Insects display a wide variety of antennal shapes. Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described

Antennae (singular antenna) are paired appendages connected to the front-most segments of arthropods. An appendage in the broadest sense is an additional or subsidiary part existing on or added to something which can generally still function if the appendage has never existed or MOrphogenesis is an EP by Industrial Black metal band.And Oceans. Arthropods are Animals belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, " Joint " In crustaceans, they are biramous and present on the first two segments of the head, with the smaller pair known as antennules. Structure of crustaceans As Arthropods crustaceans have a stiff Exoskeleton, which must be shed to allow the animal to grow ( Ecdysis or molting The arthropod leg is a form of jointed Appendage of Arthropods usually used for Walking. All other arthropod groups, except chelicerates and proturans which have none, have a single, uniramous pair of antennae. The subphylum Chelicerata constitutes one of the major subdivisions of the phylum Arthropoda including the Arachnids Horseshoe crabs and related forms The Protura, or proturans, and sometimes nicknamed coneheads are an order of hexapods previously regarded as insects and sometimes treated as The arthropod leg is a form of jointed Appendage of Arthropods usually used for Walking.

Antennae are jointed, at least at the base, and generally extend forward from the head. They are sensory organs, although the exact nature of what they sense and how they sense it is not the same in all groups, nor always clear. See also Sense A sensory system is a part of the Nervous system responsible for processing sensory information Functions may variously include sensing touch, air motion, heat, vibration (sound), and especially olfaction (smell) or gustation (taste). Olfaction (also known as olfactics or smell) refers to the Sense of smell. Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses

Insects

Terms used to describe antennae shapes

Antennal shape in the Lepidoptera from C. Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. T. Bingham (1905)

In insects, olfactory receptors on the antennae bind to odour molecules, including pheromones. Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Olfactory receptors expressed in the Cell membranes of Olfactory receptor neurons are responsible for the detection of Odor molecules A pheromone (from Greek φέρω phero "to bear" + ‘ορμόνη " Hormone " is a Chemical that triggers a natural The neurons that possess these receptors signal this binding by sending action potentials down their axons to the antennal lobe in the brain. Neurons (ˈnjuːɹɒn also known as neurones and nerve cells) are responsive cells in the Nervous system that process and transmit information In Neurophysiology, the action potential is a self-regenerating Wave of Electrochemical activity that allows Nerve cells to carry a signal An axon or nerve fiber is a long slender projectionof a nerve cell or Neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's Cell Antennal lobe is the deutocerebral Neuropil of the insect which receives the input from the Olfactory sensory neurons on the antenna. The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain From there, neurons in the antennal lobes connect to mushroom bodies that identify the odour. The mushroom bodies or corpora pedunculata are a pair of structures in the Brain of Insects and other Arthropods They are usually The sum of the electrical potentials of the antenna to a given odor can be measured using an electroantenogram. Electroantennogram or EAG is a technique by which we measure the average output of the antenna to the Brain for a given Odor.

The three basic segments of the typical insect antenna are the scape (base), the pedicel (stem), and finally the flagellum, which often comprises many units known as flagellomeres. Muscles are only present in the two first segments, the scape and pedicel. The scape is surrounded by a membranous region of the head. It pivots on a single marginal point called the antennifer, allowing it to move in any direction. The number of flagellomeres can vary greatly, and is often of diagnostic importance. True flagellomeres have a membranous articulation between them, but in many insects, especially the more primitive groups, the flagellum is entirely or partially composed of a flexible series of small annuli, which are not true flagellomeres. In many beetles and in the chalcidoid wasps, the apical flagellomeres form a club, and the collective term for the segments between the club and the antennal base is the funicle (or funiculus); for traditional reasons, in beetles it is the segments between the club and the scape, but in wasps, it is the segments between the club and the pedicel. Beetles are the group of Insects with the largest number of known Species. Chalcid wasps (superfamily Chalcidoidea) belong to the Insect order Hymenoptera, and are one of the largest groups within the order with some 22000 known In the groups with more uniform antennae (for example: Diplopoda), all segments are called antennomeres. Millipedes (Class Diplopoda, previously also known as Chilognatha are Arthropods that have two pairs of legs per segment (except for the first segment behind Some groups have a simple or variously modified apical or subapical bristle called an arista (this may be especially well-developed in various Diptera). True flies are Insects of the Order Diptera ( Greek: di = two and pteron = wing possessing a single pair of

Crustaceans

Crustaceans bear two pairs of antennae. Structure of crustaceans As Arthropods crustaceans have a stiff Exoskeleton, which must be shed to allow the animal to grow ( Ecdysis or molting The first pair are uniramous and are often referred to an antennules, while the second pair are biramous, meaning that each antenna is composed of two parts, joined at their base ^[1]. The arthropod leg is a form of jointed Appendage of Arthropods usually used for Walking. The arthropod leg is a form of jointed Appendage of Arthropods usually used for Walking. In most adults, the antenna are sensory organs, but they are used by the nauplius larva for both feeding and swimming. A nauplius (plural nauplii) is the first Larva of animals classified as Crustaceans (subphylum of Arthropoda) A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example In some groups of crustaceans, such as the spiny lobsters and slipper lobsters, the second antennae are enlarged, while in others, such as crabs, the antennae are reduced in size. This article is about the animal For the B-52's song see Rock Lobster. Slipper lobsters are a family of achelate (clawless decapod Crustaceans found in all warm oceans and seas Crabs are decapod Crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting "tail" (βραχύ / brachy

A spiny lobster, showing the enlarged second antennae

The large flattened plates in front of the eyes of a slipper lobster are the modified second antennae

The crab Cancer pagurus, showing its reduced antennae

References

1. ^ Superphylum Arthropoda. This article is about the animal For the B-52's song see Rock Lobster. Slipper lobsters are a family of achelate (clawless decapod Crustaceans found in all warm oceans and seas The edible crab, Cancer pagurus, is a species of Crab found in the North Sea, North Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea University of Arizona. The University of Arizona (also referred to as UA, U of A, or Arizona) is a Land-grant and space-grant public institution