubnow (alternatively spelled Dubnov, Russian: Семен Маркович Дубнов September 10 1860 &ndash December 8 The term minority rights embodies two separate concepts first normal individual Rights as applied to members of racial Ethnic, class religious linguistic or The term Diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά &ndash " a scattering or sowing of seeds " refers any population sharing common ethnic

The Territorialists, a Jewish nationalist movement, broke with Zionism because it was willing to pursue Jewish nationhood anywhere, not just in Palestine. Territorialism was a Jewish political movement calling for creation of a sufficiently large and compact Jewish territory (or territories not necessarily in the Land of History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the

Post-WWII

Attitudes changed following the war and the revelation of the Holocaust. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Most Bund supporters had been exterminated and Jewish communal life was suppressed in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union under Communism. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Communist state is a term used by many Political scientists to describe a Form of government in which the State operates under a one-party system Although Zionism was once a minority movement within the Jewish world and while many contemporary critics of Israeli policies and legal structures are Jewish, as a direct result of the lessons of the Holocaust and the repression of Jews under Communist rule Zionism has become the dominant mainstream movement for modern Jews involved in communal Jewish life.

The Holocaust altered the views of many who critiqued Zionism before 1948, including the British journalist Isaac Deutscher, an atheist and a life-long socialist who nevertheless emphasised the importance of his Jewish heritage. Isaac Deutscher (b 3 April 1907 &ndash 19 August 1967) was a British journalist historian and political activist of Polish Before World War II, Deutscher opposed Zionism as economically retrograde and harmful to the cause of international socialism, but in the aftermath of the Holocaust he regretted his pre-war views, arguing for Israel's establishment as a "historic necessity" to provide a refuge for the surviving Jews of Europe. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. However, in the 1960s Deutscher renewed his criticism of Zionism, scrutinizing Israel for its failure to recognise the dispossession of the Palestinians; later, in similar fashion, anti-Zionist figures such as Norman Finkelstein would vehemently argue that the memory of the Holocaust has been exploited as an "ideological weapon" to rationalize Israeli actions against Palestinians. Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn Norman Gary Finkelstein (born December 8, 1953) is an American political scientist and author whose primary fields of research are the The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as

As Deutscher's political shifts -- from opposition to, to guarded support for, to criticism of, Israel -- demonstrate, the essence of the definition of anti-Zionist and Zionist have morphed over time. Similarly, contemporary Jewish American linguist, Noam Chomsky, reports a change in the boundaries of what are considered Zionist and anti-Zionist views. Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political ^[6] In 1947, in his youth, Chomsky's support for a socialist binational state, in conjunction with his opposition to any semblance of a theocratic system of governance in Israel, was at the time considered well within the mainstream of secular Zionism; today, it lands him solidly in the anti-Zionist camp. ^[7]

Religious opposition

Main article: Haredim and Zionism

See also: The Three Oaths

In the early history of Zionism some religious Jews opposed ideas of nationalism (Jewish or otherwise) which they regarded as a secular ideology. The relationship between Haredim and Zionism has always been a difficult one Some Hassidic Jews in particular opposed any attempt to create a secular Jewish state. Hasidic Judaism (also Chasidic, etc from the Hebrew: he '''''חסידות''''', Chassidus, meaning "piety" from the Hebrew However, in the 1920s, Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook articulated a fusion of Modern Orthodox Judaism and Zionism that came to be known as Religious Zionism. The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada Abraham Isaac Kook (1865–1935 was the first Ashkenazi Chief rabbi of the British Mandate for Palestine, the founder of the Religious Zionist Modern Orthodox Judaism (or Modern Orthodox or Modern Orthodoxy) is a movement within Orthodox Judaism that attempts to synthesize traditional observance Religious Zionism, or the Religious Zionist Movement (a branch of which is also called Mizrachi) is an ideology that combines Zionism and religious Over time extreme ultra-Orthodox opposition to Zionism has declined for a variety of reasons, including the need for Israeli government support and protection and popular support for Zionism among the laity. A few hassidic sects have remained steadfast in their anti-Zionism, notably the Satmar sect. Hasidic Judaism (also Chasidic, etc from the Hebrew: he '''''חסידות''''', Chassidus, meaning "piety" from the Hebrew Satmar (or Satmar Hasidism or Satmarer Hasidism) (חסידות סאטמאר is a Hasidic movement of mostly Hungarian Grand Rebbe Yoel Teitelbaum The leader of the Satmar hasidic sect, Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum's book, VaYoel Moshe, published in 1958, expounds one Orthodox position on Zionism, based on a literal form of midrash (biblical interpretation). Satmar (or Satmar Hasidism or Satmarer Hasidism) (חסידות סאטמאר is a Hasidic movement of mostly Hungarian Grand Rebbe Yoel Teitelbaum Rabbi Joel (Yoel Teitelbaum, ( יואל טייטלבוים) (born 1887 died August 19, 1979) known as Reb Yoelish or the Satmar Midrash ( Hebrew: מדרש plural midrashim, lit "to repeat" is a Hebrew term referring to the not exact but comparative ( homiletic Citing to Tractate Kesubos 111a of the Talmud Teitelbaum states that God and the Jewish people exchanged three oaths at the time of the Jews' exile from ancient Israel:

• That the Jewish people would not ascend to the Holy Land as a group using force;
• That the Jewish people would not rebel against the governments of countries in which they lived;
• That the Jewish people would not, by their sins, prolong the coming of the Jewish Messiah. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history Messiah ( משיח; mashiah, moshiah, mashiach, or moshiach, ("anointed " is a term used in the Hebrew Bible

(The actual third oath as given in the Talmud is actually one binding on the nations of the world, calling on them not to oppress Jews "more than necessary. " Orthodox Zionists sometimes cite the clear violation of this oath by the nations of the world as causing the others to be null; anti-Zionist Orthodox Jews often ignore this formulation in favor of listing the three oaths, incorrectly, as they are above. ^[8]

Before the Second World War, Agudat Israel, the political party of the strictly Orthodox, opposed Zionism. World Agudath Israel (The World Jewish Union usually known as the Aguda, was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism Today it is a primarily Israeli party and since the seventies it has participated in most of Israel's coalition governments. Agudat Israel still oppose nationalism, but have found ways of accommodating the Israeli state. Agudat Israel (אגודת ישראל "Union Israel" also Agudat Yisrael, Agudath Israel, or Agudas Yisroel) began as the original

The Belzer, and Gerer Hasidim, among others, claim that involvement in Israeli politics is necessary in order to offer a religious viewpoint in the Israeli Knesset. Belz (Белз Polish: Bełz Yiddish: בעלז a small Town in the Lviv Oblast ( province) of western Ukraine, near Ger, or Gur (or Gerrer when used as an adjective is a Hasidic dynasty originating from Ger the Yiddish name of Góra Kalwaria For Beit Knesset a Jewish Place of worship, see Synagogue. The Knesset (כנסת lit Some Haredi figures have become Zionist in practise. The Lubavitcher Rebbe in particular voiced his vehement opposition to land concessions, based on the Code of Jewish Law, and encouraged his followers living in Israel to serve in the Israeli Defense Forces. Menachem Mendel Schneerson ( April 18 1902 – June 12 1994) known as The Rebbe, was a prominent Hasidic Rabbi The Shulchan Aruch (שולחן ערוך literally " Set Table " (also Shulhan Aruch or Shulchan Arukh) is a Codification ^[9] All Hasidic Jewish opponents to Zionism, including Rabbi Teitelbaum and Rabbi Shapira, do approve of Jews living in the Land of Israel. Their opposition is not to Jews living in the Land of Israel, but to the ideology of Zionism. Indeed, there are many Hasidim and yeshivos of both Munkacz, Satmar and many other strongly anti-Zionist groups in Israel, particularly in Jerusalem. Yeshiva or yeshivah (jəʃi'və ( Hebrew: ישיבה "sitting (n Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the A point of view overlooked in this debate is that of the Sephardim. No significant Sephardi Rabbi had a theological problem with Zionism and many spiritual leaders supported it, except for the Baba Sali, who said that Rabbi Teitelbaum's VaYoel Moshe was the "treatise of our generation" ^[10]. Rabbi Yisrael Abuhatzeira (ישראל אבוחצירא known as Baba Sali באבא סאלי (بابا صلى "praying father" (1890-1984 was a Moroccan The lack of religious opposition to Zionism from the non-Ashkenazi world has meant that some see religious anti-Zionism to be psychological and social rather than theological. ^[11][12]

Jews Against Zionism

For more details on anti-Zionism within the Satmar and distinguishing factors from Neturei Karta, see Satmar (Hasidic dynasty). Satmar (or Satmar Hasidism or Satmarer Hasidism) (חסידות סאטמאר is a Hasidic movement of mostly Hungarian Grand Rebbe Yoel Teitelbaum

Several religious groups are identified by the title "Jews Against Zionism", including the groups more properly titled "True Torah Jews Against Zionism" and "Jews United Against Zionism", a subsection of the Haredi Jewish organization Neturei Karta. Haredi or Chareidi Judaism is the most theologically conservative form of Orthodox Judaism. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Neturei Karta ( Aramaic ^[13][14] In addition to these religious organizations, a secular London-based group also claims the name. ^[15][16] True Torah Jews Against Zionism is a religious-political movement and non-profit organization that was founded in 2001 in Brooklyn, New York by several members of the Satmar Chassidic sect. Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The organization operates by media outreach (including advertisements and radio as well as the publication of books Efes Biltecha Goaleinu in Hebrew and In the Footsteps of the Flock in English) and maintains an active website.

Arab anti-Zionism

See also: Palestinian nationalism

At the time when the Zionist settlement of Palestine began, most of the Arab world was under the control of either the Ottoman Empire or one of the European colonial powers. Palestinian nationalism is a nationalist Ideology which calls for the creation of a Palestinian state in all or part of the former British Mandate The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish

Towards the beginning of Zionist settlement in Palestine in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, some Arabs were willing to consider alliance with the Zionist movement. For instance, Emir Faisal, the son of Sharif Hussein of Mecca, who helped lead the Arab nationalist revolt against the Ottomans, signed the following agreement with Chaim Weizmann at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference:

Mindful of the racial kinship and ancient bonds existing between the Arabs and the Jewish people, and realizing that the surest means of working out the consummation of their national aspirations through the closest possible collaboration in the development of the Arab states and Palestine. Faisal bin Al Hussein Bin Ali El-Hashemi, GCB, GCMG ( فيصل بن حسين Fayṣal ibn Ḥusayn; 20 May 1883 &ndash September 8 Sayyid Hussein bin Ali, GCB (1854 &mdash June 4, 1931) ( حسین بن علی; Ḥusayn bin ‘Alī) was the Sharif Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Chaim Azriel Weizmann ( Hebrew: חיים עזריאל ויצמן – November 27, 1874 &ndash November 9, 1952) was a Zionist

This agreement also called for the fulfillment of the Balfour Declaration and supported all necessary measures:

to encourage and stimulate immigration of Jews into Palestine on a large scale, and as quickly as possible to settle Jewish immigrants upon the land through closer settlement and intensive cultivation of the soil. Balfour Declaration of 1917 (dated November 2 1917) was a Classified formal statement of Policy by the British government stating

For a number of reasons, the agreement was never realized. For one, Faisal had conditioned his acceptance of the Balfour Declaration on the fulfillment of British promises of independence to the Arab nations, which were not kept. Moreover, he had little local support for his position. Arab Palestinian leaders, among them the mayor of Jerusalem, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, rejected this agreement made in their name. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem is the Sunni Muslim cleric in charge of Jerusalem 's Islamic holy places including the Al-Aqsa Mosque The Arab inhabitants of Palestine also rejected any suggestion of Palestine being severed from the Arab-Islamic world. While a Jewish minority had lived in Palestine for centuries, the Arab Palestinians were strongly opposed to the establishment in Palestine of a Jewish immigrant state, and hence to any immigration that would threaten to change the majority status of the Arab population. Thus, while small-scale Jewish immigration (such as the First Aliyah of the 1880s) was accepted and often welcomed for economic reasons, larger influxes of Jews were resisted strenuously. Aliyah ( refers to Jewish Immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948 the State of Israel)

Once the Balfour Declaration made it clear that the British intended to establish a Jewish national home in Palestine, Arab opposition grew much firmer. Hostilities punctuated the 1920s (Jerusalem riots of April, 1920, 1929 Palestine riots (in Hebron, Jerusalem and Safed) and 1930s (activities of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam and the Black Hand group, 1936-1939 Great Uprising). The 1920 Palestine riots, or Nabi Musa riots, were violent Arab disturbances against the Jews in Jerusalem. In the summer of 1929 a long-running dispute between Muslims and Jews over access to the Western Wall in Jerusalem escalated and erupted into a series of Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam (1882&ndash November 20, 1935) ( عزّ الدين القسّام,) full nameIzz al-Din ibn Abd al-Qadar ibn Mustapha The Black Hand (( Transliteration) al-Kaff al-Aswad) was an Islamic resistance organization in the British Mandate of Palestine. The 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine was an uprising during the British mandate by Arabs in Palestine which lasted from 1936 to 1939

Nasser (Egypt), backed by Arab states, kicks Israel into the Gulf of Aqaba. Pre-1967 War cartoon. Al-Jarida newspaper, Lebanon (Oren, 2002)

Anti-colonialist and anti-imperialist narratives—particularly popular in Arab countries with violent experiences of colonial rule—focus especially on parallels with cases such as Algeria or Rhodesia, seeing it in terms of a foreign power encouraging immigration into the country of a group which then sought to dominate the country. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Rhodesia was the name adopted when the formerly British colony of Southern Rhodesia declared itself independent ( Unilateral Declaration of Independence According to this view, the natural means of combating Zionism is considered to be Palestinian revolution, and the expulsion or weakening of the Zionist "occupiers". A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively Among Palestinians, examples of notable individuals or political parties that emphasize anti-imperial and anti-colonial narratives in their opposition to Zionism include: Ghassan Kanafani, Edward Said, Leila Khaled, George Habash, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and The Palestinian Revolutionary Communist Party. Ghassan Kanafani (غسان كنفاني April 9, 1936 in Akka, Palestine – July 8, 1972 in Beirut, Lebanon Edward Wadie Saïd MRSL ( إدوارد وديع سعيد,; 1 November 1935 &ndash 25 September Leila Khaled (ليلى خالد laylà ẖālid; born April 9, 1944) is a member of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP George Habash ( جورج حبش) also known by his kunya " al-Hakim " (Arabicالحكيم — the wise one or the doctor) The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine ( PFLP) ( Arabic: الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين al-Jabhah al-Sha`biyyah li-Tahrīr The Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP ( Arabic: ' الجبهة الديموقراطية لتحرير فلسطين', transliterated Al-Jabha Examples of Palestinian solidarity groups that root their activism against Zionism in anti-imperial and anti-colonial terms include: Students for Justice in Palestine, Al-Awda [3], and Sumoud [4]. This list uses the word Organization in its loosest sense to describe Activist networks, Coalitions, Committees and Collectives working Students for Justice in Palestine (SJP is a national student organization which was first established at the University of California Berkeley. Critics of these movements argue that it is a red herring to compare Zionism to imperialism or colonialism, as Zionist ideology is focused on return to an ancestral homeland, rather than an attempt to exploit Arab Palestinians and that many Zionists are Arab Jews. Antisemitism in the Arab world|Jewish exodus from Arab lands|Arabization Arab Jews ( Arabic: اليهود العرب Al-Yahūd al-`Arab, Hebrew

Pan-Arabist narratives—which enjoyed their heyday in the 1960s in the Nasser era, but have declined since—emphasize the idea of Palestine as a part of the Arab world taken by others (partly overlapping with the previous. Pan-Arabism is a movement for Unification among the peoples and countries of the Arab World, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Gamal Abdel Nasser (جمال عبد الناصر Gamāl ‘Abd an-Nāṣir; - January 15 1918 September 28 1970) was the second President ) As such, Israel is seen as both a symbol of Arab weakness and—insofar as it geographically cuts the Arab world into two noncontiguous halves—an obstacle to any union of the Arab world. In this narrative, the natural means of combating Zionism is Arab nations uniting and attacking Israel militarily. Pan-Syrian narratives, promoted mainly by Syria, are essentially parallel. Greater Syria (سوريّة الكبرى also known (in a historic context simply as Syria, is a term that denotes a historic region in the Middle East bordering Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية

In response to the Pan-Arabist narrative, Israeli historian Benny Morris commented:

Remember another thing: the Arab people gained a large slice of the planet. Benny Morris (born 1948 is an Israeli historian identified with the New Historians school a group of Historians who dispute the traditional Israeli Not thanks to its skills or its great virtues, but because it conquered and murdered and forced those it conquered to convert during many generations. But in the end the Arabs have 22 states. The Jewish people did not have even one state. There was no reason in the world why it should not have one state. Therefore, from my point of view, the need to establish this state in this place overcame the injustice that was done to the Palestinians by uprooting them. ^[17]

Local nationalist narratives of non-Palestinian Arabs emphasize the idea of Israel as a threat to the nation (commonly citing extremist Israeli individuals' dreams of a nation stretching "from the Nile to the Euphrates"). The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת Among Palestinians, these emphasize other issues, such as the Palestinian refugee problem, and that in their view, over 90% of the pre-1948 British Mandate of Palestine is controlled by Israel. The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement

Map of British Palestine and Trans-Jordan

Israel on the other hand claims that it controls only 23% of the original mandate, with the rest under the control of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, which already has a majority Palestinian Arab population. Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern

A poll of Arab-Israelis conducted by the Israeli Democracy Institute in 2007 found that 75% of Arab-Israelis support the existence of a Jewish state:

A vast majority of Israeli Arabs would support a constitution that maintained Israel's status as a Jewish and democratic state while guaranteeing equal rights for minorities. The Israeli Democracy Institute is Non-profit organization in Israel, founded in 1991, which aims at forming policies and to initiate reforms in the different Arab citizens of Israel refers to Arabs or Arabic -speaking people who are Citizens of Israel who are not Jewish. Among the 507 people who participated in the poll, some 75 percent said they would agree with such a definition while 23 percent said they would oppose it. ^[18]

Muslim anti-Zionism

Front cover of Islam and the Problem of Israel (1980)

Muslim anti-Zionism generally opposes the state of Israel as an intrusion into what many Muslims consider to be Dar al-Islam, a domain rightfully, and permanently, ruled only by Muslims. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The house of divisions in Islam such as "Dar al-Islam" and "Dar al-Harb" does not appear in the Koran or the Hadith. ^[19][20][21] Once Islamic rule is established in a country, non-Muslims are given dhimmi status as protected from violence. A dhimmi ( ذمي, collectively أهل الذمة, ahl al-dhimma, the people of the dhimma or pact of protection Ottoman Turkish ^[22] Thus any sovereign, non-Muslim government in what is now Israel would be anathema.

Palestinian and other Arab groups, as well as the government of Iran (since 1979 Islamic Revolution), insist that the State of Israel is illegitimate and refuse to refer to it as "Israel", instead using the locution "the Zionist entity" (see Iran-Israel relations). Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Zionist entity is a term used primarily in the Arab world as a pejorative euphemism for the State of Israel. In an interview with Time Magazine in December 2006, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said "Everyone knows that the Zionist regime is a tool in the hands of the United States and British governments" [5]. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (محمود احمدی‌نژاد; born October 28, 1956) is the sixth and current President of the Islamic Republic of Iran For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.

An example of this view is the work of Ismail al-Faruqi (1926-1986). Isma'il Raji Mahmoud Shohdan al-Faruqi ( Arabic: تقغض ﮔﭽگ ﭙﭐ آؤا ( January 1, 1921 &ndash May 27, 1986) was a In Islam and the Problem of Israel (1980), he argued that Zionism was a "disease" largely influenced by European romanticism far removed from Judaism. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut He opposed the Zionist occupation of Palestine and called for the dismantling of Israel and the launch of a jihad. Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. He said that the injustice caused by Zionism is such as to necessitate war. From the standpoint of Islam, Faruqi wrote, Zionism represents apostasy against Judaism.

Western anti-Zionism

In the liberal Western world, opposition to Zionism has often focused on the United Kingdom since it was the UK's decision to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The decision was controversial from the start as some British people believed the Balfour declaration undermined Britain's relationship with Muslims in the Middle East and India. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Between 1919 and 1939 the British government steadily reduced its support for Zionism. In 1939 Britain formally announced its intention to create an Arab state in the whole of Palestine, ending its support for the Balfour declaration. The White Paper of 1939, also known as the MacDonald White Paper after Malcolm MacDonald, the British Colonial Secretary who presided over

There was little opposition to Zionism in other countries but as Arab states became independent the desire to maintain positive relations with Arab states has often affected attitudes to Zionism.

Although supporting the creation of Israel, from 1949 onwards Communist countries adopted increasingly anti-Zionist and antisemitic positions ^[23] and this affected attitudes of Communists in the West. Communist state is a term used by many Political scientists to describe a Form of government in which the State operates under a one-party system The increasing popularity of a world-view emphasizing a global class struggle in which the Third World proletariat fought western exploiters placed the Palestinians as a focal point in global relations. Class struggle is the active expression of Class conflict looked at from any kind of socialist perspective Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically The proletariat (from Latin la ''proles'' "offspring" is a term used to identify a lower Social class; a member of such a class is proletarian In this "Third Worldist" worldview, Israel was generally described as a tool of western imperialism and a colonial settler state. Third-worldism is a tendency within left wing political thought to regard the division between developed classically liberal nations and developing or " Third world "

The growing conflict between Palestinians and Israeli settlers and between Palestinian liberation movements and the state of Israel has also generated an increase in anti-Zionism in the West. Israeli settlements are communities inhabited by Israelis in territory that was captured as a result of Jordanian attacks during the 1967 Six-Day War.

On the right forces close to the oil industry and traditional antisemites generally regarded Israel with suspicion, and in the case of antisemites with hatred. The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by Oil tankers and pipelines

Soviet anti-Zionism

Main articles: Soviet Union and the Arab-Israeli conflict and History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union

Zionism was viewed in the Soviet Union as a form of bourgeois nationalism, and its active promotion among Jews was discouraged and eventually banned. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Bourgeois nationalism is a term from Marxist phraseology It refers to the practice of dividing people by Nationality, race, Ethnicity, or From 1919 through most of Joseph Stalin's rule, the Tsarist government's anti-Jewish policies of the previous century were reverted and actively denounced. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party The rise of various forms of Jewish nationalism prompted the government in 1928 to establish and promote a "Soviet Zion" in Birobidzhan, a project that failed to meet population goals and was soon abandoned. Birobidzhan (Биробиджа́н) is a town and the administrative center of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Russia. ^[24]

Throughout this, the official position of the Soviet Union and of its satellite states and agencies was that Zionism was a tool used by the Jews and Americans for "racist imperialism. Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude " The meaning of the term Zionism was misrepresented to conform to a policy of the ruling Communist Party of the Soviet Union: "the main posits of modern Zionism are militant chauvinism, racism, anti-Communism and anti-Sovietism,. . . overt and covert fight against freedom movements and the USSR. "^[25]

During the years of Joseph Stalin's rule Soviet Jews were frequently attacked as "Zionists," although the majority of Soviet Jews at that time did not hold strong Zionist convictions. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party After the creation of Israel, however, many Soviet Jews began to sympathise with the Jewish state, thus arousing further antagonism from the Soviet government, which saw Zionism as a potential source of disloyalty.

However, from late 1944 through 1948, the Soviet Union's stance toward Zionism was strongly influenced by geopolitical concerns, and the government officially supported the foundation of Israel^[26] , although this was hidden from the Soviet media. Geopolitics is the study that analyzes Geography, History and Social science with reference to Spatial politics and patterns at various scales ^[27] From the end of 1948, the Soviet Union changed positions to support Arab concerns against Israeli interests through the end of the Cold War, and Israel began to emerge as a close Western ally. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.

During the last years of Stalin's rule, roughly 1948-1953, official Soviet anti-Zionism was intensified. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. While Stalin's campaigns were officially carried out under the banner of anti-Zionism, critics argue that they had a strong antisemitic content, often borrowed directly from traditional Russian antisemitism. This included a campaign against so-called "rootless cosmopolitans" and the fabrication of the Doctors' plot. Rootless cosmopolitan ( Russian language: безродный космополит, "bezrodniy kosmopolit" was a Soviet Euphemism introduced The Doctors' plot ( Russian language: дело врачей (doctors' affair врачи-вредители (doctors-saboteurs or врачи-убийцы After Stalin's death, anti-Zionism continued through the rise of "Zionology" in the 1960s and subsequent activities of official organizations such as the Anti-Zionist committee of the Soviet public. Zionology ( Russian language: сионология sionologiya) also called Soviet Anti-Zionism, was a doctrine promulgated in the Soviet On March 29, 1983, the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union has approved the resolution 101/62ГС to "Support the

During the Cold War, the spectre of Zionism raised fears of internal dissent and opposition. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The Soviet government liquidated almost all remaining Jewish organizations, and placed synagogues under police surveillance, both openly and through the use of informers. A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of At the same time, the persecution of Soviet Jews emerged as a major human rights issue in the West. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled See Jackson-Vanik amendment. According to the 1974 Trade Act of the United States, the Jackson-Vanik amendment, named for its major co-sponsors Sen

In 1975, the Soviet Union sponsored the UN General Assembly Resolution 3379, discussed below. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379, adopted on November 10, 1975 by a vote of 72 to 35 (with 32 abstentions "determine that

International anti-Zionism

Many of the most important authorities on ethics in the 20th century have contributed to the debate on Zionism, with some, such as Mahatma Gandhi in the 1930s and '40s,^[28] expressing opposition to the Zionist movement. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January

In contrast Martin Luther King is said to have replied to a black student who criticized "Zionists" at a 1968 dinner, "Don't talk like that! When people criticize Zionists they mean Jews. Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader You are talking anti-Semitism. "^[29] (The accuracy of this quotation is debated, and it became the source of a serious hoax. )^[30][31]

Paralleling the rise of anti-Zionist sentiment in the west was increased hostility towards Israel at the international level. During the 1950s and 1960s Israel made great efforts to cultivate good relations with the newly independent states of Africa and Asia, and hostility to Israel was confined to the states of the Arab-Muslim world and the Communist bloc. During the Cold War, the term Communist Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and countries it either controlled or that were A combination of inter-related circumstances in the 1970s radically changed this situation.

The first was the increased hostility to Israel following the onset of the Israel-Palestinian conflict in the late 1960s. The second was the decline in the prestige of the United States following the end of the Vietnam War and the Watergate scandal. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The Watergate scandals were a series of Political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the Indictment of several of Nixon's The third was increased economic power of the Arab oil-producing states in the aftermath of the 1973 Arab-Israeli War and the resulting energy crisis. The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (מלחמת יום הכיפורים transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום The fourth was the rise of radical anti-western regimes in a series of African countries. The fifth was the increased diplomatic and economic presence of the Soviet Union, China and Cuba in Africa. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la

This anti-Zionist trend was manifested in organisations such as the Organization for African Unity and the Non-Aligned Movement, which passed resolutions condemning Zionism and equating it with racism and apartheid during the early 1970s. The Organisation of African Unity ( OAU) or Organisation de l'Unité Africaine ( OUA) was established on 25 May 1963. The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM) is an International organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc It culminated in the passing by the United Nations General Assembly of Resolution 3379 in November 1975, declaring that "Zionism is a form of racism. Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379, adopted on November 10, 1975 by a vote of 72 to 35 (with 32 abstentions "determine that " This resolution was passed by 72 votes to 35, with 32 abstentions.

The 72 votes in favour consisted of 12 Communist countries (including East-Germany, Poland, Hungary, Byelorussia and the Ukraine), all 20 Arab states, another 12 Muslim-majority states (including Turkey), 14 non-Muslim African states, and 14 other states (including Brazil, India, Mexico and Portugal). The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula.

Those opposing included 5 African states (one of them Moslem), most of Latin-America and practically the entire English speaking world.

By 1991 this international situation had been reversed following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the American-led victory over Iraq in the Gulf War and the return of the United States to global political and economic dominance. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics.

On December 16, 1991, the General Assembly passed Resolution 4686, repealing resolution 3379, by a vote of 111 to 25, with 13 abstentions and 17 delegations absent. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86 passed on December 16, 1991, revoked Resolution 3379 with a vote of 111 to 25 with Thirteen out of the 19 Arab countries, including those engaged in negotiations with Israel, voted against the repeal, another six were absent. No Arab country voted for repeal. The PLO denounced the vote. The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary All the ex-Communist countries and most of the African countries who had supported Resolution 3379 voted to repeal it. Only three non-Muslim countries voted against the resolution: Cuba, North Korea and Vietnam. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The rest abstained (including Turkey) or absented themselves.

International anti-Zionism, like domestic anti-Zionism in many countries, rises and falls in parallel with events in the Middle East, and the American-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 saw some revival of anti-Zionism in some countries; however, it is also possible that it was not until this time that media attention focused on the phenomenon. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics.

Anti-Zionism and antisemitism

See also: antisemitism and New antisemitism

Antisemitism History · Timeline · Resources Forms Anti-globalizational · Arab Christian · Islamic · Nation of Islam New · Racial · Religious Secondary · Academic · Worldwide Allegations Deicide · Blood libel · Ritual murder Well poisoning · Host desecration Jewish lobby · Jewish Bolshevism Usury · Dreyfus affair Zionist Occupation Government Holocaust denial Antisemitic publications On the Jews and Their Lies Protocols of the Elders of Zion The International Jew Mein Kampf The Culture of Critique series Persecutions Expulsions · Ghettos · Pogroms Jewish hat · Judensau Yellow badge · Spanish Inquisition Segregation · The Holocaust Nazism · Neo-Nazism Opposition Anti-Defamation League Community Security Trust EUMC · Stephen Roth Institute Wiener Library · SPLC · SWC UCSJ · SCAA · Yad Vashem Categories Antisemitism · Jewish history v • d • e

A large amount of debate revoles around the relationship between criticism of Israel, rejection of its right to exist and antisemitism. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility New antisemitism is the concept that a new form of Antisemitism is on the rise in the 21st century emanating simultaneously from the left, the Right, and Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility The history of antisemitism, hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group goes back many centuries This timeline of antisemitism chronicles the facts of Antisemitism, hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group This is a list of resources analyzing Antisemitism in the alphabetical order of author's name A number of writers and researchers such as Walter Laqueur, Paul Berman, and Mark Strauss have argued that there is rising acceptance of Antisemitism Jewish exodus from Arab lands|Islam and Antisemitism|Anti Jewish Arabism Oxymoronic, as Although Christian antisemitism is considered to have started around the 12th century its roots are attributed by some scholars to anti-Jewish attitudes and polemic beginning See also Islam and Judaism Islam and antisemitism looks at the teaching of Islam relating to Jews and Judaism and the attitudes of the A number of Jewish organizations Christian organizations Muslim organizations and academics consider the Nation of Islam to be antisemitic New antisemitism is the concept that a new form of Antisemitism is on the rise in the 21st century emanating simultaneously from the left, the Right, and Racial antisemitism is the belief that Antisemitism, hatred or Prejudice toward Jews is justified and justifiable on racial and not religious grounds Origins of religious antisemitism Father Edward Flannery in his The Anguish of the Jews Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism, traces the first clear examples Secondary antisemitism is a distinct kind of Antisemitism which is said to have appeared after the end of World War II. Evidence of antisemitic incidents on university campuses across North America Europe and Australia since 2000 has been recorded by a number of sources This is a list of countries where Antisemitic sentiment has been experienced An antisemitic canard is a deliberately false story inciting Antisemitism. Jewish Deicide is an Antisemitic canard that placed the Responsibility for the death of Jesus on the Jewish people as a whole Blood libels against Jews are false accusations that Jews use Human blood in certain aspects of their Religious rituals and holidays Although Human sacrifice is the act of Homicide (the Killing of one or several Human beings in the context of a Religious ritual ( ritual killing For the logical fallacy see Poisoning the well. Well-poisoning is the act of malicious manipulation of potable water resources in Host Desecration is a form of Sacrilege in Christianity, involving the mistreatment or malicious use of a consecrated Host, or communion wafer Jewish Bolshevism, Judeo-Bolshevism, Judeo-Communism, or in Polish Żydokomuna, is a Pejorative Antisemitic expression Usury (ˈjuːʒəri comes from the Medieval Latin usuria, "interest" or "excessive interest" from the Latin usura "interest" The Dreyfus Affair a Political scandal which divided France from the 1890s to the early 1900s Zionist Occupation Government (abbreviated as ZOG) is an Antisemitic Conspiracy theory according to which Jews secretly control a country Holocaust denial is the claim that the Genocide of Jews during World War II —usually referred to as The Holocaust —did not occur in the On the Jews and Their Lies (Von den Jüden und iren Lügen in modern spelling de ''Von den Juden und ihren Lügen'' is a 65000-word treatise written by German Reformation The Protocols of the Elders of Zion ( Protocols of the wise men of Zion, Library of Congress 's Uniform Title; "Протоколы The International Jew is a four volume set of Booklets or Pamphlets originally published and distributed in the early 1920s by Henry Mein Kampf ( English: My Struggle/My Battle) is a book by Adolf Hitler. The Culture of Critique series comprises Kevin B MacDonald 's principal writings on Judaism and Jewish culture: A People That Shall See also Antisemitism, History of antisemitism, New antisemitism The persecution of Jews has occurred many times in Jewish history. In the course of history Jewish populations have been expelled or ostracised by various local authorities and have sought asylum from Antisemitism numerous times Jewish ghettos in Europe existed because Jews were viewed as cultural minorities due to their non-Christian beliefs in a Renaissance Christian environment A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses For the modern Jewish skullcap see Kippah. The Jewish hat also known as the Jewish cap, Judenhut ( German) Judensau ( German for "Jews' sow" is a derogatory and dehumanizing image of Jews in obscene contact with a large sow (female Pig) which The yellow badge (or yellow patch) also referred to as a Jewish badge, was a cloth patch that Jews were ordered to sew on their outer garments in order The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain The Pale of Settlement (Черта́ осе́длости cherta osedlosti) was the term given to a region of Imperial Russia, along its western border in which The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL) is an Interest group founded in 1913 by B'nai B'rith in the United States whose stated aim is "to stop The Community Security Trust ( CST) is a British charity established in 1994 to ensure the safety and security of the Jewish community in the UK The European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA is a Vienna -based agency of the European Union inaugurated on 1 March 2007 The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism is a research institute at Tel Aviv University in Israel. The Wiener Library is the world's oldest institution devoted to the study of the Holocaust, its causes and legacies The Southern Poverty Law Center ( SPLC) is an American Non-profit legal organization internationally known for its tolerance education programs its legal The Simon Wiesenthal Center (often abbreviated SWC) with headquarters in Los Angeles Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union (abbreviated UCSJ) is an umbrella organization of Jewish Human rights groups working in Eastern The Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism (Svenska Kommittén Mot Antisemitism SKMA) is a Sweden -based non-profit organization founded in 1983, that Yad Vashem (יד ושם also spelled Yad VaShem; "Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority" is Israel 's official memorial to the Jewish Zionists consider that rejection of Israel's right to exist, implied by anti-Zionism, is antisemitism. Criticism of Israel does not of itself make the critic an anti-Zionist as it is perfectly possible for a Zionist to criticize Israel. ^[32]

Some commentators believe that criticisms of Israel and Zionism are often disproportionate in degree and unique in kind, and attribute this to antisemitism. ^[33][34] Critics of this view believe that associating anti-Zionism with antisemitism is intended to stifle debate, deflect attention from valid criticisms, and taint anyone opposed to Israeli actions and policies. ^[35]

Thomas Friedman writes that “[c]riticizing Israel is not anti-Semitic, and saying so is vile. Thomas Lauren Friedman (born July 20, 1953) is an American journalist columnist and author But singling out Israel for opprobrium and international sanction—out of proportion to any other party in the Middle East—is anti-Semitic, and not saying so is dishonest. ”^[36]

As support and defense of Israel has become a focus of Jewish life since 1948,^[37] some see attacks on the existence of Israel as inherently antisemitic. For example, Yehuda Bauer, Professor of Holocaust Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, has argued: "If you advocate the abolition of Israel . Yehuda Bauer (born 1926 is a historian and scholar of the Holocaust. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים الجامعة العبرية في القدس abbreviated HUJI) is . . that means in fact that you're against the people who live there. If you are, for example, against the existence of Malaysia, you are anti-Malay. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and If you are against the existence of Israel, you are anti-Jewish. "^[38]

The historian Walter Laqueur, writes at length about anti-Zionism being used as a “cover” for antisemitism. Walter Zeev Laqueur (born 26 May 1921) is an American historian and political commentator ^[39]

On April 3, 2006, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights announced that anti-Israelism or anti-Zionism may often serve as camouflage for antisemitic bigotry on American college campuses. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The US Commission on Civil Rights is a bipartisan independent federal commission charged with the responsibility for investigating reporting on and making recommendations concerning ^[40]

Some scholars believe that while Anti-Zionism may not be inherently antisemitic, it very often either becomes antisemitism or is used to hide antisemitism.

Robert S. Wistrich argues that although several types of anti-Zionism are not intrinsically antisemitic,^[41] much of contemporary radical anti-Zionism has become a form of antisemitism. ‎ Robert Solomon Wistrich (born 1945 is the Neuburger Professor of European and Jewish history at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and the head of ^[42]

Other scholars posit that anti-Zionism should remain distinct from antisemitism. Brian Klug, for example, writes that even when anti-Zionism is expressed in unfair and foul terms, it is not necessarily antisemitism. For the Football (soccer coach, see Bryan Klug. Brian Klug is Senior Research Fellow & Tutor in Philosophy at St ^[43]

In 2005, the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC) in its working definition of antisemitism, identified several ways in which antisemitism can manifest itself, such as using double standards against Israel or drawing analogies between its behavior and that of the Nazis, while also stating that “criticism of Israel similar to that leveled against any other country cannot be regarded as anti-Semitic. The European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA is a Vienna -based agency of the European Union inaugurated on 1 March 2007 ”^[44]

In a criticism of this working definition, European Jews for a Just Peace, an organization of 18 European Jewish pro-Palestinian peace groups,^[45] contested several of its findings, and specifically targeted any inherent assumptions that anti-Zionism is a form of antisemitism. European Jews for a Just Peace ( EJJP) is a federation of Jewish groups in ten European countries Austria, Belgium, Denmark ^[46]

Steven Zipperstein, professor of Jewish Culture and History at Stanford University, argues that a belief in the State of Israel's responsibility for the Arab-Israeli conflict should be considered part of what reasonably informed decent people think. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. ^[47] Zipperstein claims that disproportionate criticism of Israel is not the result of new antisemitism, or even classical antisemitism, but, although troubling, is a reflection of the extreme responses that mark a world society that has experienced September 11, and which has focused on the United States, and its ally Israel, as their main targets. ^[48]

Webster's Third New International Dictionary controversy

In addition to a conventional definition of antisemitism ("hostility toward Jews as a religious or racial minority group, often accompanied by social, political or economic discrimination"), the unabridged edition of Webster's Third New International Dictionary (2002), gives a controversial second and third definition to antisemitism, defining the word as "opposition to Zionism" and "sympathy for the opponents of Israel". Webster's Dictionary is the name given to a common type of English language dictionary in the United States. ^[49] (The modern college editions based on Webster's Third all omit the second definition of "antisemitism. ") The American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee has mounted a campaign to get this definition removed. The American Arab Anti Discrimination Committee (ADC is a grassroots Civil rights organization open to all regardless of background faith and ethnicity committed to defending In a letter to Merriam-Webster, Hussein Ibish wrote that the second and third definition "smears and impugns the motives of all those who support the human and political rights of Palestinians"^[50][51]

A Merriam-Webster company spokesman defended the definition as "a relic" based on a handful of citations from about 1950 in which antisemitism was "linked more or less strongly with opposition to Israel or to Zionism. Merriam-Webster, which was originally the G & C Merriam Company of Springfield Massachusetts, is an American company that publishes reference books " The spokesman also stated that the sense wasn't supported by current usage, and added that it would probably be dropped when the company publishes a new unabridged version in a decade or so. However, the company said it was beyond its means to send out correction sheets to all libraries. ^[52]

Ken Jacobson, the associate national director of the Anti-Defamation League, urged Merriam-Webster to retain the definition. The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL) is an Interest group founded in 1913 by B'nai B'rith in the United States whose stated aim is "to stop "Zionism is the national expression of the Jewish people," he told the New York Times, "and to deny that, it seems to me, most often reflects anti-Semitic views. "^[52]

See also

• "Zionism" on Wikisource. Wikisource is a Wikimedia project to build a free, Wiki Library of Source texts along with translations into any language
• Post-Zionism - Neo-Zionism
• Zionism and racism allegations
• Anti-globalization and antisemitism
• Allegations of Israeli apartheid
• Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel

References