Anti-Catholicism is a cultural stance characterized by opposition or hostility directed at Catholics or the Catholic Church. The term may apply to the religious persecution of Catholics. Religious persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group of individuals as a response to their religious beliefs of affiliations.

In the Early modern period, the Catholic Church struggled to maintain its traditional religious and political role in the face of rising secular powers in Europe. The early modern period is a term initially used by historians to refer mainly to the period roughly from 1500 to 1800 in Western Europe ( Early modern Europe) As a result of these struggles, there arose a hostile attitude towards the considerable political, social, spiritual and religious power of the pontiff and the Catholic clergy in the form of "anti-clericalism". Anti-clericalism is a historical movement that opposes Religious (generally Catholic institutional power and influence real or alleged in all aspects of public and political To this was added the epochal crisis over its spiritual authority represented by the Protestant Reformation giving rise to sectarian conflict. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Sectarianism is Bigotry, Discrimination, Prejudice or Hatred arising from attaching importance to perceived differences between subdivisions In contemporary times anti-Catholicism has assumed various forms, including the persecution of Catholics as members of a religious minority in some localities, assaults by governments upon Catholic faithful, discrimination, and virulent attacks on clergy and laity.

Contents 1 Origins 1.1 Protestant and Reformed Christian countries 1.1.1 England 1.1.2 Ireland 1.1.3 Scotland 1.1.4 United States 1.1.4.1 Acts of U.S. Presidents against Anti-Catholicism 1.2 Catholic countries 1.2.1 France 1.2.2 Mexico 1.2.3 Haiti 1.2.4 Spain 1.2.5 Colombia 1.2.6 Poland 1.3 Orthodox Christian countries 2 Anti-Catholicism in popular culture 2.1 Literature 2.2 Cinema 2.3 Modern Anti-Catholic polemics 2.4 Anti-Catholic Satire and Humour 2.5 Sexuality 3 Anti-Catholicism today 3.1 United States 3.1.1 Sexuality, contraception and abortion 3.1.2 Anti-Catholicism in the entertainment industry 3.2 England 3.3 Scotland 3.4 Northern Ireland 3.5 Former Soviet Union 3.6 Israel 4 See also 5 References 6 Additional reading

Origins

Protestant and Reformed Christian countries

Beginning with Martin Luther, Protestants attacked the Pope as representing the power of the Anti-Christ and the Catholic Church as representing the Whore of Babylon prophesied in the Book of Revelation. Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and For other uses see Antichrist (disambiguation In Christian eschatology, the Antichrist or anti-Christ means a person office The Whore of Babylon is one of several Christian allegorical figures of supreme Evil mentioned in the Book of Revelation in the Bible The Book of Revelation, also called Revelation to John, Apocalypse of John ( pronounced, from the Ἀποκάλυψις Ἰωάννου The identification of the Papacy as the Anti-Christ was an article of faith for many Protestant denominations:

Westminster Confession of Faith:

"25. The Westminster Confession of Faith is a Reformed Confession of faith, in the Calvinist theological tradition 6. There is no other head of the Church but the Lord Jesus Christ: nor can the Pope of Rome in any sense be head thereof; but is that Antichrist, that man of sin and son of perdition, that exalts himself in the Church against Christ, and all that is called God.

The London Baptist Confession of 1689:

26. 4. The Lord Jesus Christ is the Head of the church, in whom, by the appointment of the Father, all power for the calling, institution, order or government of the church, is invested in a supreme and sovereign manner; neither can the Pope of Rome in any sense be head thereof, but is that antichrist, that man of sin, and son of perdition, that exalteth himself in the church against Christ.

Protestants also condemned the Catholic policy of mandatory celibacy for priests, and the rituals of fasting and abstinence during Lent, as contradicting the clause stated in 1 Timothy 4:1-5, warning against doctrines that "forbid people to marry and order them to abstain from certain foods, which God created to be received with thanksgiving by those who believe and who know the truth. Celibacy refers to the lack of participation in Sexual intercourse. Fasting is primarily the act of willingly abstaining from some or all Food, Drink, or both for a period of time Abstinence is a voluntary restraint from indulging a desire or appetite for certain bodily activities that are widely experienced as giving pleasure Lent, in some Christian denominations, is the forty-day-long liturgical season of fasting and prayer before Easter. The First Epistle to Timothy is one of three letters in New Testament of the Bible often grouped together as the Pastoral Epistles. " Partly as a result of the condemnation, many non-Catholic churches allow priests to marry and/or view fasting as a choice rather than an obligation.

England

Main article: Catholic Church in England and Wales

Anti-Catholicism in England originated with the English Reformation under Henry VIII. The Catholic Church in England and Wales is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, The English Reformation was the series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of The Act of Supremacy of 1534 declared the English crown to be 'the only supreme head on earth of the Church in England' in place of the pope. The first Act of Supremacy granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy which is still the legal authority of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during Any act of allegiance to the latter was considered treason because the papacy claimed both spiritual and political power over its followers. It was under this Act that saints Thomas More and John Fisher were executed and became martyrs to the Catholic faith. Sir Thomas More (7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535 from 1935 Saint Thomas More, was an English Lawyer, author and statesman who in his lifetime gained John Cardinal Fisher (c1469 &ndash 22 June, 1535) from 1935 Saint John Fisher, was an English Catholic bishop cardinal and

Although the Act of Supremacy, which asserted England's independence from papal authority, was repealed in 1554 by Henry's daughter, Queen Mary I, who was a devout Catholic, when she restored Catholicism as England's State religion, the Act was restored in 1559 under Elizabeth I, who aggressively reasserted England's presecution of those who remained loyal Catholics and refused to apostatize and place their faith in the Church of England. Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death

As a result, anyone who took office in the English Church or State (remains in effect today) was forced to take the Oath of Supremacy, and there were penalties for violating that oath(hanging and quartering). The Oath of Supremacy, imposed by the Act of Supremacy 1559, provided for any person taking public or church office in England to swear allegiance to the monarch as Attendance at Anglican services was obligatory. Those who refused to attend Anglican services, whether Catholics or Protestants(Puritans) , were fined and physically punished as recusants. In the History of England, recusancy was a term used to describe the statutory offence of not complying with and conforming to the Established church or

In the time of Elizabeth I, the persecution of the adherents of the Reformed religion, both Anglicans and Protestants alike, which had occurred during the reign of her elder half-sister Queen Mary I was used to fuel strong anti-Catholic propaganda in the hugely influential Foxe's Book of Martyrs. The Book of Martyrs, by John Foxe, is an Apocalyptically oriented English Protestant account of the Persecutions of Those who had died in Mary's reign, under the Marian Persecutions, were effectively canonised by this work of hagiography. The Marian Persecutions refers to the persecutions of Religious Reformers Protestants and other Dissenters for their beliefs during the reign of Mary I of England Hagiography ( is the study of Saints. A hagiography, from Greek (hağios (ἅγιος "holy" or "saint" and graphē (γραφή In 1571 the Convocation of the English Church ordered that copies of the Book of Martyrs should be kept for public inspection in all cathedrals and in the houses of church dignitaries. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The book was also displayed in many Anglican parish churches alongside the Holy Bible. The passionate intensity of its style and its vivid and picturesque dialogues made the book very popular among Puritan and Low Church families, Anglican and Protestant nonconformist, down to the nineteenth century. A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, Low church is a term of distinction in the Church of England or other Anglican churches initially designed to be pejorative Nonconformism is the refusal to conform to common standards conventions rules customs traditions norms or laws In a period of extreme partisanship on all sides of the religious debate, the exaggeratedly partisan church history of the earlier portion of the book, with its grotesque stories of popes and monks, contributed much to fuel anti-Catholic prejudices in England as did the story of the sufferings of those several hundred Reformers, Anglican and Protestant alike, burnt at the stake by Mary and the misguided and overzealous Catholic cleric, Bishop Bonner. Edmund Bonner (also Edmund Boner) (c 1500 &ndash September 5, 1569) Bishop of London, was an English Bishop.

The anti-Catholic fear among many English people that the pope sought to reimpose not just his religio-spiritual authority over England but also his secular power of the country was exacerbated by various actions stemming from the Vatican. In 1570, Pope Pius V sought to depose Elizabeth with the papal bull Regnans in Excelsis, which declared her a heretic and purported to dissolve the duty of all Elizabeth's subjects of their allegiance to her. Pope A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. Regnans in Excelsis was a Papal bull issued on February 25, 1570 by Pope Pius V declaring " Elizabeth, the pretended This rendered Elizabeth's subjects who persisted in their allegiance to the Catholic Church politically suspect, and made the position of her Catholic subjects largely untenable if they tried to maintain both allegiances at once.

In 1588, some Elizabethian loyalist cited the failed invasion of England by the Spanish Armada as an attempt by Philip II of Spain to put into effect the Pope's decree. The Spanish Armada ( Spanish: Grande y Felicísima Armada, "Great and Most Fortunate Navy" or Armada Invencible, "Invincible Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 In truth, King Philip II was attempting to claim the throne of England he felt he had as a result of being the widower of Mary I of England.

Elizabeth's resultant persecution of Catholic Jesuit missionaries led to many executions at Tyburn. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes. Those priests who suffered there are counted as martyrs by the Catholic church; though at the time, they were considered traitors to England. The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom In recent decades, a convent has been established nearby to pray for their souls.

Later several accusations fueled strong anti-Catholicism in England including the Gunpowder Plot, in which Guy Fawkes and other Catholic conspirators where accused of planning to blow up the English Parliament while it was in session. The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 or the Powder Treason, as it was known at the time was a failed Assassination attempt by a group of provincial English Guy Fawkes ( 13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606) sometimes known as Guido Fawkes, was a member of a group of English The Great Fire of London in 1666 was blamed on the Catholics and an inscription ascribing it to 'Popish frenzy' was engraved on the Monument to the Great Fire of London, which marked the location where the fire started (this inscription was only removed in 1831). This article is about the Great Fire of 1666 For other great fires in London see Early fires of London or Second Great Fire of London. The Monument to the Great Fire of London, more commonly known as The Monument, is a 61 metre (202 ft tall stone Roman doric column in the City of London, near The "Popish Plot" involving Titus Oates further exacerbated Anglican-Catholic relations. The Popish Plot was a fictitious conspiracy concocted by Titus Oates which gripped England in Anti-Catholic hysteria from 1678 until 1681. Titus Oates ( September 15, 1649 &ndash July 12/13 1705 was a 17th-century perjurer who fabricated the " Popish Plot " a supposed

The beliefs that underlie the sort of strong anti-Catholicism once seen in the United Kingdom were summarized by William Blackstone in his Commentaries on the Laws of England:

As to papists, what has been said of the Protestant dissenters would hold equally strong for a general toleration of them; provided their separation was founded only upon difference of opinion in religion, and their principles did not also extend to a subversion of the civil government. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Sir William Blackstone (originally pronounced Blexstun ( 10 July 1723 &ndash 14 February 1780) was an English Jurist and The Commentaries on the Laws of England are an influential 18th century treatise on the Common law of England by Sir William Blackstone, originally Papist is a term usually disparaging or an Anti-Catholic slur referring to a member of the Catholic Church. If once they could be brought to renounce the supremacy of the pope, they might quietly enjoy their seven sacraments, their purgatory, and auricular confession; their worship of relics and images; nay even their transubstantiation. But while they acknowledge a foreign power, superior to the sovereignty of the kingdom, they cannot complain if the laws of that kingdom will not treat them upon the footing of good subjects. .

— Bl. Comm. IV, c. 4 ss. iii. 2, p. *54

The gravamen of this charge, then, is that Catholics constitute an imperium in imperio, a sort of fifth column of persons who owe a greater allegiance to the Pope than they do to the civil government, a charge very similar to that repeatedly leveled against Jews. F G H I L A fifth column is a group of people who clandestinely undermine a larger group to which it is expected to be loyal such as a Nation. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Accordingly, a large body of British laws, collectively known as the penal laws, imposed various civil disabilities and legal penalties on recusant Catholics. In the most general sense penal is the body of laws that are enforced by the State in its own name and impose penalties for their violation as opposed to civil law that seeks In the History of England, recusancy was a term used to describe the statutory offence of not complying with and conforming to the Established church or These laws were gradually repealed over the course of the nineteenth century with laws such as the Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829. Catholic Emancipation (Fuascailt na gCaitliceach or Catholic Relief, was a process in Great Britain and Ireland in the late 18th century and early 19th

Despite the Emancipation Act, however, anti-Catholic feeling continued throughout the nineteenth century, primarily as a response to the influx of Irish immigrants into England during the Great Famine.

The re-establishment of the Catholic ecclesiastical hierarchy in 1850 created a frenzy of anti-Catholic feeling, whipped up by the newspapers. An effigy of Cardinal Wiseman, the new head of the restored Catholic ecclesiastical hierarchy in England, was paraded through the streets and burnt at Bethnal Green and graffiti proclaiming 'No popery!' were chalked up on walls^[1]

Even now, however, as a result of centuries-old legislation enacted during penal time, a member of the British Royal Family automatically gives up any chance of succeeding to the throne if he or she joins the Catholic Church or marries a Catholic. Nicholas Patrick Stephen Cardinal Wiseman ( 2 August 1802 - 15 February 1865) was an English Prelate Bethnal Green is an area in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London. Papist is a term usually disparaging or an Anti-Catholic slur referring to a member of the Catholic Church. ^[2]

Ireland

See also: Catholic Church in Ireland

Ireland's Catholic majority has been subject to persecution from the time of the English Reformation under Henry VIII. The Catholic Church in Ireland, part of the world-wide Catholic Church, is under the spiritual leadership of the Pope, the curia in Rome, and This persecution intensified when the Gaelic clan system was completely destroyed by the governments of Elizabeth I and her successor, James I. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James Land was appropriated either by the conversion of native Anglo-Irish aristocrats or by forcible seizure. Many Catholics were dispossessed and their lands given to Anglican and Protestant settlers from Britain, (however it should be noted that the first plantation in Ireland was a Catholic plantation under Queen Mary I, for more see Plantations of Ireland). Plantations in 16th and 17th century Ireland were established throughout the country by the confiscation of lands occupied by Gaelic clans and Hiberno-Norman dynasties

In order to cement the power of the Anglican Ascendancy, political and land-owning rights were denied to Ireland's Catholics by law, following the Glorious Revolution in England and consequent turbulence in Ireland. The Protestant Ascendancy is a convenient phrase used when referring to the political economic and social domination of the former Kingdom of Ireland by a minority of great The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland in 1688 by a union The Penal Laws, established first in the 1690s, assured Church of Ireland control of political, economic and religious life. The Penal Laws in Ireland (Na Péindlíthe refers to a series of laws imposed under British rule that sought to discriminate against Roman Catholics and Protestant dissenters in favour The Church of Ireland (Eaglais na hÉireann is an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion, operating across the island of Ireland. The Mass, ordination, and the presence in Ireland of Catholic Bishops were all banned, although some did carry on secretly. Mass is a fundamental concept in Physics, roughly corresponding to the Intuitive idea of how much Matter there is in an object Catholic schools were also banned, as were all voting franchises. Violent persecution also resulted, leading to the torture and execution of many Catholics, both clergy and laity. Since then, many have been canonised and beatified by the Vatican, such as Saint Oliver Plunkett, Blessed Dermot O'Hurley, and Blessed Margaret Ball. Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints Beatification (from Latin beatus, blessed via Greek μακάριος makarios) is a recognition accorded by the Catholic church The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Saint Oliver Plunkett ( 1 November 1629 &ndash 1 July 1681) was the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh Blessed Dermot O'Hurley (c 1530 &ndash 1584 - in Irish Diarmaid Ó hUrthuile - was a Roman Catholic Archbishop of Cashel Blessed Margaret Ball (1515 &ndash 1584 was born Margaret Birmingham near Skryne in County Meath, and died of deprivation in the dungeons of Dublin

Although some of the penal laws restricting Catholic access to landed property were repealed between 1778 and 1782 this did not end anti-Catholic agitation and violence. Catholic competition with Protestants in County Armagh for leases intensified, driving up prices and provoking resentment of Anglicans and Protestants alike. County Armagh ( Contae Ard Mhacha in Irish - from the height of Macha) is a county in Ulster in the north east of Ireland Then in 1793, the Catholic Relief Act enfranchised forty shilling freeholders in the counties, thus increasing the political value of Catholic tenants to landlords. The Catholic Relief Act 1829 (10 Geo IV c7 was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom on 24 March 1829, and received the Royal Assent In addition, Catholics began to enter the linen weaving trade, thus depressing Protestant wage rates. From the 1780s the Protestant Peep O'Day Boys grouping began attacking Catholic homes and smashing their looms. The Peep O'Day Boys was a Protestant faction fighting group in 18th century Ireland, active in the 1780s and '90s and precursor of the Orange Order. In addition, the Peep O'Day Boys disarmed Catholics of any weapons they were holding. ^[3]A Catholic group called the Defenders was formed in response to these attacks. The Defenders were a militant agrarian secret society in 18th century Ireland, who were involved in the United Irishmen rebellion of 1798. This climaxed in the Battle of the Diamond on 21st September 1795 outside the small village of Loughgall between Peep O' Day boys and the Defenders^[4]. The Battle of the Diamond was a violent confrontation between the Catholic Defenders and the Protestant Peep O'Day Boys that took place on September 21, Year 1795 ( MDCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Loughgall (in Irish Loch Gall) is a small Village in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. Roughly 30 Catholic Defenders, but none of the better armed Peep O'Day Boys were killed in the fight. Hundreds of Catholic homes and at least one Church were burnt out in the aftermath of the skirmish^[5]. After the battle Daniel Winter, James Wilson and James Sloan changed the name of the Peep O' Day Boys to the Orange Order devoted to maintaining the Protestant ascendency. The Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order or the Orange Lodge, is a Protestant fraternal organisation based predominantly James Wilson was the founder of the Orange Institution, also known as the Orange Order The Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order or the Orange Lodge, is a Protestant fraternal organisation based predominantly The Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order or the Orange Lodge, is a Protestant fraternal organisation based predominantly

Though more of the Penal Laws were repealed and Catholic Emancipation in 1829 ensured political representation at Westminster significant anti-Catholic hostility remained, especially in Belfast where the Catholic population was in the minority. Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland. In the same year, the Presbyterians, reaffirmed at the Synod of Ulster that the Pope was the anti-Christ and joined the Orange Order in large numbers when the latter organisation opened its doors to all non-Catholics in 1834. As the Orange order grew, violence against Catholics became a regular feature of Belfast life. ^[6] Towards the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth century when Irish Home Rule became imminent, Protestant fears and opposition towards it were articulated under the slogan "Home Rule means Rome Rule. The Irish Home Rule bills were bills introduced in the British House of Commons during the late 19th and early 20th centuries intended to grant self-government and " Rome Rule " was a term used by Irish Unionists and Socialists to describe the belief that the Roman Catholic Church would gain political

Scotland

Main article: Catholic Church in Scotland

In the 16th century, the Scottish Reformation resulted in Scotland's conversion to Calvinism through the Church of Scotland. The Catholic Church in Scotland ( Scottish Gaelic: An Eaglais Caitligeach) describes the organisation of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church in The Scottish Reformation was Scotland 's formal break with the Roman Catholic Church in 1560 and the events surrounding this Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the The Church of Scotland (Eaglais na h-Alba known informally by its Scots language name The Kirk, is the National church of Scotland. The revolution resulted in a powerful hatred of the Roman Church. High Anglicism also came under intense persecution also after Charles I attempted to reform the Church of Scotland. The name Charles I may refer to Kings Charlemagne, Charles I Holy Roman Emperor (742-814 Charles I of England, The attempted reforms caused chaos, however, because they were seen as being overly Catholic in form in being based heavily on sacraments and ritual.

Over the course of later mediæval and early modern history violence against Catholics has broken out, often resulting in deaths, such as the torture of Saint John Ogilvie and the execution of a Jesuit priest. John Ogilvie (1579 – March 10, 1615) was a Scottish Catholic Martyr.

In the last 150 years, Irish immigration to Scotland increased dramatically and at the beginning of the immigration period Catholics were treated like second class citizens. As time has gone on Scotland has, however, become much more open to other religions and Catholics have seen the nationalisation of their schools and the restoration of the Church hierarchy. The Restoration of the Scottish hierarchy refers to the re-establishment of the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland on 15 March The Orange Order has also grown in numbers in recent times. The Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order or the Orange Lodge, is a Protestant fraternal organisation based predominantly This growth is, however, attributed mainly to the rivalry between Rangers and Celtic football clubs as opposed to actual hatred of Catholics^[7]. Rangers Football Club are an Association football team based in Glasgow Scotland, who currently play in the Scottish Premier League. The Celtic Football Club is a Scottish football club based in the east end of Glasgow, which currently plays in the Scottish Premier League.

Cooperation between The Kirk and the Catholic Church in Scotland has grown greatly in recent times as both churches are moving to eradicate sectarian violence from football and are also working together to fight poverty. The Church of Scotland (Eaglais na h-Alba known informally by its Scots language name The Kirk, is the National church of Scotland. The Moderator of the Church of Scotland and Cardinal Patrick O'Brien both attended a follow up to the G8 summit in May 2007.

United States

Main article: Anti-Catholicism in the United States

John Highham described anti-Catholic bigotry as "the most luxuriant, tenacious tradition of paranoiac agitation in American history". John Highham described anti-Catholic bigotry as "the most luxuriant tenacious tradition of paranoiac agitation in American history" Thomas Nast ( September 27, 1840 – December 7, 1902) was a famous German-American Caricaturist and Editorial cartoonist A crocodile is any Species belonging to the family Crocodylidae (sometimes classified instead as the Subfamily Crocodylinae) A bigot is a person who is intolerant of opinions lifestyles or identities differing from his or her own and bigotry is the corresponding state of mind ^[8] The bigotry which was prominent in the United Kingdom was exported to the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Two types of anti-Catholic rhetoric existed in colonial society. The first, derived from the heritage of the Protestant Reformation and the religious wars of the sixteenth century, consisted of the "Anti-Christ" and the "Whore of Babylon" variety and dominated Anti-Catholic thought until the late seventeenth century. The French Wars of Religion (1562 to 1598 between French Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots involved both civil infighting The second was a more secular variety which focused on the supposed intrigue of the Catholics intent on extending medieval despotism worldwide. ^[9]

Historian Arthur Schlesinger Sr. has called Anti-Catholicism "the deepest-held bias in the history of the American people. This article is about the elder Arthur M Schlesinger (1888-1965 "^[10]

The roots of American Anti-Catholicism go back to the Reformation, whose ideas about Rome and the papacy travelled to the New World with the earliest settlers. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and These settlers were, of course, predominantly Protestant, and many opposed not only Catholicism but also the remaining Catholic traditions of the official Anglican State Church, the Church of England, which they felt was insufficiently Reformed. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican A large part of American culture is a legacy of Great Britain, and an enormous part of its religious culture a legacy of the more extreme Protestant tendencies of the English Reformation. Monsignor John Tracy Ellis, in his landmark book American Catholicism, first published in 1956, wrote bluntly that a "universal anti-Catholic bias was brought to Jamestown in 1607 and vigorously cultivated in all the thirteen colonies from Massachusetts to Georgia. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule " Proscriptions against Roman Catholics were included in colonial charters and laws, and, as Monsignor Ellis noted wryly, nothing could bring together warring Anglican clerics and Puritan ministers faster than their common hatred of the Church of Rome. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs Such antipathy continued throughout the 18th century. Indeed, the virtual penal status of the Catholics in many of the colonies made even the appointment of bishops unthinkable in the early years of the Republic. Another result of this was that the first constitution of an independent Anglican Church in the country bent over backwards to distance itself from Rome by calling itself the Protestant Episcopal Church, incorporating in its name the term, Protestant, that Anglicans elsewhere had shown some care in using too prominently due to their own reservations about the nature of the Church of England, and other Anglican bodies, vis-à-vis later radical reformers who were happier to use the term Protestant.

In 1788, John Jay urged the New York Legislature to require office-holders to renounce foreign authorities "in all matters ecclesiastical as well as civil. John Jay (December 12 1745 – May 17 1829 was an American Politician, Statesman, revolutionary, Diplomat, a Supreme Court The New York Legislature is the state legislature of the US state of New York. " ^[11].

Anti-Catholic animus in the United States reached a peak in the nineteenth century when the Protestant population became alarmed by the influx of Catholic immigrants. Fearing the end of time, some American Protestants who believed they were Gods chosen people, went so far as to claim that the Catholic Church was the Whore of Babylon in the Book of Revelation. The Whore of Babylon is one of several Christian allegorical figures of supreme Evil mentioned in the Book of Revelation in the Bible The Book of Revelation, also called Revelation to John, Apocalypse of John ( pronounced, from the Ἀποκάλυψις Ἰωάννου ^[12] The resulting "nativist" movement, which achieved prominence in the 1840s, was whipped into a frenzy of anti-Catholicism that led to mob violence, the burning of Catholic property, and the killing of Catholics. This violence was fed by claims that Catholics were destroying the culture of the United States. Irish Catholic immigrants were blamed for raising the taxes of the country as well as for spreading violence and disease. The nativist movement found expression in a national political movement called the Know-Nothing Party of the 1850s, which (unsuccessfully) ran former president Millard Fillmore as its presidential candidate in 1856. The Know Nothing movement was a Nativist American political movement of the 1850s Millard Fillmore ( January 7 1800 &ndash March 8 1874 was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853 and the last member of the Whig A similar sentiment was also expressed by the Ku Klux Klan. Ku Klux Klan ( KKK) is the name of several past and present secret domestic terrorist organizations in the United States, generally in the southern states that are

Acts of U. S. Presidents against Anti-Catholicism

• George Washington gave this formal address to U. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the S. Roman Catholics in 1789, welcoming them, "May the members of your society in America, animated alone by the pure spirit of Christianity, and still conducting themselves as the faithful subjects of our free government, enjoy every temporal and spiritual felicity. " ^[13]
• Harry Truman as President walked out during a sermon at the First Baptist Church in Washington, D. C. when the minister began preaching against federal policy that would give diplomatic recognition of the Vatican. ^[13]
• John F. Kennedy was the first, and so far only Catholic to be elected President. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of

Catholic countries

Anti-clericalism is a historical movement that opposes religious (generally Catholic) institutional power and influence in all aspects of public and political life, and the involvement of religion in the everyday life of the citizen. Anti-clericalism is a historical movement that opposes Religious (generally Catholic institutional power and influence real or alleged in all aspects of public and political A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos It suggests a more active and partisan role than mere laïcité. Laïcité (laisiˈte is the French concept of a Secular society, connoting the absence of religious involvement in government affairs The goal of anti-clericalism is sometimes to reduce religion to a purely private belief-system with no public profile or influence. However, many times it has included outright suppression of all aspects of faith.

Anti-clericalism has at times been violent, leading to murders and the desecration, destruction and seizure of church property. Anti-clericalism in one form or another has existed throughout most of Christian history, and is considered to be one of the major popular forces underlying the 16th century reformation. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Some of the philosophers of the Enlightenment, including Voltaire, continually attacked the Catholic Church, both its leadership and priests, claiming that many of its clergy were morally corrupt. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French These assaults in part led to the suppression of the Jesuits, and played a major part in the wholesale attacks on the very existence of the Church during the French Revolution in the Reign of Terror and the program of dechristianization. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Saint justjpg|thumbnail|200px| Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just]] The Reign of Terror' (5 September 1793 &ndash 28 July 1794 or simply The Terror (la Terreur was The Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution is a conventional description of the results of a number of separate policies conducted by various governments of France between Similar attacks on the Church occurred in Mexico and in Spain in the twentieth century. The Cristero War (also known as the Cristiada of 1926 to 1929 was an uprising and Counter-revolution against the Anti-Catholic Mexican government of the time set The Red Terror in Spain is the name given to various acts committed by Spanish Republicans during the Spanish Civil War of the 1930s including

France

During the French Revolution (1789-95) church property was confiscated by the new government as part of a process of Dechristianization. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution is a conventional description of the results of a number of separate policies conducted by various governments of France between The French invasions of Italy (1796-99) included an assault on Rome and the exile of Pope Pius VI in 1798. Pope Pius VI (December 27 1717 &ndash August 29 1799 born Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi, Pope from 1775 to 1799 was born at Cesena. Relations improved from 1802 to 1870. France's Third Republic was cemented by anti-clericalism, the desire to secularise the State and social life, faithful to the French Revolution. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe ^[14] In the Affaire Des Fiches, in France in 1904-1905, it was discovered that the militantly anticlerical War Minister under Emile Combes, General Louis André, was determining promotions based on the French Masonic Grand Orient's huge card index on public officials, detailing which were Catholic and who attended Mass, with the goal of preventing their promotions. L'Affaire des Fiches de délation (“affair of the cards of denunciation” was a political scandal in France in 1904-1905 in which it was discovered that the militantly Anticlerical Anti-clericalism is a historical movement that opposes Religious (generally Catholic institutional power and influence real or alleged in all aspects of public and political Émile Combes (1835 - 1921 was a French statesman, charged in 1902 of the constitution of the Bloc des gauches 's cabinet For the French born Jesuit missionary to Canada see Louis André (priest. The Roman Catholic Church has long been an outspoken critic of Freemasonry, and has continually prohibited members from being Freemasons since In Eminenti Specula ^[15]

Mexico

Mexican President Plutarco Elías Calles's enforcement of previous anti-Catholic legislation denying priests' rights, enacted as the Calles Law, prompted the Mexican Episcopate to suspend all Catholic worship in Mexico from August 1 1926 and sparked the bloody Cristero War of 1926-1929 in which some 50,000 peasants took up arms against the government. Plutarco Elías Calles ( September 25 1877 – October 19 1945) was a Mexican general and politician The Calles' Law, or Law for Reforming the Penal Code, was a reform of the penal code in Mexico under the presidency of Plutarco Elias Calles. The Cristero War (also known as the Cristiada of 1926 to 1929 was an uprising and Counter-revolution against the Anti-Catholic Mexican government of the time set Their slogan was "Viva Cristo Rey!" (long live Christ the King). Some of the Catholic casualties of this struggle are known as the Saints of the Cristero War. On May 21, 2000, Pope John Paul II canonized a group of 25 Saints and Martyrs arising from the Mexican Cristero War ^[16][17] Events relating to this were famously portrayed in the novel The Power and the Glory by Graham Greene. The Power and the Glory (1940 is a Novel by British author Graham Greene. Henry Graham Greene OM, CH (2 October 1904 &ndash 3 April 1991 was an English writer best known as a novelist but who also produced Short stories ,^[18][19] The persecution of Catholics was most severe in the state of Tabasco under the Governor Tomás Garrido Canabal. Tomás Garrido Canabal (born Playas de Catazajá, Chiapas, September 20, 1891 &mdash died Los Angeles, California, Under the rule of Garrido many priests were killed, all Churches in the state were closed and priests who still survived were forced to marry or flee at risk of losing their lives. The effects of the war on the Church were profound. Between 1926 and 1934 at least 40 priests were killed. ^[20] Where there were 4,500 priests serving the people before the rebellion, in 1934 there were only 334 priests licensed by the government to serve fifteen million people, the rest having been eliminated by emigration, expulsion and assassination. ^{[21] [22]} The persecution was such that by 1935, 17 states were left with no priests at all. ^[23]

Haiti

François and Jean-Claude Duvalier's family dictatorship of Haiti wanted to weaken the control of the Catholic Church by bringing Vodou "openly into the political process", according to Michel S. Dr François Duvalier, known as " Papa Doc " ( April 14, 1907 – April 21, 1971) was the President of Jean-Claude Duvalier (nicknamed Bébé Doc or Baby Doc) (born July 3, 1951) succeeded his father François "Papa Doc" Duvalier A family dictatorship, in political science terms a personalistic regime, is a form of Dictatorship that operates much like an Absolute monarchy, yet occurs Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: vodoo, vodun, or vodoun may refer to any of West African vodun, a west African religion Haitian vodou, mostly derived LaGuerre in Voodoo and Politics in Haiti.

Spain

Anti-clericalism in Spain at the start of the Spanish Civil War resulted in the killing of almost 7,000 clergy, the destruction of hundreds of churches and the persecution of lay people in Spain's Red Terror. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of The Red Terror in Spain is the name given to various acts committed by Spanish Republicans during the Spanish Civil War of the 1930s including ^[24] Hundreds of Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War have been beatified and hundreds more were beatified in October 2007. Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War is the name given by the Catholic Church to the people who were killed during the Spanish Civil War because of their connection to the church Beatification (from Latin beatus, blessed via Greek μακάριος makarios) is a recognition accorded by the Catholic church ^[25][26]

Colombia

Anti-Catholic and anti-clerical sentiments, some spurred by an anti-clerical conspiracy theory which was circulating in Colombia during the mid-twentieth century led to persecution of Catholics and killings, most specifically of the clergy, during the events known as La Violencia. A conspiracy theory attributes the ultimate cause of an event or chain of events (usually Political, Social or Historical events or the concealment La Violencia (literally " The Violence " in Spanish) is a term that refers to an era of civil conflict in various areas of the Colombian countryside ^[27]

Poland

Catholicism in Poland, the religion of the vast majority of the population, was severely persecuted during World War II following the Nazi invasion of the country and its subsequent annexation into Germany. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German An undetermined number of Catholics of Polish descent, probably numbering in the thousands, is believed to have been murdered during the Holocaust. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as

Catholicism continued to be persecuted under the Communist regime from the 1950s. Current Stalinist ideology claimed the Church and religion in general was about to disintegrate. To begin with Archbishop Wyszyński entered into an agreement with the Communist authorities, which was signed on 14 February 1950 by the Polish episcopate and the government. Stefan Wyszyński (3 August 1901 - 28 May 1981 was a Polish Prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Agreement regulated the matters of the Church in Poland. However in May of that year, the Sejm breached the Agreement by passing a law for the confiscation of Church property.

On 12 January 1953, Wyszyński was elevated to the rank of cardinal by Pius XII as another wave of persecution began in Poland. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. When the bishops voiced their opposition to state interference in ecclesiastical appointments, mass trials and the internment of priests began - the cardinal being one of its victims. On 25 September 1953 he was imprisoned at Grudziądz, and later placed under house arrest in monasteries in Prudnik near Opole and in Komańcza in the Bieszczady Mountains. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He was not released until 26 October 1956. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Pope John Paul II, who was born in Poland as Karol Wojtyla, often cited the persecution of Polish Catholics in his stance against Communism. Pope

Orthodox Christian countries

Less widely known in the West has been the anti-Catholicism found in countries where the Eastern or Orthodox Christian Churches have prevailed historically. The prejudice and persecution of Catholics in those countries can be dated back to 1054 when the Great Schism between Western-rite and Eastern-rite Christians occurred. The East-West Schism, or the Great Schism, divided medieval Christendom into Eastern (Greek and Western (Latin branches which later became known as the Both camps of Christians have traditionally viewed each other as heretics, and have excommunicated and anathematised each other repeatedly. Recent decades has seem some softening of official mutual antipathy, though the roots of this are deep and difficult to overcome. For more on this, coverage is given in the section detailing the former Soviet Union, below, though that account is by no means exhaustive.

Anti-Catholicism in popular culture

Literature

Anti-Catholic stereotypes are a long-standing feature of Anglo-Saxon literary, sub-literary and even pornographic traditions. Gothic fiction is particularly rich in this regard with the figure of the lustful priest, the cruel abbess, the immured nun, and the sadistic inquisitor appearing in such works as The Italian by Ann Radcliffe, The Monk by Matthew Lewis, Melmoth the Wanderer by Charles Maturin and "The Pit and the Pendulum" by Edgar Allan Poe. Gothic fiction (sometimes referred to as Gothic horror) is a genre of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance. Ann Radcliffe ( July 9, 1764 – February 7, 1823) was an English Author, a pioneer of the gothic novel. Ambrosio or the Monk is a Gothic novel by Matthew Gregory Lewis which first appeared in 1796. There are several notable people with this name including Matthew Lewis (writer (1775-1818 British Gothic novelist and dramatist Matthew Lewis Melmoth the Wanderer is a Gothic novel published in 1820 written by Charles Robert Maturin (uncle of Jane Wilde who was mother of Oscar Charles Robert Maturin, also known as CR Maturin ( September 25, 1782 in Dublin – October 30, 1824 in Dublin was an " The Pit and the Pendulum " is a Short story written by Edgar Allan Poe and first published in 1842 Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, ^[28]

Such gothic fiction may have inspired Rebecca Reed's Six Months in a Convent which describes her alleged captivity by an Ursuline order near Boston in 1832. The Ursuline Convent Riots were Riots that occurred on August 11 and August 12 1834 in Charlestown Massachusetts, near Boston in what is now Somerville ^[29][30] Her claims inspired an angry mob to burn down the convent, and her narrative, released three years later as the rioters were tried, famously sold 200,000 copies in one month. In another bestselling fraudulent exposé, Awful Disclosures of the Hotel-Dieu Nunnery, Maria Monk claimed that the convent served as a harem for Catholic priests, and that any resulting children were murdered after baptism. Maria Monk ( June 27 1816 &ndash summer of 1839 was a Canadian woman who claimed to have been a Nun who had been sexually exploited A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities Col. William Stone, a New York city newspaper editor, along with a team of Protestant investigators, made inquiry into the claims of Monk, inspecting the convent in the process. Col. Stone's investigation concluded there was no evidence that Maria Monk "had ever been within the walls of the cloister".

Reed's book became a best-seller, and Monk or her handlers hoped to cash in on the evident market for anti-Catholic horror fiction by their offering. The tale of Maria Monk was, in fact, clearly modelled on the Gothic novels that were popular in the early 19th century, a literary genre that had already been used for anti-Catholic sentiments in works such as Matthew Lewis' The Monk. Monk's story explores the genre-defining elements of a young, innocent woman being trapped in a remote, old, and gloomily picturesque estate; she learns the dark secrets the place contains, and after harrowing adventures makes her escape. ^[31][32]

The anti-Catholic Gothic tradition continued with Charlotte Brontë's semi-autobiographical novel Villette (1853) which explores the culture clash between the heroine Lucy’s English Protestantism and the Catholicism of her environment at her school in 'Villette' (aka Brussels), Belgium, before coming to the magisterial pronouncement that 'God is not with Rome'. Charlotte Brontë (ˈbrɒnti (21 April 1816 &ndash 31 March 1855 was a British Novelist, the eldest of the three famous Brontë sisters whose Novels Villette is a Novel by Charlotte Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is

Pornography has been the vehicle for anti-Catholic sentiments from Denis Diderot's La Religieuse (1798), to contemporary nunsploitation films. Pornography or porn is the explicit depiction of Sexual subject matter with the sole intention of sexually exciting the viewer Denis Diderot ( October 5, 1713 – July 31, 1784) was a French Philosopher and writer Nunsploitation is a subgenre of Exploitation film, which had its peak in Europe in the 1970s These latter, although often seen as pure exploitation films, often contain criticism against religion in general and the Catholic church in particular. Indeed, some of the protagonists voice a feminist consciousness and a rejection of their subordinated social role. For instance at the end of The Nun and the Devil, based on the true events of the suppression of the Convent of Sant Archagelo at Naples in the 16th century, a condemned nun launches a bitter attack against the church hierarchy. The Nun and the Devil, or Le Monache di Sant'Arcangelo in the original Italian is an erotic 1973 French/ Italian Nunsploitation Many of these films were made in countries where the Catholic church is dominant, such as Italy and Spain. ^[33]

In a chapter of Fyodor Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov called The Grand Inquisitor, the Catholic Church convicts a resurrected Jesus Christ of heresy and is portrayed as a servant of Satan. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky, Dostoievsky, The Brothers Karamazov (Братья Карамазовы /'bratʲjə karə'mazəvɨ/ is the final Novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky The Grand Inquisitor is a Parable told by Ivan to Alyosha in Fyodor Dostoevsky 's novel The Brothers Karamazov ( 1879 Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) In Notes from Underground the main character thinks about making the world a better place by eliminating or overthrowing the Pope. Notes from Underground (Записки из подполья Zapíski iz podpól'ja, also translated in English as Notes from the Underground

Dan Brown's best-selling novel The Da Vinci Code depicts the Catholic Church as determined to hide the truth about Mary Magdelene. Dan Brown (born June 22 1964 is an American Author of Thriller fiction, best known for the 2003 bestselling novel The Da Vinci Code The Da Vinci Code is a controversial mystery / detective Novel by US author Dan Brown, published in 2003 by Doubleday Saint Mary Magdalen or Mary Magdalene is described both in the canonical New Testament and in the New Testament apocrypha, as a devoted An article in an April 2004 issue of National Catholic Register maintains that the "The Da Vinci Code claims that Catholicism is a big, bloody, woman-hating lie created out of pagan cloth by the manipulative Emperor of Rome". An earlier book by Brown Angels and Demons, depicts the Church as involved in an elemental battle with Freemasonry. Angels & Demons is a Bestselling mystery Novel by Dan Brown. Published in 2000 it introduces the character Robert Langdon

Cinema

The Spanish film director Luis Buñuel was a fierce critic of what he saw as the pretension and hypocrisy of the Catholic Church. Luis Buñuel Portolés (22 February 1900 &ndash 29 July 1983 was a Spanish -born Filmmaker and naturalized Mexican who worked mainly in Mexico Many of his most famous films demonstrate this:

Un chien andalou (1929): A man drags pianos, upon which are piled several priests, among other things. Un chien andalou ( An Andalusian Dog) is a 1928 short Surrealist film made in France by two Spanish auteurs the Aragonian

L'Âge d'or (1930): A bishop is thrown out a window, and in the final scene one of the culprits of the 120 days of Sodom by Marquis de Sade is portrayed by an actor dressed in a way that he would be recognized as Jesus. L'Âge d'Or ( The Golden Age) is a 1930 surrealist Film directed by Luis Buñuel and written by Buñuel and Salvador

Ensayo de un crimen (1955): A man dreams of murdering his wife while she's praying in bed dressed all in white. Ensayo de un Crimen is a 1955 Mexican film by Spanish-born director Luis Buñuel, known in English as The Criminal Life of Archibald

Simon of the Desert (1965): The devil tempts the saint by taking the form of a naughty, bare-breasted little girl singing and showing off her legs. Simon of the Desert ( Spanish: Simón del desierto) is a 1965 film directed by Luis Buñuel. At the end of the film, the saint abandons his ascetic life to hang out in a jazz club.

Nazarin (1959): The pious lead character wreaks ruin through his attempts at charity. Nazarín is a 1959 Mexican film directed by Luis Buñuel and co-written between Buñuel and Julio Alejandro, adapted from the

Viridiana (1961): A well-meaning young nun tries unsuccessfully to help the poor. Viridiana is a 1961 Spanish - Mexican Coproduction, directed by Luis Buñuel and produced in Spain by Mexican

The Milky Way (1969): Two men travel the ancient pilgrimage road to Santiago de Compostela and meet the embodiments of various heresies along the way. The Milky Way (a translation of the Latin Via Lactea, in turn derived from the Greek Γαλαξίας (Galaxias sometimes referred to simply One dreams of anarchists shooting the Pope (recognisably Pope Paul VI). Pope

The films of Buñuel (who reportedly 'thanked God he was an atheist') initially scandalised the Catholic church. For instance Viridiana was denounced by the Vatican and, in Catholic Spain, where the film was produced, an attempt was made to destroy all copies. Catholic Italy sentenced Buñuel, in absentia, to a year in jail, whilst in Catholic Belgium copies of the film were seized and mutilated. Latterly, however, there was a change of attitude. For instance the US National Catholic Film Office, gave Nazarin an award, recognising its spiritual value, and the heretical Milky Way was screened at the Festival of Cinema of Religious and Human Values in Valladolid. ||-||} is an industrial city and it is a Municipality in north-central Spain, upon the Pisuerga River and within the Ribera del Duero wine-making region Some of Buñuel's free thinking friends even alleged that he had received Vatican money for the latter film. Ironically Buñuel's last months were enlivened by his friendship, in his last months, with a Catholic priest, Father Julian Pablo, with whom he indulged in theological wrangles over points of Catholic dogma. ^[34]

Modern Anti-Catholic polemics

As well as standard Protestant polemics which likened Catholicism to the Anti-Christ and the Whore of Babylon other themes of modern anti-Catholic controversialists included accusations of paganism, idolatry and conspiracy theories which accuse the church of seeking world domination.

Standard Protestant polemics are represented by such writers as American evangelical author John Dowling, in his best-selling The History of Romanism. The Reverend John William Dowling was the author of The History of Romanism: from the Earliest Corruptions of Christianity to the Present Time In this work he accused the Catholic church of being 'the bitterest foe of all true churches of Christ--that she possesses no claim to be called a Christian church--but, with the long line of corrupt and wicked men who have worn her triple crown, that she is ANTI-CHRIST' (John Dowling, The History of Romanism 2nd edition, 1852, pp. 646-47).

Alexander Hislop's The Two Babylons (1858) asserted that the Church originated from a Babylonian mystery religion and characterized its practices as pagan. Alexander Hislop (Born at Duns, Berwickshire, 1807 died Arbroath, 13 March, 1865) was a Free Church of Scotland minister The Two Babylons was an Anti-Catholic religious Pamphlet produced initially by the Scottish theologian and Protestant Presbyterian Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Mystery Religions, Sacred Mysteries or simply Mysteries, were "religious cults of the Graeco-Roman An idol is a material object representing a Deity, to which religious worship is directed

The renegade priest Charles Chiniquy's 50 Years In The Church of Rome and The Priest, the Woman and the Confessional (1885) also depicted Catholicism as pagan. Charles P Chiniquy ( 30 July 1809 &ndash 16 January 1899) was a Canadian Catholic priest who converted to

Avro Manhattan's books,Vatican Moscow Alliance (1982), The Vatican Billions (1983), and The Vatican's Holocaust (1986) advance the view that the Church engineers wars for world domination. Avro Manhattan (1914-1990 was an author whose works were very critical of the Roman Catholic Church (see Anti-Catholicism) (though he also wrote on other things

Hislop's and Chiniquy's nineteenth century polemics and Avro Manhattan's work form part of the basis of a series of tracts by the noted modern anti-Catholic and comic book evangelist Jack Chick who also accuses the papacy of supporting Communism, of using the Jesuits to incite revolutions, and of masterminding the Holocaust. A tract is a literary work, and in current usage usually Religious in nature Jack Thomas Chick (born April 13, 1924) is an American Publisher, writer and comic book artist, and has been called the most published Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as According to Chick, the Catholic Church is the "Whore of Babylon" referred to in the Book of Revelation, and will bring about a Satanic New World Order before it is destroyed by Jesus Christ. New World Order refers to a Conspiracy in which a powerful and secretive group is plotting to eventually rule the world via an autonomous World Chick claims that the Catholic Church infiltrates and attempts to destroy or corrupt all other religions and churches, and that it uses various means including seduction, framing, and murder to silence its critics. Drawing on the ideas of Alberto Rivera, Chick also claims that the Catholic Church helped mould Islam as a tool to lure people away from Christianity in what he calls the Vatican Islam Conspiracy. Alberto Magno Romero Rivera (1935 in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain – June 20, 1997 in Broken Arrow Oklahoma

Richard Dawkins in his latest best-selling book The God Delusion (2006) asserts that a Catholic upbringing promotes guilt-trips referring ^[35] to the "semi-permanent state of morbid guilt suffered by a Catholic possessed of normal human frailty and less than normal intelligence" . Clinton Richard Dawkins, FRS, FRSL (born 26 March 1941 is a British ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and Popular science The God Delusion is a 2006 bestselling non-fiction book by British biologist Richard Dawkins, holder of the Charles Simonyi Chair for the Public Understanding Discussing the consequences of clerical sexual abuse in Ireland, he further suggests that "horrible as sexual abuse no doubt was, the damage was arguably less than the long-term psychological damage inflicted by bringing the child up Catholic in the first place". ^[36]

David Ranan’s Double Cross: The Code of the Catholic Church asks three questions: should the pope be sacked? Should the Vatican be dissolved? Can the Catholic Church be saved? His analysis of the Church’s history, dogma and present day strategies leads to the conclusion that the Catholic Church is incapable of accepting her culpability and therefore unlikely to change. ^[37]

Author David Yallop has followed up his best-selling book In God's Name (1984), which claimed that Pope John Paul I was killed by corrupt Vatican schemers (see Pope John Paul I conspiracy theories) with another The Power and the Glory: Inside the Dark Heart of John Paul II's Vatican (2007) which claims that Pope John Paul II was in league with Soviet power. David Anthony Yallop (born 27 January 1937, London) is a British author who writes chiefly about unsolved crimes Pope John Paul I ( Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP I, Italian: Giovanni Paolo I) born Albino Luciani, ( October 17 1912 Since Pope John Paul I died alone in September 1978 The suddenness of the death and the Vatican's difficulties with the ceremonial and legal death procedures (such as issuing Pope Yallop enlarges on claims of priestly sexual abuse and repeats the other standard anti-Catholic tropes listed above together with a new one that St Maximilian Kolbe, the Polish priest who died in place of a young married man at Auschwitz, had previously endorsed the anti-Jewish Protocols of the Elders of Zion. Biography Maximilian Kolbe was born in January 1894 in Zduńska Wola, which was at that time part of the Russian Empire. "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany The Protocols of the Elders of Zion ( Protocols of the wise men of Zion, Library of Congress 's Uniform Title; "Протоколы There is no reference for this claim and just thirteen footnotes in the entire 530 pages. ^[38]

Anti-Catholic Satire and Humour

Main article: Humor about Catholicism

The Catholic church has been a target for satire and humour, from the time of the Reformation to the present day. Catholic Church has been a subject for humor from the time of the Reformation to the present day Such satire and humour ranges from mild burlesque to vicious attacks. Catholic clergy and lay organizations such as the Catholic League monitor for particularly offensive and derogatory incidences and voice their objections and protests. The Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights, widely known as The Catholic League, is an anti-defamation non-profit group in the United States with . ^[39]

Sexuality

Accusations of deviant sexuality have provided a rich field for anti-Catholic polemicists since the time of the Reformation.

Under Henry VIII, even before he broke with Rome, lurid tales of sexual deviancy by monks and nuns were part of the justification for the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the formal process between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded According to a later commentator the alleged carnal misdeeds of the monks and and nuns were recorded in a 'Black Book' wherein was recorded "the vile lives and abhominable factes in murders of their bretherene, in sodomyes and whordomes, in destroying children, in forging deedes and and other horrors of life" (sic). ^[40]R. W Dixon in his History of the Church of England justified the Dissolution of the monasteries on the grounds that they were under "the condemnation of Sodom and Gomorrah" i. e. some monks and nuns were homosexual. ^[41]Prior to the Dissolution its instigator Thomas Cromwell had decreed death by hanging for homosexuals through the Buggery Act of 1533: the first time the death penalty had been applied for this offence in England. Thomas Cromwell 1st Earl of Essex (c 1485 &ndash 28 July 1540) was an English statesman who served as King Henry VIII 's chief minister The Buggery Act of 1533 (25 Hen VIII c 6 was a Sodomy law adopted in England in 1534 during the reign of Henry VIII, and was the first civil ^[42]

In the twentieth century the Nazi government denounced the Catholic Church as "awash with sex fiends" (the Nazi Churches minister claimed that 7,000 clergy had been convicted of sex crimes between 1933 and 1937 while "the true figure seems to have been 170, of whom many had left the religious life prior to their offences. ")^[43] These accusations were part of a campaign by some members of the Nazi party, including Joseph Goebbels, to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church in Nazi Germany during the second half of the 1930s. The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 Paul Joseph Goebbels (German pronunciation ˈɡœbəls English generally ˈɡɝbəlz (29 October 1897 1 May 1945 was a German politician and Reich Minister of Public Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers ^[44]

Lately sexual abuse by representatives of the Catholic church has been highlighted in such films as The Magdalene Sisters (2002). The Magdalene Sisters is a 2002 Film written and directed by Peter Mullan about teenage girls who were sent to Magdalene Asylums otherwise However the veracity of the bestselling Kathy's Story by Kathy O'Beirne which details physical and sexual abuse suffered in a Magdalene laundry in Ireland has been questioned in a new book entitled Kathy's Real Story by Hermann Kelly. Magdalene Asylums were institutions for so-called "fallen" women most of them operated by different orders of the Roman Catholic Church. In this book it is alleged that false allegations against the priesthood are being fueled by a government compensation scheme for victims [1].

Philip Jenkins, an Episcopalian and Professor of History and Religious Studies at Penn State University, published the 1996 book Pedophiles and Priests: Anatomy of a Contemporary Crisis in which he claims that the Catholic Church is being unfairly singled out by a secular media which he claims fails to highlight similar sexual scandals in other religious groups, such as the Anglican Communion, various Protestant churches, and the Jewish and Islamic communities. See also Anglicanism The Anglican Communion is an international association of national Anglican churches Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. He also claims that the Catholic Church may have a lower incidence of molesting priests than Churches that allow married clergy because statistically child molestation generally occurs within families but Latin-rite Catholic priests do not have families, and the Catholic Church only allows married priests in a few of its rites. He also claims that the term "pedophile priests" widely used in the media, implies a distinctly higher rate of child molesters within the Catholic priesthood when in reality the incidence is lower than most other segments of society". ^[45]

Anti-Catholicism today

United States

Philip Jenkins, an Episcopalian historian, in The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice (Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 0-19-515480-0) maintains that some people who otherwise avoid offending members of racial, religious, ethnic or gender groups have no reservations about venting their hatred of Catholics. Philip Jenkins (b April 3, 1952) is as of 2007 the Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of Humanities at Pennsylvania State University (PSU The Episcopal Church is the official name of the Province of the Anglican Communion in the United States. The New Anti-Catholicism The Last Acceptable Prejudice is a Book written by Philip Jenkins, Distinguished Professor of History and Religious studies Earlier in the twentieth century, Harvard professor Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr. characterized prejudice against Catholics as "the deepest bias in the history of the American people"^[46], and Pulitzer Prize-winning Mount Holyoke professor Peter Viereck once commented that "Catholic baiting is the anti-Semitism of the liberals. This article is about the elder Arthur M Schlesinger (1888-1965 Mount Holyoke a Traprock mountain peak elevation, is the western-most peak of the Holyoke Range and part of the 100-mile (160 km Metacomet Ridge Peter Robert Edwin Viereck ( August 5, 1916 – May 13, 2006) was a Pulitzer Prize -winning poet and influential political thinker " ^[47]

A May 12, 2006, Gallup states that 30% of Americans have an unfavourable view of the Catholic faith with 57% having a favourable view. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. This is a higher unfavourability rate than in 2000, but considerably lower than in 2002. While Protestants and Catholics themselves had a majority with a favourable view, those who are not Christian or are irreligious had a majority with an unfavourable view, but in part this represented a negative view of all forms of Christianity. The Catholic Church's doctrines, the priest sex abuse scandal, and "idolising saints" were top issues for those who disapproved. On the other hand, Catholicism's view on homosexuality, and the celibate priesthood were low on the list of grievances for those who held an unfavourable view of Catholicism. [2] That stated a more recent Gallup Poll indicated only 4% of Americans have a "very negative" view of Catholics. [3]

Sexuality, contraception and abortion

Many feminists and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender activists criticize the Catholic Church for its policies on issues relating to sexuality, contraception and abortion. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate A lesbian is a Woman who is romantically or sexually attracted only to other women In the English language, gay is an Adjective that in modern usage refers to Homosexuality. Bisexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of both sexes or to a bisexual orientation Transgender (trænzˈdʒɛndɚ from ( Latin) derivatives Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions devices or Medications followed in order to deliberately prevent An In 1989 members of the ACT UP and WHAM! disrupted a Sunday Mass at Saint Patrick’s Cathedral to protest the Church’s position on homosexuality, safer sex education and the use of condoms. ACT UP, or the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power, "is a diverse non-partisan group of individuals. St Patrick's Cathedral is a decorated Neo-Gothic -style Catholic Cathedral in North America Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. Safe sex (also called safer sex or protected sex) is the practice of Sexual activity in a manner that reduces the risk of Infection with A condom is a device most commonly used during Sexual intercourse. One hundred and eleven protesters were arrested outside the Cathedral, and at least one protester inside threw used condoms at a Church altar and desecrated the Eucharist during Mass. Desecration is the act of depriving something of its sacred character -- or the disrespectful or contemptuous treatment of that which is held to be sacred by a group or individual The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those ^[48]

Anti-Catholicism in the entertainment industry

According to James Martin, S. J. the U. S. entertainment industry is of "two minds" about the Catholic Church. He argues that,

On the one hand, film and television producers seem to find Catholicism irresistible. There are a number of reasons for this. First, more than any other Christian denomination, the Catholic Church is supremely visual, and therefore attractive to producers and directors concerned with the visual image. Vestments, monstrances, statues, crucifixes - to say nothing of the symbols of the sacraments - are all things that more "word oriented" Christian denominations have foregone. The Catholic Church, therefore, lends itself perfectly to the visual media of film and television. You can be sure that any movie about the Second Coming or Satan or demonic possession or, for that matter, any sort of irruption of the transcendent into everyday life, will choose the Catholic Church as its venue.

Second, the Catholic Church is still seen as profoundly "other" in modern culture and is therefore an object of continuing fascination. As already noted, it is ancient in a culture that celebrates the new, professes truths in a postmodern culture that looks skeptically on any claim to truth, and speaks of mystery in a rational, post-Enlightenment world. It is therefore the perfect context for scriptwriters searching for the "conflict" required in any story.

Martin argues that, despite this fascination with the Catholic Church, the entertainment industry also holds contempt for the Church. "It is as if producers, directors, playwrights and filmmakers feel obliged to establish their intellectual bona fides by trumpeting their differences with the institution that holds them in such thrall. " Martin suggests that "it is television that has proven the most fertile ground for anti- Catholic writing. Priests, when they appear on television shows, usually appear as pedophiles or idiots, and are rarely seen to be doing their jobs. "^[49]

One group that has systematically addressed perceived anti-Catholicism is the Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights which has organized protests and issued press releases over pop culture entertainment offerings and high-profile media events. The Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights, widely known as The Catholic League, is an anti-defamation non-profit group in the United States with Led by William Donohue, who also serves as the media spokesperson, the League interjects itself to present alternative views on many news stories. William Donohue (born July 18 1947 in Manhattan New York) has been the president of the Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights in the United States In October 1999 they purchased a full-page advertisement in The New York Times denouncing Vanity Fair magazine for its alleged anti-Catholic slant. Vanity Fair is an American magazine of Culture, Fashion, and Politics published by Condé Nast Publications. ^[50][51]

England

Residual anti-Catholicism in England is represented by the burning of an effigy of the Catholic conspirator Guy Fawkes at local celebrations on Guy Fawkes Night every 5th of November. Guy Fawkes Night (also known as Bonfire Night, Cracker Night, Fireworks Night) is an annual celebration on the evening of the 5th of November This celebration has, however, largely lost any sectarian connotation and the allied tradition of burning an effigy of the Pope on this day has been discontinued - except in the town of Lewes, Sussex. Lewes (ˈluːɨs Lewis) is the County town of East Sussex, England and gives its name to the Local government district in which it Sussex is a historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. ^[52]

Scotland

Sectarian bigotry has been been associated with incidents that have marred the rivalry between two football clubs collectively known as the Old Firm (i. The term Old Firm refers to the rivalry between the Scottish football teams Celtic and Rangers, both based in Glasgow e. the Celtic FC and Rangers FC). The Celtic Football Club is a Scottish football club based in the east end of Glasgow, which currently plays in the Scottish Premier League. Rangers Football Club are an Association football team based in Glasgow Scotland, who currently play in the Scottish Premier League. Rangers' traditional support has largely come from the Protestant community, while Celtic's has often, but by no means exclusively, come from those of Irish and Italian extraction, Both Rangers and Celtic now accept that they have a problem with sectarianism, and both admit that a proportion of their supporters have been, and continue to be, guilty of perpetuating partisan, sectarian beliefs as well as cultural intolerance.

In recent years, both clubs have increasingly participated along with religious organisations and the Scottish Government in campaigns directed at removing the sectarian undercurrent. The Scottish Government (SG ( Scottish Gaelic: Riaghaltas na h-Alba) is the executive arm of the government of Scotland. These campaigns have included efforts to clamp down on sectarian songs, inflammatory flag-waving, and troublesome supporters, using increased levels of policing and surveillance. ^[53] However, disagreements about what constitutes sectarian behaviour have undermined progress in these matters, and consensus over what types of songs and flags are acceptable remains difficult to achieve.

Northern Ireland

The recent Troubles in Northern Ireland were characterised by bitter sectarian antagonism and bloodshed between Catholics and Protestants. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of

Some of the worst horrors were perpetrated by a vicious Protestant gang dubbed the Shankill Butchers, led by a psychopath named Lenny Murphy^[54], who gained notoriety by torturing and killing an estimated thirty Catholics, between 1972 and 1982. The " Shankill Butchers " were a group of UVF members who were involved in a large number of loyalist terrorist activities in Belfast, Northern Ireland Hugh Leonard Thompson Murphy, who commonly went by the name Lenny Murphy ( March 2, 1952 - November 16, Most of their victims had no connection to the Provisional Irish Republican Army or any other republican groups but were killed for no other reason than their religious affiliation. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann ( IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the Irish republicanism (Poblachtánachas is an ideology based on the Irish nationalist belief that all of Ireland should be a single independent Republic ^[55]. Murphy's killing spree is the theme of a British film called Resurrection Man (1998).

Church buildings were frequently attacked and mass-goers were harassed and prevented from attending mass by Loyalist paramilitaries. One of the most famous incidents was the attack on St Matthew's church by Loyalists on the night of 27 June 1970 when the Provisional IRA, led by Billy McKee repelled the attack with the death of at least four Loyalists and one PIRA member. Matthew the Evangelist (מתי/מתתיהו "Gift of Yahweh " Standard Hebrew and Tiberian Hebrew: Mattay or Mattithyahu Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann ( IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the Billy McKee ( Liam Mac Aoidh; is an Irish republican and was a founding member and former leader of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA ^[56][57]

At the moment sectarian killings in Northern Ireland have largely ceased, though bad feelings between Catholics and Protestants linger on and the Saville Inquiry, into the 1972 Bloody Sunday massacre of unarmed Catholics in Derry by the British army, has yet to report. The Bloody Sunday Inquiry, also known as the Saville inquiry, was established in 1998 by Prime Minister Tony Blair after campaigns by families of those Bloody Sunday (Domhnach na Fola is the term used to describe an incident in Derry, Northern Ireland, on 30 January 1972 in which 26

Former Soviet Union

In the former Soviet Union, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church was persecuted just for its religious role in the community, but at other times the Russian Orthodox Church was manipulated to combat Catholics on the grounds that this was a more "Russian" body. History Before the Union of Brest See also History of Christianity in Ukraine The Ukrainian Catholic church did not exist as such until the See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure

Israel

The roots of Anti-Catholicism in Israel can be traced back to the origin of the Jewish state in 1948 when several villages with majority Catholic populations, such as Kafr Bir'im and Iqrit, were forcibly depopulated by the Israel Defence Forces. Kafr Bir'im, also Kefr Berem (كفر برعم was a Melkite Catholic Arab village in the British Mandate of Palestine. Iqrit (إقرت or إقرث Iqrith) was a Palestinian village located 25 kilometers northeast of Acre. ^[58] Catholic priests have been expelled from the country, and dozens of churches have been occupied, closed or forcibly sold since 1948. More recently Israel has denied residence status to Catholic clerics and has attempted to block the appointment of Catholic bishops. ^[59] Israeli government attempts such as the failed 1998 effort to block the Holy See's appointment of Boutros Mouallem as archbishop of Galilee were condemned by the Vatican and other nations. ^[60] Suspicion and hostility towards Catholic clerics has led to incidents such as the October 2002 detention and harassment of Melkite Greek Catholic Archbishop Elias Chacour and Archbishop Boutros Mouallem, who were prevented from leaving Jerusalem to attend an interfaith meeting in London. Meaning of church name Melkite comes from the Syriac word malko for "imperial" which was originally a Pejorative term for Middle-Eastern Elias Chacour (born 1939 is the Archbishop of Galilee of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church. ^[61]

See also

AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power Anti-Christian prejudice Anti-Irish racism Anti-Polonism Anti-Italianism Black Legend Christianophobia James Carroll Chick Publications Anjem Choudary John Cornwell (writer) Count's Feud The Golden Compass (film) Daniel Goldhagen Gordon Riots Great Apostasy Institutional Revolutionary Party Kulturkampf Mackerel Snapper Emmett McLoughlin

Ralph Ovadal George Templeton Strong Vicarius Filii Dei Martyrs' Memorial Elizabeth: The Golden Age (film) Institutionalized politics, within a country Amanda Marcotte Know Nothing James G. Blaine Ulster Ulster loyalism Protestant Unionist Party Tara (Northern Ireland) Ian Paisley Other religions bigotry Anti-Buddhism Anti-Hinduism Anti-Christianity Anti-Protestantism Antisemitism Criticism of Mormonism

References

Additional reading

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