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Anthozoa
Stony corals, Scleractinia
Stony corals, Scleractinia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
Ehrenberg, 1831

Anthozoa is a class within the phylum Cnidaria that contains the sea anemones and corals. Scleractinia, also called Stony Corals, are exclusively marine animals they are very similar to Sea anemones but generate a hard skeleton Cnidaria (naɪˈdɛəriə is a phylum containing some 9000 Species of Animals found exclusively in aquatic mostly marine, environments Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg ( April 19, 1795 &ndash June 27, 1876) German naturalist, Zoologist, Comparative Cnidaria (naɪˈdɛəriə is a phylum containing some 9000 Species of Animals found exclusively in aquatic mostly marine, environments Sea anemones are a group of water dwelling predatory animals of the order Actiniaria; they are named after the Anemone, a terrestrial Flower Corals are Marine organisms from the class Anthozoa and exist as small Sea anemone –like Polyps typically in colonies of many Unlike other cnidarians, anthozoans do not have a medusa stage in their development. In Biology, a medusa (plural medusae is a form of Cnidarian in which the body is shortened on its principal axis and broadened sometimes greatly in contrast Instead, they release sperm and eggs that form a planula, which attaches to some substrate on which the cnidarian grows. The term sperm is derived from the Greek word (σπέρμα sperma (meaning "seed" and refers to the male reproductive cells. A planula is the free-swimming flattened ciliated, bilaterally symmetric Larva of a Jellyfish, a Hydrozoan Cnidarian or Some anthozoans can also reproduce asexually through budding. Budding (also called burgeoning) is the formation of a new Organism by the protrusion of part of another organism

All cnidarian species can feed by catching prey with nematocysts, sea anemones capable of catching fish and corals catching plankton. A cnidocyte, cnidoblast or nematocyte, is a type of Venomous cell unique to the Phylum Cnidaria ( Corals Plankton consist of any drifting Organisms ( Animals Plants Archaea, or Bacteria) that inhabit the Pelagic zone of Some of the species also harbour a type of algae, dinoflagellates called zooxanthellae, in a symbiotic relationship; the reef building corals known as hermatypic corals rely on this symbiotic relationship particularly. Algae ( sing. alga are a large and diverse group of simple typically Autotrophic organisms ranging from Unicellular to Multicellular forms The dinoflagellates are a large group of Flagellate Protists Most are marine Plankton, but Zooxanthellae (plural ˌzoʊoʊzænˈθɛli are golden-brown intracellular Endosymbionts of various marine Animals and Protozoa, especially Anthozoans This article is about the biological phenomenon for other uses see Symbiosis (disambiguation The term symbiosis (from the Greek The zooxanthellae benefit by using nitrogenous waste and carbon dioxide produced by the host, and the cnidarian gains photosynthetic capability and increased calcium carbonate production in hermatypic corals. Calcium carbonate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula Ca[[Carbon C]] O 3 [1]

Anemonies and certain species of coral live in isolation, however most corals form colonies of genetically identical polyps; these polyps closely resemble anemonies in structure, although are generally considerably smaller. Most kinds of stony coral live in all parts of the underwater world.

Giant green anemone, likely Epicystis crucifer, Southern California
Giant green anemone, likely Epicystis crucifer, Southern California

Phylogeny

The two subclasses are divided into a number of orders[2] and a series of orders. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. [3][4][5][6], extinct orders from the Paleozoic (570-245 m.y.a.)[7] are marked with †. The Paleozoic or Palaeozoic Era (from the Greek palaio (παλαιο "old" and zoe (ζωη "life" meaning "ancient life" In Astronomy, Geology, and Paleontology, mya or " mya " is an abbreviation for "million years ago".

References

  1. ^ Contribution to the BUFUS Newsletter, Field excursion to Milne Bay Province - Papua New Guinea, Madl and Yip 2000
  2. ^ Fautin, Daphne G. Alcyonaria (also known as Octocorallia, as they have 8-fold symmetry is a subclass of the class Anthozoa within the phylum Cnidaria. The Alcyonacea, or the soft corals are an order of Corals which do not produce Calcium carbonate skeletons and so are neither Reef -building Sea pens are colonial marine Cnidarians belonging to the order Pennatulacea. Zoantharia (also known as Hexacorallia, as they have 6-fold symmetry is a subclass of the class Anthozoa within the phylum Cnidaria. The tube-dwelling anemone is a close relation of the Sea Anemone. Sea anemones are a group of water dwelling predatory animals of the order Actiniaria; they are named after the Anemone, a terrestrial Flower Corallimorpharia is an order of marine Cnidarians closely related to the true sea anemones ( Actiniaria) Scleractinia, also called Stony Corals, are exclusively marine animals they are very similar to Sea anemones but generate a hard skeleton Black coral is a term given to a group of deep water tree-like Coral related to Sea anemone which normally occurs in the Tropics although it is also Zoanthids ( order Zoantharia) are an order of cnidarians commonly found in Coral reefs, the deep sea and many other marine environments around the The Rugosa Rose is also sometimes just called "Rugosa" The Rugosa, also called the Tetracoralla, are an extinct order The tabulate corals, forming the order Tabulata, are an Extinct form of Coral. and Romano, Sandra L. (2000). Anthozoa. Sea Anemones, Corals, Sea Pens.. The Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved on 2006-03-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor
  3. ^ Chen, C. A. , D. M. Odorico, M. ten Lohuis, J. E. N. Veron, and D. J. Miller (June 1995). "Systematic relationships within the Anthozoa (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) using the 5'-end of the 28S rDNA". Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution 4 (2): 175-183. PMID 7663762.  
  4. ^ France, S. C. , P. E. Rosel, J. E. Agenbroad, L. S. Mullineaux, and T. D. Kocher (March 1996). "DNA sequence variation of mitochondrial large-subunit rRNA provides support for a two subclass organization of the Anthozoa (Cnidaria)". Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 5 (1): 15-28. PMID 8869515.  
  5. ^ Myers, P. , R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey (2006). Subclass Alcyonaria. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Retrieved on 2006-03-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor
  6. ^ Ben Kotrc (2005). Anthozoa: Subgroups. Fossil Groups. University of Bristol. Retrieved on 2007-04-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans)
  7. ^ Oliver, W. A. , Jr. (1996). "Origins and relationships of Paleozoic coral groups and the origin of the Scleractinia", in G. D. J. Stanley (ed. ): Paleobiology and Biology of Corals. Columbus, Ohio: The Paleontological Society, 107-134.  
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