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Anthony Giddens
Giddens at the Progressive Governance Conference, Budapest 2004
Giddens at the Progressive Governance Conference, Budapest 2004
Born 18 January 1938 (1938-01-18) (age 70)
London, England
Residence England
Nationality Flag of the United Kingdom British
Fields Sociology
Institutions University of Leicester
University of Cambridge
London School of Economics
Alma mater University of Hull
London School of Economics
University of Cambridge
Known for Structuration
The Third Way

Anthony Giddens, Baron Giddens (born January 18, 1938) is a British sociologist who is renowned for his theory of structuration and his holistic view of modern societies. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland British people, or Britons, are the native inhabitants of Great Britain and their descendants or citizens of the United Kingdom, of the Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" The University of Leicester is a research led university based in Leicester, England, with approximately 19000 registered students - about 12000 of them full-time The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the The London School of Economics and Political Science, more commonly referred to as The London School of Economics or LSE, is a specialist college of the Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The University of Hull, also known as Hull University, is an English University, founded in 1927 located in Hull (or Kingston upon Hull) a The London School of Economics and Political Science, more commonly referred to as The London School of Economics or LSE, is a specialist college of the The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the The theory of structuration, proposed by Anthony Giddens ( 1984) in The Constitution of Society (mentioned also in Central Problems of Social Theory The Third Way is a term that has been used to describe a variety of political philosophies of governance that embracing a mix of market and interventionist philosophies Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" The theory of structuration, proposed by Anthony Giddens ( 1984) in The Constitution of Society (mentioned also in Central Problems of Social Theory Distinguish from the suffix -holism, which describes addictions A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions He is considered to be one of the most prominent modern contributors in the field of sociology, the author of at least 34 books, published in at least 29 languages, issuing on average more than one book every year. He has been described as Britain's best known social scientist since John Maynard Keynes. John Maynard Keynes 1st Baron Keynes CB (ˈkeɪnz "cains" (5 June 1883 &ndash 21 April 1946 was a British Economist whose ideas [1]

Three notable stages can be identified in his academic life. The first one involved outlining a new vision of what sociology is, presenting a theoretical and methodological understanding of that field, based on a critical reinterpretation of the classics. His major publications of that era include Capitalism and Modern Social Theory (1971) and New Rules of Sociological Method (1976). In the second stage Giddens developed the theory of structuration, an analysis of agency and structure, in which primacy is granted to neither. The theory of structuration, proposed by Anthony Giddens ( 1984) in The Constitution of Society (mentioned also in Central Problems of Social Theory Agency is a Philosophical concept of the capacity of an agent to act in a world Social structure is a term frequently used in Sociology and Social theory — yet rarely defined or clearly conceptualised (Abercrombie et al His works of that period, like Central Problems in Social Theory (1979) and The Constitution of Society (1984) brought him international fame on the sociological arena. The most recent stage concerns modernity, globalization and politics, especially the impact of modernity on social and personal life. Modernity is a term that refers to the Modern era. It is distinct from Modernism, and in different contexts refers to cultural and intellectual movements of the Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones Social relation can refer to a multitude of Social interactions regulated by Social norms between two or more people with each having a Social position Personal life (or everyday life or human existence) is the course of an individual Human 's life especially when viewed as the sum of personal choices This stage is reflected by his critique of postmodernity, and discussions of a new "utopian-realist"[2] third way in politics, visible in the Consequence of Modernity (1990), Modernity and Self-Identity (1991), The Transformation of Intimacy (1992), Beyond Left and Right (1994) and The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy (1998). Postmodernity (also spelled post-modernity or the pejorative postmodern condition) is generally used to describe the economic and/or cultural state or condition Utopia is a name for an ideal community taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional Island in the The Third Way is a term that has been used to describe a variety of political philosophies of governance that embracing a mix of market and interventionist philosophies Giddens' ambition is both to recast social theory and to re-examine our understanding of the development and trajectory of modernity. Social theory is an essential tool used by scholars in the analysis of society through the use of theoretical frameworks social structures and phenomena are analyzed and placed in context Modernity is a term that refers to the Modern era. It is distinct from Modernism, and in different contexts refers to cultural and intellectual movements of the

Currently Giddens serves as Emeritus Professor at the London School of Economics. The London School of Economics and Political Science, more commonly referred to as The London School of Economics or LSE, is a specialist college of the

Contents

Biography

Giddens was born and raised in Edmonton, London, and grew up in a lower middle-class family, son of a clerk with London Transport. Edmonton is an area in the east of the London Borough of Enfield, England, United Kingdom with a long history as a settlement distinct from Enfield The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power. Family denotes a group of People affiliated by consanguinity affinity or co-residence Clerk, the vocational title commonly refers to a White-collar worker who conducts general office or in some instances sales tasks The board The LPTB had seven members a chairman and six other members He was the first member of his family to go to university. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects He got his first academic degree from Hull University in 1959, and later took a Master's degree from the London School of Economics, followed by a PhD from King's College, Cambridge in 1974. A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of Higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing The University of Hull, also known as Hull University, is an English University, founded in 1927 located in Hull (or Kingston upon Hull) a The London School of Economics and Political Science, more commonly referred to as The London School of Economics or LSE, is a specialist college of the King's College Cambridge is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge. In 1961 he started working at the University of Leicester where he taught social psychology. The University of Leicester is a research led university based in Leicester, England, with approximately 19000 registered students - about 12000 of them full-time Social psychology is the study of how people and groups interact At Leicester, which was considered to be one of the seedbeds of British sociology, he met Norbert Elias and began to work out his own theoretical position. Norbert Elias ( June 22, 1897 &mdash August 1, 1990) was a German sociologist of Jewish descent who later became In 1969 he was appointed to a position at the University of Cambridge, where he later helped create the Social and Political Sciences Committee (SPS), a sub-unit of the Faculty of Economics. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the

Giddens worked for many years at Cambridge as a fellow of King's College and was eventually promoted to a full professorship in 1987. King's College Cambridge is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge. The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies He is cofounder of Polity Press (1985). From 1997 to 2003 he was director of the London School of Economics and a member of the Advisory Council of the Institute for Public Policy Research. The London School of Economics and Political Science, more commonly referred to as The London School of Economics or LSE, is a specialist college of the The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR is a UK Think-tank with strong ties to the Labour party that claims to produce progressive ideas committed He was also an adviser to former British Prime Minister Tony Blair; it was Giddens whose "third way" political approach has been Tony Blair's (and Bill Clinton's) guiding political idea. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. Anthony Charles Lynton "Tony" Blair (born 6 May 1953 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to The Third Way is a term that has been used to describe a variety of political philosophies of governance that embracing a mix of market and interventionist philosophies William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States He has been a vocal participant in British political debates, supporting the center-left Labour Party with media appearances and articles (many of which are published in New Statesman). The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the The news media refers to the section of the Mass media that focuses on presenting current News to the public The New Statesman is a British Left-wing political Magazine published weekly in London. Giddens is a regular contributor to the research and activities of progressive think-tank Policy Network. Policy Network is a london-based international Thinktank which is dedicated to promoting progressive policies and the renewal of social democracy He was given a life peerage in June 2004, as Baron Giddens, of Southgate in the London Borough of Enfield and sits in the House of Lords for Labour. In the United Kingdom, life peers are created members of the Peerage whose titles may not be inherited (those whose titles are inheritable are known as Hereditary Southgate is an area of north London, England, in the London Borough of Enfield. The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords" The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the

Ideas

Giddens, the author of over 34 books and 200 articles, essays and reviews has contributed and written about most notable developments in the area of social sciences, with the exception of research design and methods. The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies A study design is an analytic approach to conduct an Epidemiological investigation such as a Clinical trial. Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. He has written commentaries on most leading schools and figures and has used most sociological paradigms in both micro and macrosociology. Sociological paradigms (or frameworks are specific 'points of view' used by Social scientists in Social research. Microsociology is one of the main branches of Sociology (contrast with Macrosociology and Mesosociology) which concerns itself with the nature of everyday Macrosociology is a Sociological approach that analyzes Societies, Social systems or Populations on a large scale or at a high level of abstraction His writings range from abstract, metatheoretical problems to very direct and 'down-to-earth' textbooks for students. A textbook is a manual of instruction or a standard book in any branch of study Finally, he is also known for his interdisciplinary approach: he has commented not only on the developments in sociology, but also in anthropology, psychology, philosophy, history, linguistics, economics, social work and most recently, political science. In Academia, Pedagogy, Physical sciences, Earth sciences, Human sciences and Social sciences Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Social work is a discipline involving the application of Social theory and research methods to study and improve the lives of people groups and societies Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems In view of his knowledge and works, one may view much of his life's work as a form of 'grand synthesis' of sociological theory.

The nature of sociology

Before 1976, most Giddens's writings offered critical commentary on a wide range of writers, schools and traditions. Giddens took a stance against the then-dominant functionalism (represented by Talcott Parsons, exponent of Max Weber), as well as criticizing evolutionism and historical materialism. Functionalism is a theory of the mind in contemporary Philosophy, developed largely as an alternative to both the Identity theory of mind and Behaviourism Talcott Parsons ( December 13, 1902 - May 8, 1979) was an American sociologist, who served on the faculty of Harvard University Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (maks 'veːbɐ (21 April 1864 &ndash 14 June 1920 was a German political economist and sociologist who was considered In the Creation-evolution controversy, those who accept the Scientific theory of biological Evolution by Natural selection or Genetic drift are Historical materialism is the methodological approach to the study of society economics and history which was first articulated by Karl Marx ( 1818 - 1883 In Capitalism and Modern Social Theory (1971), he examined the work of Weber, Durkheim and Marx, arguing that despite their different approaches each was concerned with the link between capitalism and social life. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Social relation can refer to a multitude of Social interactions regulated by Social norms between two or more people with each having a Social position Giddens emphasised the social constructs of power, modernity and institutions, defining sociology as "the study of social institutions brought into being by the industrial transformation of the past two or three centuries. A social construction or social construct is any phenomenon "invented" or "constructed" by participants in a particular Culture or Society Power is a measure of a person's ability to control the environment around them including the behavior of other people Modernity is a term that refers to the Modern era. It is distinct from Modernism, and in different contexts refers to cultural and intellectual movements of the Institutions are structures and mechanisms of Social order and Cooperation governing the Behavior of a Set of Individuals "

In New Rules of Sociological Method (1976) (the title of which alludes to Durkheim's Rules of the Sociological Method of 1895) Giddens attempted to explain 'how sociology should be done' and addressed a long-standing divide between those theorists who prioritise 'macro level' studies of social life - looking at the 'big picture' of society - and those who emphasise the 'micro level' - what everyday life means to individuals. Macrosociology is a Sociological approach that analyzes Societies, Social systems or Populations on a large scale or at a high level of abstraction A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions Microsociology is one of the main branches of Sociology (contrast with Macrosociology and Mesosociology) which concerns itself with the nature of everyday In New Rules. . . he noted that the functionalist approach, invented by Durkheim, treated society as a reality unto itself, not reducible to individuals. As commonly used, individual refers to a Person or to any specific object in a collection He rejected Durkheim's sociological positivism paradigm, which attempted to identify laws which will predict how societies will operate, without looking at the meanings understood by individual actors in society. This article describes the term 'positivism' as used in social sciences especially within the science of sociology The word paradigm ( Greek:παράδειγμα (paradigmacomposite from para- and the verb δείχνυμι "to show" as a whole -roughly- meaning "example" He contrasted Durkheim with Weber's approach - interpretative sociology - focused on understanding agency and motives of individuals. Verstehen is a German word signifying the "understanding" and "interpretation" of meaning and human activities Agency is a Philosophical concept of the capacity of an agent to act in a world Motivation is the reason or reasons for engaging in a particular behavior especially Human behavior as studied in Philosophy, Conflict, Economics Giddens is closer to Weber then Durkheim, but in his analysis he rejects both of those approaches, stating that while society is not a collective reality, nor should the individual be treated as the central unit of analysis. The unit of analysis is the major Entity that is being analyzed in the study. [3] "Society only has form, and that form only has effects on people, insofar as structure is produced and reproduced in what people do". [4] Rather he uses the logic of hermeneutic tradition (from interpretative sociology) to argue for the importance of agency in sociological theory, claiming that human social actors are always to some degree knowledgeable about what they are doing. Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. Hermeneutics may be described as the development and study of Theories of the interpretation and understanding of texts Agency is a Philosophical concept of the capacity of an agent to act in a world In Sociology, social actions refer to any action that takes into account the actions and reactions of other Individuals and is modified based on those events Social order is therefore a result of some pre-planned social actions, not automatic evolutionary response. Social order is a concept used in sociology history and other social sciences In Sociology, social actions refer to any action that takes into account the actions and reactions of other Individuals and is modified based on those events Sociologists, unlike natural scientists, have to interpret a social world which is already interpreted by the actors that inhabit it. In Science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the Universe, which is understood as obeying rules or law of Social reality is distinct from Biological Reality or Individual Cognitive Reality, and consists of the accepted social Tenets Thus, there is a "Duality of structure", according to Giddens. Duality of structure is one of Anthony Giddens ' coined phrases and main propositions in his explanation of Structuration theory. With that he means that social practice, which is the principal unit of investigation, has both a structural and an agency-component: The structural environment constrains individual behaviour, but also makes it possible. He also notes the existence of a specific form of a social cycle: once sociological concepts are formed, they filter back into everyday world and change the way people think. Social cycle theories are one of the earliest Social theories in Sociology. Because social actors are reflexive and monitor the ongoing flow of activities and structural conditions, they adapt their actions to their evolving understandings. As a result, social scientific knowledge of society will actually change human activities. Giddens calls this two-tiered, interpretive and dialectical relationship between social scientific knowledge and human practices the "double hermeneutic". Double hermeneutic is the theory expounded by sociologist Anthony Giddens, that everyday "lay" concepts and those from the Social sciences have a two-way

Giddens also stressed the importance of power, which is means to ends, and hence is directly involved in the actions of every person. Power, the transformative capacity of people to change the social and material world, is closely shaped by knowledge and space-time. Knowledge is defined ( Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding SpaceTime is a patent-pending three dimensional graphical user interface that allows end users to search their content such as Google Google Images Yahoo! YouTube eBay Amazon and RSS [5]

In New Rules. . . Giddens specifically wrote[6] that:

Structuration

For more details on this topic, see Theory of structuration. The theory of structuration, proposed by Anthony Giddens ( 1984) in The Constitution of Society (mentioned also in Central Problems of Social Theory

Social scientists generally agree that none of the early sociologists (Marx, Weber, Durkheim, Simmel) provided satisfactory ways of connecting micro and macro analysis or agency and structure. Microsociology is one of the main branches of Sociology (contrast with Macrosociology and Mesosociology) which concerns itself with the nature of everyday Macrosociology is a Sociological approach that analyzes Societies, Social systems or Populations on a large scale or at a high level of abstraction Agency is a Philosophical concept of the capacity of an agent to act in a world Social structure is a term frequently used in Sociology and Social theory — yet rarely defined or clearly conceptualised (Abercrombie et al It was in 1976 when Giddens published his ontological analysis in New rules. In Philosophy, ontology (from the Greek, genitive: of being (part . . that this view shifted, elevating Giddens to the role of one of the most important figures in that debate. Giddens continued his development of this line of thought in Central Problems in Social Theory (1979) and The Constitution of Society (1984). [1]

Giddens's theory of structuration explores the question of whether it is individuals or social forces that shape our social reality. The theory of structuration, proposed by Anthony Giddens ( 1984) in The Constitution of Society (mentioned also in Central Problems of Social Theory Social reality is distinct from Biological Reality or Individual Cognitive Reality, and consists of the accepted social Tenets He eschews extreme positions, arguing that although people are not entirely free to choose their own actions, and their knowledge is limited, they nonetheless are the agency which reproduces the social structure and leads to social change. Social development redirects here For the aspect of Human biological development, see Psychosocial development Social change is a general term which His ideas find an echo in the philosophy of the modernist poet Wallace Stevens who suggests that we live in the tension between the shapes we take as the world acts upon us, and the ideas of order that our imagination imposes upon the world. Wallace Stevens ( October 2, 1879 – August 2, 1955) was a major American Modernist Poet. Giddens writes that the connection between structure and action is a fundamental element of social theory, structure and agency are a duality that cannot be conceived of apart from one another and his main argument is contained in his expression "duality of structure". Social theory is an essential tool used by scholars in the analysis of society through the use of theoretical frameworks social structures and phenomena are analyzed and placed in context The debate surrounding the influence of structure and agency on human thought and behaviour is one of the central issues in Sociology and other Social sciences In Duality of structure is one of Anthony Giddens ' coined phrases and main propositions in his explanation of Structuration theory. At a basic level, this means that people make society, but are at the same time constrained by it. Action and structure cannot be analysed separately, as structures are created, maintained and changed through actions, while actions are given meaningful form only through the background of the structure: the line of causality runs in both directions making it impossible to determine what is changing what. In Giddens own words (from New rules. . . ) : "social structures are both constituted by human agency, and yet at the same time are the very medium of this constitution. "[1] In this regard he defines structures as consisting of rules and resources involving human action: the rules constrain the actions, the resources make it possible. He also differentiates between systems and structures. Systems display structural properties but are not structures themselves. He notes in his article Functionalism: après la lutte (1976) that "To examine the structuration of a social system is to examine the modes whereby that system, through the application of generative rules and resources is produced and reproduced in social interaction. Social structure is a term frequently used in Sociology and Social theory — yet rarely defined or clearly conceptualised (Abercrombie et al Social interaction is a dynamic changing sequence of Social actions between individuals (or groups who modify their actions and reactions according to the actions by their "[1] This process of structures (re)producing systems is called structuration. Systems here mean to Giddens "the situated activities of human agents"[1] (The Constitution of Society. ) and "the patterning of social relations across space-time"[1](ibid. SpaceTime is a patent-pending three dimensional graphical user interface that allows end users to search their content such as Google Google Images Yahoo! YouTube eBay Amazon and RSS Ibid ( Latin, short for ibidem, "the same place" is the term used to provide an Endnote or Footnote Citation or ). Structures are then ". . . sets of rules and resources that individual actors draw upon in the practices that reproduce social systems’"[7] (Politics, Sociology and Social Theory) and "systems of generative rules and sets, implicated in the articulation of social systems"[1] (The Constitution of Society. ), existing virtually "out of time and out of space"[1] (New rules. . . . ). Structuration therefore means that relations that took shape in the structure, can exist "out of time and place": in other words, independent of the context in which they are created. An example is the relationship between a teacher and a student: when they come across each other in another context, say on the street, the hierarchy between them is still preserved.

Structure can act as a constraint on action, but it also enables action by providing common frames of meaning. Consider the example of language: structure of language is represented by the rules of syntax that rule out certain combinations of words. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them In Linguistics, syntax (from Ancient Greek grc συν- syn-, "together" and grc τάξις táxis, "arrangement" is the A word is a unit of Language that carries meaning and consists of one or more Morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together and has a Phonetic But the structure also provides rules that allow new actions to occur, enabling us to create new, meaningful sentences. In Linguistics, a sentence is a grammatical unit of one or more words bearing minimal syntactic relation to the words that precede or follow it often preceded and followed Structures should not be conceived as "simply placing constrains upon human agency, but as enabling. "[6] (New rules. . . . ) Giddens suggests that structures (traditions, institutions, moral codes, and other sets of expectations - established ways of doing things) are generally quite stable, but can be changed, especially through the unintended consequences of action, when people start to ignore them, replace them, or reproduce them differently. Unintended consequences are outcomes that are not (or not limited to what the actor intended in a particular situation

Thus, actors (agents) employ the social rules appropriate to their culture, ones that they have learned through socialisation and experience. The term socialization is used by sociologists, social psychologists and Educationalists to refer to the process of learning one’s Culture These rules together with the resources at their disposal are used in social interactions. Rules and resources employed in this manner are not deterministic, but are applied reflexively by knowledgeable actors, albeit that actors’ awareness may be limited to the specifics of their activities at any given time. Determinism is the philosophical Proposition that every event including human cognition and behaviour decision and action is causally determined Thus, the outcome of action is not totally predictable.

Connections between micro and macro

Structuration is very useful in synthesising micro and macro issues. Microsociology is one of the main branches of Sociology (contrast with Macrosociology and Mesosociology) which concerns itself with the nature of everyday Macrosociology is a Sociological approach that analyzes Societies, Social systems or Populations on a large scale or at a high level of abstraction On a micro scale, one of individuals' internal sense of self and identity, consider the example of a family: we are increasingly free to choose our own mates and how to relate with them, which creates new opportunities but also more work, as the relationship becomes a reflexive project that has to be interpreted and maintained. Family denotes a group of People affiliated by consanguinity affinity or co-residence Yet this micro-level change cannot be explained only by looking at the individual level as people did not spontaneously changed their minds about how to live; neither can we assume they were directed to do so by social institutions and the state. On a macro scale, one of the state and social organizations like a multinational capitalist corporations, consider the example of globalization, which offers vast new opportunities for investment and development, but crises - like the Asian financial crisis - can impact the entire world, spreading far outside the local setting in which they first developed, and last but not least directly influences individuals. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Social organization or social institution, refers to a group of Social positions connected by Social relations performing a Social role. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where A corporation is a separate legal entity usually used to conduct business Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones The Asian Financial Crisis was a period of Financial crisis that gripped much of Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown ( A serious explanation of such issues must lie somewhere within the network of macro and micro forces. Thus these different levels, which have traditionally been treated quite separately by sociologists, are in fact revealed as having significant influence upon each other, and cannot really be understood if studied in isolation.

Giddens develops the example of a changes in our views regarding the marriage, noting that claiming that this change stems from micro or macro levels is nothing more than a circular cause and consequence logical fallacy. Circular Cause and Consequence is a Logical fallacy where the consequence of the phenomenon is claimed to be its root cause A fallacy is a component of an Argument which being demonstrably flawed in its Logic or form renders the argument invalid in whole Social relationships and visible sexuality (micro-level change) are associated with the decline of religion and the rise of rationality (macro-level change), but also with changes in the laws relating to marriage and sexuality (macro), demand for which came from the level of everyday lives (micro). Social relation can refer to a multitude of Social interactions regulated by Social norms between two or more people with each having a Social position Generally speaking human sexuality is how people experience and express themselves as sexual beings A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Rationality as a term is related to the idea of Reason, a word which following Webster's may be derived as much from older terms referring to These, in turn, had been affected by the social movements of women's liberation and egalitarianism (macro); which themselves had grown out of dis-satisfactions within everyday life (micro). Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of Individuals and/or Organizations focused on specific The feminist movement (also known as the Women's Movement or Women's Liberation) is a series of campaigns on issues such as Reproductive rights (sometimes Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal) is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals and have [8]

All of this is increasingly tied in with mass media, one of our main providers of information. "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" Yet information and ideas from the media do not merely reflect the social world, then, but contribute to its shape, and are central to modern reflexivity. [8] David Gauntlett writes in Media, Gender and Identity that: "The importance of the media in propagating many modern lifestyles should be obvious. David Gauntlett (born 1971 is a sociologist specialising in the study of contemporary media Audiences and the role of media in shaping self-identity [. . . ] The range of lifestyles - or lifestyle ideals - offered by the media may be limited, but at the same time it is usually broader than those we would expect to just 'bump into' in everyday life. So the media in modernity offers possibilities and celebrates diversity, but also offers narrow interpretations of certain roles or lifestyles - depending where you look. ". [4]

Another example explored by Giddens is the emergence of romantic love, which Giddens (The Transformation of Intimacy) links with the rise of the 'narrative of the self' type of self-identity: "Romantic love introduced the idea of a narrative into an individual's life. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS*************** "[9] Although history of sex clearly demonstrates that passion and sex are not modern phenomena, the discourse of romantic love is said to have developed from the late eighteenth century. The Social construction of Sexual behavior &mdashits Taboos Regulation and social and political impact&mdashhas had a profound effect An organism's sex is defined by the gametes it produces males produce male gametes (spermatozoa or Sperm) while females produce female gametes (ova or Egg cells; individual Discourse (L discursus, "running to and from" means either "written or spoken communication or debate" or "a formal discussion Romanticism, the 18th and 19th century European macro-level cultural movement is responsible for the emergence of the novel - a relatively early form of mass media. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the A cultural movement is a change in the way a number of different disciplines approach their work A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story The growing literacy and popularity of novels fed back into the mainstream lifestyle and the romance novel proliferated the stories of ideal romantic life narratives on a micro-level, giving the romantic love an important and recognised role in the marriage-type relationship. traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, Mainstream is generally the common current of Thought of the Majority. A romance novel is a literary Genre developed in Western culture, mainly in English-speaking countries

Consider also the transformation of intimacy. The meaning of intimacy varies from relationship to relationship and within a given relationship Giddens asserts that intimate social relationships have become 'democratised', so that the bond between partners – even within a marriage – has little to do with external laws, regulations or social expectations, but is based on the internal understanding between two people – a trusting bond based on emotional communication. Social relation can refer to a multitude of Social interactions regulated by Social norms between two or more people with each having a Social position Democratization ( British English: Democratisation) is the transition to a more democratic Political regime. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** Trust is a relationship of reliance A trusted party is presumed to seek to fulfill policies, ethical codes Law and their previous promises An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings thoughts and behaviours Where such a bond ceases to exist, modern society is generally happy for the relationship to be dissolved. Thus we have 'a democracy of the emotions in everyday life' (Runaway World, 1999). [4]

Inevitably, Giddens concludes that all social change stems from a mixture of micro- and macro-level forces. Social development redirects here For the aspect of Human biological development, see Psychosocial development Social change is a general term which

Self-identity

Giddens says that in the post-traditional order, self-identity is not inherited or static; rather, it becomes a reflexive project – an endeavour that we continuously work and reflect on. Self-concept or self identity refers to the global understanding a sentient being has of him or herself It is not a set of observable characteristics of a moment, but becomes an account of a person's life. Giddens writes (Modernity and Self-Identity: 54) that "A person's identity is not to be found in behaviour, nor - important though this is - in the reactions of others, but in the capacity to keep a particular narrative going. The individual's biography, if she is to maintain regular interaction with others in the day-to-day world, cannot be wholly fictive. It must continually integrate events which occur in the external world, and sort them into the ongoing 'story' about the self. ". [8][4]

More than ever before we have access to information that allows us to reflect on the causes and consequences of our actions. Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings from everyday usage to technical settings Causality (but not causation) denotes a necessary relationship between one event (called cause and another event (called effect) which is the direct consequence At the same time we are faced with dangers related to unintended consequences of our actions and by our reliance on the knowledge of experts. We create, maintain and revise a set of biographical narratives, social roles and lifestyles – the story of who we are, and how we came to be where we are now. A biography (from the Greek words bíos (βίος meaning "life" and gráphein (γράφειν meaning "to write" is an account A narrative or story is a construct created in a suitable format (written spoken poetry prose images song Theater, or Dance) that describes a sequence of A role (sometimes spelled rôle) or a social role is a set of connected Behaviors Rights and Obligations as conceptualized by actors The term lifestyle was originally coined by Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler in 1929 We are increasingly free to choose what we want to do and who we want to be (although Giddens contends that wealth gives access to more options). Wealth derives from the old English word "weal" which means "well-being But increased choice can be both liberating and troubling. Liberating in the sense of increasing the likelihood of one's self-fulfilment, and troubling in form of increased emotional stress and time needed to analyse the available choices and minimise risk of which we are increasingly aware (what Giddens sums up as "manufacturing uncertainty"). Risk is a Concept that denotes the precise probability of specific eventualities While in earlier, traditional societies we would be provided with that narrative and social role, in the post-traditional society we are usually forced to create one ourselves. As Giddens (Modernity and Self-Identity: 70) puts it: "What to do? How to act? Who to be? These are focal questions for everyone living in circumstances of late modernity - and ones which, on some level or another, all of us answer, either discursively or through day-to-day social behaviour. "[4]

Modernity

Giddens' recent work has been concerned with the question of what is characteristic about social institutions in various points of history. Social organization or social institution, refers to a group of Social positions connected by Social relations performing a Social role. Giddens agrees that there are very specific changes that mark our current era, but argues that it is not a "post-modern era", but just a "radicalised modernity era" (similar to Zygmunt Bauman's concept of liquid modernity), produced by the extension of the same social forces that shaped the previous age. Zygmunt Bauman (born 19 November 1925 in Poznań) is a Polish sociologist who since 1971 has resided in England after being Late modernity (or liquid modernity) is a term for the concept that some present highly developed societies are continuing developments of Modernity Giddens nonetheless differentiates between pre-modern, modern and late (high) modern societies and doesn't dispute that important changes have occurred but takes a neutral stance towards those changes, saying that it offers both unprecedented opportunities and unparalleled dangers. He also stresses that we haven't really gone beyond modernity. It's just a developed, detraditionalized, radicalised, 'late' modernity. Thus the phenomena that some have called 'postmodern' are to Giddens nothing more than the most extreme instances of a developed modernity. [8]

Giddens concentrates on a contrast between traditional (pre-modern) culture and post-traditional (modern) culture. Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic In traditional societies, individual actions are not matters that have to be extensively considered and thought about, because available choices are already predetermined (by the customs, traditions, etc. ). In contrast, in post-traditional society people (actors, agents) are much less concerned with the precedents set by previous generations, and options are at least as open as the law and public opinion will allow. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society That the manufacture of consent is capable of great refinements no one I think denies Therefore individual actions now require much more analysis and thought before they are taken. Society becomes much more reflexive and aware, something Giddens is fascinated with, illustrating it with examples ranging from formal government at one end of the scale to intimate sexual relationships at the other. In sociology reflexivity is an act of self-reference where examination or action 'bends back on' refers to and affects the entity instigating the action or examination Giddens examines three realms in particular: the experience of identity, connections of intimacy and political institutions. Identity is an Umbrella term used throughout the Social sciences to describe an individual's comprehension of him or herself as a discrete separate entity The meaning of intimacy varies from relationship to relationship and within a given relationship A political system is a System of Politics and Government. It is usually compared to the Law system, Economic system, Cultural [8]

The most defining property of modernity, according to Giddens, is that we are disembedded from time and space. For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of Space is the extent within which Matter is physically extended and objects and Events have positions relative to one another In pre-modern societies, space was the area in which one moved, time was the experience one had while moving. In modern societies, however, the social space is no longer confined by the boundaries set by the space in which one moves. One can now imagine what other spaces look like, even if he has never been there. In this regard, Giddens talks about virtual space and virtual time. Another distinctive property of modernity lies in the field of knowledge. Knowledge is defined ( Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding In pre-modern societies, it were the elders who possessed the knowledge: they were definable in time and space. In modern societies we must rely on expert systems. An expert system is Software that attempts to reproduce the performance of one or more human Experts most commonly in a specific Problem domain, and is These are not present in time and space, but we must trust them. Even if we trust them, we know that something could go wrong: there's always a risk we have to take. Also the technologies which we use, and which transform constraints into means, hold risks. Consequently, there is always a heightened sense of uncertainty in contemporary societies. It is also in this regard that Giddens uses the image of a 'juggernaut': modernity is said to be like an unsteerable juggernaut traveling through space. Please do not put information about the X-Men character on this page

Humanity tries to steer it, but as long as the modern institutions, with all their uncertainty, endure, we will never be able to influence its course. The uncertainty can however be managed, by 'reembedding' the expert-systems into the structures which we are accustomed to. An example of this is Oprah Winfrey, who uses expert-systems to guide people in their lives, but gives them a recognizability by being an ordinary woman, and not just a doctor in a white suit. Oprah Gail Winfrey (born January 29 1954 often referred to simply as Oprah, is an American

Another characteristic is enhanced reflexivity, both at the level of individuals and at the level of institutions. The latter requires an explanation: in modern institutions there is always a component which studies the institutions themselves for the purpose of enhancing its effectiveness. This enhanced reflexivity was enabled as language became increasingly abstract with the transition from pre-modern to modern societies, becoming institutionalised into universities. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects It is also in this regard that Giddens talks about "double hermeneutica": every action has two interpretations. The one is from the actor himself, the other of the investigator who tries to give meaning to the action he is observing. The actor who performs the action, however, can get to know the interpretation of the investigator, and therefore change his own interpretation, or his further line of action. This is the reason that positive science, according to Giddens, is never possible in the social sciences: every time an investigator tries to identify causal sequences of action, the actors can change their further line of action. The problem is, however, that conflicting viewpoints in social science result in a disinterest of the people. For example, when scientist don't agree about the greenhouse-effect, people will withdraw from that arena, and negate that there is a problem. Therefore, the more the sciences expand, the more incertitude there is in the modern society. In this regard, the juggernaut even gets more steerless.

In A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism Giddens concludes[1] that:

  1. There exists no necessary overall mechanism of social change, no universal motor of history such as class conflict;
  2. There are no universal stages, or periodization, of social development, these being ruled out by intersocietal systems and "time-space edges" (the ever-presence of exogenous variables), as well as by human agency and the inherent "historicity" of societies;
  3. Societies do not have needs other than those of individuals, so notions such as adaptation cannot properly be applied to them;
  4. Pre-capitalism societies are class-divided, but only with capitalism are there class societies in which there is endemic class conflict, the separation of the political and economic spheres, property freely alienable as capital, and "free" labour and labour markets;
  5. While class conflict is integral to capitalist society, there is no teleology that guarantees the emergence of the working class as the universal class and no ontology that justifies denial of the multiple bases of modern society represented by capitalism, industrialism, bureaucratisation, surveillance and industrialization of warfare;
  6. Sociology, as a subject concerned pre-eminently with modernity, addresses a reflexive reality. Social development redirects here For the aspect of Human biological development, see Psychosocial development Social change is a general term which Class conflict, also class war or class warfare, is both the friction that accompanies social relationships between members or groups of different Social development redirects here For the aspect of Human biological development, see Psychosocial development Social change is a general term which Exogenous (or exogeneous) (from the Greek words "exo" and "gen" meaning "outside" and "production" refers to an action or A human need can be defined either psychologically or objectively An adaptation is a characteristic of an Organism that has been favored by Natural selection and Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere Class conflict, also class war or class warfare, is both the friction that accompanies social relationships between members or groups of different Labour economics seeks to understand the functioning of the Market and dynamics for labour. Teleology ( Greek: telos: end purpose is the philosophical study of design and Purpose. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types Universal class is a category derived from the Philosophy of Hegel, redefined and popularized by Karl Marx. In Philosophy, ontology (from the Greek, genitive: of being (part The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the Bureaucracy is the structure and set of regulations in place to control activity usually in large organizations and government Surveillance is the monitoring of Behavior. Systems surveillance is the process of monitoring the behavior of people objects or processes within systems for conformity is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one In sociology reflexivity is an act of self-reference where examination or action 'bends back on' refers to and affects the entity instigating the action or examination

Reflexive modernity and radicalised modernity are another important concepts Giddens introduces in his studies of modernity, as an alternative to the conception of postmodernity. Postmodernity (also spelled post-modernity or the pejorative postmodern condition) is generally used to describe the economic and/or cultural state or condition "The reflexivity of modern social life consists in the fact that social practices are constantly examined and reformed in the light of incoming information about those very practices, thus constitutively altering their character" (The Consequences of Modernity). [1] But contrary to Enlightenment expectations, that increased knowledge did not lead to peace and certitude, instead the intensification of individual and institutional reflexivity in the absence of sure foundations for knowledge has a chronic propensity to manufacture uncertainty and have resulted in a 'radicalised modernity'. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century [1]

The Third Way

In the age of late and reflexive modernity and post scarcity economy the political science is being transformed. Post scarcity or post-scarcity describes a hypothetical form of Economy or Society, often explored in Science fiction, in which things such as An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Giddens notes that there is a possibility that "life politics" (the politics of self-actualisation) may become more visible than "emancipatory politics" (the politics of inequality); that new social movements may lead to more social change than political parties; and that the reflexive project of the self and changes in gender and sexual relations may lead the way, via the "democratisation of democracy", to a new era of Habermasian "dialogic democracy" in which differences are settled, and practices ordered, through discourse rather than violence or the commands of authority. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in Psychology, proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation, which In Mathematics, an inequality is a statement about the relative size or order of two objects or about whether they are the same or not (See also equality Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of Individuals and/or Organizations focused on specific A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral Jürgen Habermas (ˈjʏʁgən ˈhaːbɐmaːs born June 18, 1929 is a German Philosopher and Sociologist in the tradition of Discourse (L discursus, "running to and from" means either "written or spoken communication or debate" or "a formal discussion [1]

Giddens, relying on his past familiar themes of reflexivity and system integration, which places people into new relations of trust and dependency with each other and their governments, argues that the political concepts of 'left' and 'right' are now breaking down, as a result of many factors, most centrally the absence of a clear alternative to capitalism and the eclipse of political opportunities based on the social class in favour of those based on lifestyle choices. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. The term lifestyle was originally coined by Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler in 1929

In his most recent works Giddens moves away from explaining how things are to the more demanding attempt of advocacy about how they ought to be. In "Beyond Left and Right" (1994) Giddens criticizes the market socialism, and constructs a six point framework for a reconstituted radical politics:[1]

  1. repair damaged solidarities
  2. recognize the centrality of life politics
  3. accept that active trust implies generative politics
  4. embrace dialogic democracy
  5. rethink the welfare state
  6. confront violence

The "The Third Way" (1998) provides not only the framework within which the 'third way' is justified, but a broad set of policy proposals aimed at what Giddens refers to as the 'progressive centre-left' in British politics. Market socialism is a term used to denote two different Economic system (s based in Socialism which operate according to Market principles Political radicalism or simply radicalism is adherence to radical views and principles in Politics. Social Solidarity is the degree or type (see below of integration of a society This article refers specifically to the Welfare state of the United Kingdom. The politics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland takes place in the framework of a Constitutional monarchy, in which the Monarch is Head According to Giddens himself, "the overall aim of third way politics should be to help citizens pilot their way through the major revolutions of our time: globalisation, transformations in personal life and our relationship to nature". Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. [1]

Giddens remains fairly optimistic about the future of humanity. "There is no single agent, group or movement that, as Marx's proletariat was supposed to do, can carry the hopes of humanity, but there are many points of political engagement which offer good cause for optimism". The proletariat (from Latin la ''proles'' "offspring" is a term used to identify a lower Social class; a member of such a class is proletarian [1] (Beyond Left and Right) Giddens discards the possibility of a single, comprehensive, all-connecting ideology or political programme. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Instead he advocates going after the 'small pictures', ones people can directly affect at their home, workplace or local community. This, to Giddens, is a difference between pointless utopianism and useful utopian realism,[2] which he defines as envisaging "alternative futures whose very propagation might help them be realised". Utopia is a name for an ideal community taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional Island in the [1] (The Consequences of Modernity). By 'utopian' he means that this is something new and extraordinary, and by 'realistic' he stresses that this idea is rooted in the existing social processes and can be viewed as their simple extrapolation. Such a future has at its centre a more socialized, demilitarised and planetary-caring global world order variously articulated within green, women's and peace movements, and within the wider democratic movement. The term socialization is used by sociologists, social psychologists and Educationalists to refer to the process of learning one’s Culture Demilitarisation or demilitarization is the reduction of a nation's army weapons or military vehicles to an agreed minimum Green politics is a Political ideology which places a high importance on ecological and environmental goals and on achieving these goals through broad-based The feminist movement (also known as the Women's Movement or Women's Liberation) is a series of campaigns on issues such as Reproductive rights (sometimes A peace movement is a Social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or all wars minimize inter-human violence in a particular place or Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions [1]

Select Bibliography

Anthony Giddens is the author of over 34 books and 200 articles. This is a selection of some of the most important of his works:

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q George Ritzer (ed. George Ritzer (born 1940 is Distinguished University Professor at the University of Maryland College Park. ), The Blackwell Companion to Major Contemporary Social Theorists, Blackwell Publishing, 2003, ISBN 1-4051-0595-X, Google Print
  2. ^ a b David Halpin, Hope and Education: The Role of the Utopian Imagination, Routledge, 2003, ISBN 0-415-23368-2, Google Print p.63
  3. ^ Resources at Theory.org.uk, site by David Gauntlett, last accessed on 19th February 2006
  4. ^ a b c d e David Gauntlett, Media Gender and Identity, Routledge, 2002. David Gauntlett (born 1971 is a sociologist specialising in the study of contemporary media Audiences and the role of media in shaping self-identity David Gauntlett (born 1971 is a sociologist specialising in the study of contemporary media Audiences and the role of media in shaping self-identity ISBN 0-415-18960-8. About Giddens' work on modernity and self-identity. Google Print
  5. ^ Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence, University of California Press, 1987, ISBN 0-520-06039-3, p. 7 Google Print
  6. ^ a b Stjepan Mestrovic, Anthony Giddens: The Last Modernist, New York: Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0-415-09572-7, p. Dr Stjepan Gabriel Meštrović (1955-) is an American sociologist professor author of over fifteen books and a distinguished expert in matters of war crimes 47 Google Prinet
  7. ^ John D. Bone, The Social Map & The Problem of Order: A Re-evaluation of ’Homo Sociologicus’, Theory & Science (2005), ISSN 1527-5558, online
  8. ^ a b c d e Resources at Theory.org.uk, site by David Gauntlett, last accessed on 19th February 2006
  9. ^ David R. David Gauntlett (born 1971 is a sociologist specialising in the study of contemporary media Audiences and the role of media in shaping self-identity Shumway, Modern Love: Romance, Intimacy, and the Marriage Crisis, NYU Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8147-9831-4, Google Print

Further reading

External links


Persondata
NAME Giddens, Anthony, Baron Giddens
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION British sociologist
DATE OF BIRTH January 18, 1938
PLACE OF BIRTH Edmonton, London
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH
Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Edmonton is an area in the east of the London Borough of Enfield, England, United Kingdom with a long history as a settlement distinct from Enfield
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